Chapter 6 Production and business Organization A.Business organization B.Theory of production Analysis of production in the short-run Analysis of production in the long-run 1 2023/7/17 Economics
1 2023/7/17 Economics Chapter 6 Production and business Organization A. Business organization B.Theory of production ❑ Analysis of production in the short-run ❑ Analysis of production in the long-run
A.Business organization ■The nature of the firm(企业的性质) Business firms are specialized organizations devoted to managing the process of production.Production is organized in firms because efficiency generally requires large-scale production,the raising of significant financial resources,and careful management and monitoring of ongoing activities. Forms of business organization: >The individual proprietorship(业主制) >The partnership(合伙制) >The corporation(公司制) □ 2 2023/7/17 Economics
2 2023/7/17 Economics A.Business organization ◼ The nature of the firm(企业的性质） Business firms are specialized organizations devoted to managing the process of production. Production is organized in firms because efficiency generally requires large-scale production,the raising of significant financial resources, and careful management and monitoring of ongoing activities. ◼ Forms of business organization: ➢ The individual proprietorship(业主制） ➢ The partnership（合伙制） ➢ The corporation (公司制）
B.Theory of production Production is a process from inputs to outputs Production function specifies the maximum output that can be produced with a given quantity of inputs.It is defined for a given state of engineering and technical knowledge. Q=f(K,L,N、G) or Q=f (K,L) ■柯布-道格拉斯生产函数(C-D生产函数)： Q=ALaKB (a+B=1) 3 2023/7117 Economics
3 2023/7/17 Economics B. Theory of production ◼ Production is a process from inputs to outputs. ◼ Production function specifies the maximum output that can be produced with a given quantity of inputs.It is defined for a given state of engineering and technical knowledge. Q=f（K，L，N、G） or Q=f（K，L） ◼ 柯布-道格拉斯生产函数(C-D生产函数)： Q=ALαKβ (α+β=1)
Short run and long run The short run is a period in which firms can adjust production by changing variable factors but cannot change fixed factors. The long run is a period sufficiently long that all factors can be adjusted. 4 2023/7117 Economics
4 2023/7/17 Economics Short run and long run ◼ The short run is a period in which firms can adjust production by changing variable factors but cannot change fixed factors. ◼ The long run is a period sufficiently long that all factors can be adjusted
Analysis of production in the short-run ■短期生产函数： Q=f(K,L)或Q=f(K,L) Total,Average,and Marginal Product TPL=APLL AP =TP/L >MP=△TPI△L(∈d TP /dL) 5 2023/7117 Economics
5 2023/7/17 Economics Analysis of production in the short-run ◼ 短期生产函数： Q=f（K，L）或Q=f（K，L） ◼ Total,Average,and Marginal Product ➢ TPL =APL·L ➢ APL =TPL /L ➢ MPL =ΔTPL /ΔL (=d TPL /dL )
Figure 6-1 Total,Average,and Marginal Product TP AP MPL TP AP 0 1 L2 MP 6 2023/7117 Economics
6 2023/7/17 Economics Figure 6-1 Total,Average,and Marginal Product o L TPLAPLMPL TPL APL MPL E H L1 L2 F
