物理奥林匹克竞赛：美国物理奥林匹克竞赛选拔题（2015）试题.pdf_大学文库

2015 USA Physics Olympiad Exam 1 AAPT AIP 2015 UNITED STATES PHYSICS TEAM USA Physics Olympiad Exam DO NOT DISTRIBUTE THIS PAGE Important Instructions for the Exam Supervisor • This examination consists of two parts. • Part A has four questions and is allowed 90 minutes. • Part B has two questions and is allowed 90 minutes. • The first page that follows is a cover sheet. Examinees may keep the cover sheet for both parts of the exam. • The parts are then identified by the center header on each page. Examinees are only allowed to do one part at a time, and may not work on other parts, even if they have time remaining. • Allow 90 minutes to complete Part A. Do not let students look at Part B. Collect the answers to Part A before allowing the examinee to begin Part B. Examinees are allowed a 10 to 15 minutes break between parts A and B. • Allow 90 minutes to complete Part B. Do not let students go back to Part A. • Ideally the test supervisor will divide the question paper into 4 parts: the cover sheet (page 2), Part A (pages 3-7), Part B (pages 9-11), and several answer sheets for one of the questions in Part A (pages 13-13). Examinees should be provided parts A and B individually, although they may keep the cover sheet. The answer sheets should be printed single sided! • The supervisor must collect all examination questions, including the cover sheet, at the end of the exam, as well as any scratch paper used by the examinees. Examinees may not take the exam questions. The examination questions may be returned to the students after April 15, 2015. • Examinees are allowed calculators, but they may not use symbolic math, programming, or graphic features of these calculators. Calculators may not be shared and their memory must be cleared of data and programs. Cell phones, PDA’s or cameras may not be used during the exam or while the exam papers are present. Examinees may not use any tables, books, or collections of formulas. Copyright c 2015 American Association of Physics Teachers

2015 USA Physics Olympiad Exam Cover Sheet 2 AAPT AIP 2015 UNITED STATES PHYSICS TEAM USA Physics Olympiad Exam INSTRUCTIONS DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO BEGIN • Work Part A first. You have 90 minutes to complete all four problems. Each question is worth 25 points. Do not look at Part B during this time. • After you have completed Part A you may take a break. • Then work Part B. You have 90 minutes to complete both problems. Each question is worth 50 points. Do not look at Part A during this time. • Show all your work. Partial credit will be given. Do not write on the back of any page. Do not write anything that you wish graded on the question sheets. • Start each question on a new sheet of paper. Put your AAPT ID number, your name, the question number and the page number/total pages for this problem, in the upper right hand corner of each page. For example, AAPT ID # Doe, Jamie A1 - 1/3 • A hand-held calculator may be used. Its memory must be cleared of data and programs. You may use only the basic functions found on a simple scientific calculator. Calculators may not be shared. Cell phones, PDA’s or cameras may not be used during the exam or while the exam papers are present. You may not use any tables, books, or collections of formulas. • Questions with the same point value are not necessarily of the same difficulty. • In order to maintain exam security, do not communicate any information about the questions (or their answers/solutions) on this contest until after April 15, 2015. Possibly Useful Information. You may use this sheet for both parts of the exam. g = 9.8 N/kg G = 6.67 × 10−11 N · m2/kg2 k = 1/4π0 = 8.99 × 109 N · m2/C 2 km = µ0/4π = 10−7 T · m/A c = 3.00 × 108 m/s kB = 1.38 × 10−23 J/K NA = 6.02 × 1023 (mol)−1 R = NAkB = 8.31 J/(mol · K) σ = 5.67 × 10−8 J/(s · m2 · K4 ) e = 1.602 × 10−19 C 1eV = 1.602 × 10−19 J h = 6.63 × 10−34 J · s = 4.14 × 10−15 eV · s me = 9.109 × 10−31 kg = 0.511 MeV/c 2 (1 + x) n ≈ 1 + nx for |x| 1 sin θ ≈ θ − 1 6 θ 3 for |θ| 1 cos θ ≈ 1 − 1 2 θ 2 for |θ| 1 Copyright c 2015 American Association of Physics Teachers