The law of diminishing returns (边际收益递减规律 The law of diminishing returns holds that we will get less and less extra output when we add additional unit of an input while holding other inputs fixed,in the other words,the marginal product of each unit of input will decline as the amount of that input increases,holding all other inputs constant. >厂商短期生产的合理区间：L与L2之间。 7 2023/7117 Economics
7 2023/7/17 Economics The law of diminishing returns (边际收益递减规律) ➢ The law of diminishing returns holds that we will get less and less extra output when we add additional unit of an input while holding other inputs fixed,in the other words,the marginal product of each unit of input will decline as the amount of that input increases,holding all other inputs constant. ➢ 厂商短期生产的合理区间：L1与L2之间
土地的边际收益递减与城市化 ■我国是世界上人与地关系最紧张、农业劳动集约度最高的国家之一。务农人数 多，农业的产出很低，是我国穷的根本原因。改革开放之后，一方面随着人口 增加土地边际收益递减规律仍然发生作用，另一方面经济建设的发展使耕地面 积减少，因而有限土地上的就业压力进一步增加。 ·在80年代，农业剩余劳动力的转移主要以发展乡镇企业为载体，采取了“离士 不离乡，进厂不进城”的内部就地转移方式。据统计，1978~1992年期间，乡 镇企业共吸收7,500多万农村劳动力。然而，进入90年代以后，乡镇企业由于技 术进步加快，资本密集程度迅速提高，吸纳剩余劳动力的能力明显下降。 ■在农村内部就业潜力有限的情况下，农业剩余劳动力必然会离开土地，告别家 乡，加入流动大军的行列。可以说，90年代以来“农民工”向城市的大流动， 不过是未来相当长的一个时期内，农村劳动力跨地区转移的序曲。有人估计农 业剩余劳动力的转移要到2050年才能最终完成。 ■过去20年，我国的城市化进程缓慢，2000年我国城市化水平为36%，低于发展 中国家45%的平均水平。目前64%的人还在农村住着。未来的二十年中至少有五 亿人口要进城，此间我国的城市人口要翻番。而城市化具有巨大的经济效益， 又不要求很大空间和传统要素投入。因此，加快城市化进程是必然选择。 ① 8 2023/7/17 Economics
8 2023/7/17 Economics 土地的边际收益递减与城市化 ◼ 我国是世界上人与地关系最紧张、农业劳动集约度最高的国家之一。务农人数 多，农业的产出很低，是我国穷的根本原因。改革开放之后，一方面随着人口 增加土地边际收益递减规律仍然发生作用，另一方面经济建设的发展使耕地面 积减少，因而有限土地上的就业压力进一步增加。 ◼ 在80年代，农业剩余劳动力的转移主要以发展乡镇企业为载体，采取了“离土 不离乡，进厂不进城”的内部就地转移方式。据统计， 1978～1992年期间，乡 镇企业共吸收7,500多万农村劳动力。然而，进入90年代以后，乡镇企业由于技 术进步加快，资本密集程度迅速提高，吸纳剩余劳动力的能力明显下降。 ◼ 在农村內部就业潜力有限的情况下，农业剩余劳动力必然会离开土地，告別家 乡，加入流动大军的行列。可以说，90年代以来“农民工”向城市的大流动， 不过是未来相当长的一个时期內，农村劳动力跨地区转移的序曲。有人估计农 业剩余劳动力的转移要到2050年才能最终完成。 ◼ 过去20年，我国的城市化进程缓慢，2000年我国城市化水平为36%，低于发展 中国家45%的平均水平。目前64%的人还在农村住着。未来的二十年中至少有五 亿人口要进城，此间我国的城市人口要翻番。而城市化具有巨大的经济效益， 又不要求很大空间和传统要素投入。因此，加快城市化进程是必然选择
Analysis of production in the long-run Returns to scale and three important cases(P112): *Constant returns to scale(规模收益不变)denote a case where a change in all inputs leads to a proportional change in output. Increasing returns to scale(also called economies of scale)(规模收益递增或规模经济)arise when an increase in all inputs leads to a more-than- proportional increase in the level of output. *Decreasing returns to scale(规模收益递减)occur when an increase of all inputs leads to a less-than- proportional increase in total output. 9 2023/7117 Economics
9 2023/7/17 Economics Analysis of production in the long-run ◼ Returns to scale and three important cases(P112): ＊Constant returns to scale (规模收益不变)denote a case where a change in all inputs leads to a proportional change in output. ＊Increasing returns to scale(also called economies of scale) (规模收益递增或规模经济) arise when an increase in all inputs leads to a more-thanproportional increase in the level of output. ＊Decreasing returns to scale (规模收益递减) occur when an increase of all inputs leads to a less-thanproportional increase in total output
Table 6-1 Returns to scale and Three cases L K Q Case 100 100 1000 200 200 2200 Increasing returns to scale 400 400 4400 Constant returns to scale 800 800 8000 Decreasing returns to scale 10 2023/7117 Economics
10 2023/7/17 Economics Table 6-1 Returns to scale and Three cases L K Q Case 100 100 1000 200 200 2200 Increasing returns to scale 400 400 4400 Constant returns to scale 800 800 8000 Decreasing returns to scale