2015 USA Physics Olympiad Exam Part A 6 Question A4 A heat engine consists of a moveable piston in a vertical cylinder.The piston is held in place by a removable weight placed on top of the piston,but piston stops prevent the piston from sinking below a certain point.The mass of the piston is m =40.0 kg,the cross sectional area of the piston is A 100 cm2,and the weight placed on the piston has a mass of m =120.0 kg. Assume that the region around the cylinder and piston is a vacuum,so you don't need to worry about external atmospheric pressure. At point A the cylinder volume Vo is completely filled with liquid water at a temperature To=320 K and a pressure Pmin that would be just sufficient to lift the piston alone,except the piston has the additional weight placed on top. Heat energy is added to the water by placing the entire cylinder in a hot bath. At point B the piston and weight begins to rise. At point C the volume of the cylinder reaches Viax and the temperature reaches Tmax.The heat source is removed;the piston stops rising and is locked in place. Heat energy is now removed from the water by placing the entire cylinder in a cold bath. At point D the pressure in the cylinder returns to Pmin.The added weight is removed;the piston is unlocked and begins to move down. The cylinder volume returns to Vo.The cylinder is removed from the cold bath,the weight is placed back on top of the piston.and the cycle repeats. Because the liquid water can change to gas,there are several important events that take place At point W the liquid begins changing to gas. At point X all of the liquid has changed to gas.This occurs at the same point as point C described above. At point Y the gas begins to change back into liquid. At point Z all of the gas has changed back into liquid. When in the liquid state you need to know that for water kept at constant volume,a change in temperature AT is related to a change in pressure AP according to △P≈(106Pa/K)△T When in the gas state you should assume that water behaves like an ideal gas. Copyright C2015 American Association of Physics Teachers

2015 USA Physics Olympiad Exam Part A 6 Question A4 A heat engine consists of a moveable piston in a vertical cylinder. The piston is held in place by a removable weight placed on top of the piston, but piston stops prevent the piston from sinking below a certain point. The mass of the piston is m = 40.0 kg, the cross sectional area of the piston is A = 100 cm2 , and the weight placed on the piston has a mass of m = 120.0 kg. Assume that the region around the cylinder and piston is a vacuum, so you don’t need to worry about external atmospheric pressure. • At point A the cylinder volume V0 is completely filled with liquid water at a temperature T0 = 320 K and a pressure Pmin that would be just sufficient to lift the piston alone, except the piston has the additional weight placed on top. • Heat energy is added to the water by placing the entire cylinder in a hot bath. • At point B the piston and weight begins to rise. • At point C the volume of the cylinder reaches Vmax and the temperature reaches Tmax. The heat source is removed; the piston stops rising and is locked in place. • Heat energy is now removed from the water by placing the entire cylinder in a cold bath. • At point D the pressure in the cylinder returns to Pmin. The added weight is removed; the piston is unlocked and begins to move down. • The cylinder volume returns to V0. The cylinder is removed from the cold bath, the weight is placed back on top of the piston, and the cycle repeats. Because the liquid water can change to gas, there are several important events that take place • At point W the liquid begins changing to gas. • At point X all of the liquid has changed to gas. This occurs at the same point as point C described above. • At point Y the gas begins to change back into liquid. • At point Z all of the gas has changed back into liquid. When in the liquid state you need to know that for water kept at constant volume, a change in temperature ∆T is related to a change in pressure ∆P according to ∆P ≈ (106 Pa/K)∆T When in the gas state you should assume that water behaves like an ideal gas. Copyright c 2015 American Association of Physics Teachers

2015 USA Physics Olympiad Exam Part B 9 Part B Question B1 This problem is divided into three parts.It is possible to solve these three parts independently, but they are not equally weighted. a.An ideal rocket when empty of fuel has a mass m and will carry a mass of fuel mf.The fuel burns and is ejected with an exhaust speed of ve relative to the rocket.The fuel burns at a constant mass rate for a total time To.Ignore gravity;assume the rocket is far from any other body. i.Determine an equation for the acceleration of the rocket as a function of time t in terms of any or all of t,mf,mr,ve,T,and any relevant fundamental constants. ii.Assuming that the rocket starts from rest,determine the final speed of the rocket in terms of any or all of mr,mf,ve,To,and any relevant fundamental constants. b.The ship starts out in a circular orbit around the sun very near the Earth and has a goal of moving to a circular orbit around the Sun that is very close to Mars.It will make this transfer in an elliptical orbit as shown in bold in the diagram below.This is accomplished with an initial velocity boost near the Earth Av and then a second velocity boost near Mars Av2. Assume that both of these boosts are from instantaneous impulses,and ignore mass changes in the rocket as well as gravitational attraction to either Earth or Mars.Don't ignore the Sun!Assume that the Earth and Mars are both in circular orbits around the Sun of radii RE and RM RE/a respectively.The orbital speeds are vE and UM respectively. RM RE i.Derive an expression for the velocity boost Av to change the orbit from circular to elliptical.Express your answer in terms of vE and a. ii.Derive an expression for the velocity boost Av2 to change the orbit from elliptical to circular.Express your answer in terms of ve and a. iii.What is the angular separation between Earth and Mars,as measured from the Sun,at the time of launch so that the rocket will start from Earth and arrive at Mars when it reaches the orbit of Mars?Express your answer in terms of a. Copyright C2015 American Association of Physics Teachers

2015 USA Physics Olympiad Exam Part B 9 Part B Question B1 This problem is divided into three parts. It is possible to solve these three parts independently, but they are not equally weighted. a. An ideal rocket when empty of fuel has a mass mr and will carry a mass of fuel mf . The fuel burns and is ejected with an exhaust speed of ve relative to the rocket. The fuel burns at a constant mass rate for a total time Tb. Ignore gravity; assume the rocket is far from any other body. i. Determine an equation for the acceleration of the rocket as a function of time t in terms of any or all of t, mf , mr, ve, Tb, and any relevant fundamental constants. ii. Assuming that the rocket starts from rest, determine the final speed of the rocket in terms of any or all of mr, mf , ve, Tb, and any relevant fundamental constants. b. The ship starts out in a circular orbit around the sun very near the Earth and has a goal of moving to a circular orbit around the Sun that is very close to Mars. It will make this transfer in an elliptical orbit as shown in bold in the diagram below. This is accomplished with an initial velocity boost near the Earth ∆v1 and then a second velocity boost near Mars ∆v2. Assume that both of these boosts are from instantaneous impulses, and ignore mass changes in the rocket as well as gravitational attraction to either Earth or Mars. Don’t ignore the Sun! Assume that the Earth and Mars are both in circular orbits around the Sun of radii RE and RM = RE/α respectively. The orbital speeds are vE and vM respectively. RE RM i. Derive an expression for the velocity boost ∆v1 to change the orbit from circular to elliptical. Express your answer in terms of vE and α. ii. Derive an expression for the velocity boost ∆v2 to change the orbit from elliptical to circular. Express your answer in terms of vE and α. iii. What is the angular separation between Earth and Mars, as measured from the Sun, at the time of launch so that the rocket will start from Earth and arrive at Mars when it reaches the orbit of Mars? Express your answer in terms of α. Copyright c 2015 American Association of Physics Teachers

2015 USA Physics Olympiad Exam Part B 10 Question B2 The nature of magnetic dipoles. a. A “Gilbert” dipole consists of a pair of magnetic monopoles each with a magnitude qm but opposite magnetic charges separated by a distance d, where d is small. In this case, assume that −qm is located at z = 0 and +qm is located at z = d. z −qm qm z = 0 z = d Assume that magnetic monopoles behave like electric monopoles according to a coulomb-like force F = µ0 4π qm1qm2 r 2 and the magnetic field obeys B = F/qm. i. What are the dimensions of the quantity qm? ii. Write an exact expression for the magnetic field strength B(z) along the z axis as a function of z for z > d. Write your answer in terms of qm, d, z, and any necessary fundamental constants. iii. Evaluate this expression in the limit as d → 0, assuming that the product qmd = pm is kept constant, keeping only the lowest non-zero term. Write your answer in terms of pm, z, and any necessary fundamental constants. b. An “Amp`ere” dipole is a magnetic dipole produced by a current loop I around a circle of radius r, where r is small. Assume the that the z axis is the axis of rotational symmetry for the circular loop, and the loop lies in the xy plane at z = 0. z I i. Write an exact expression for the magnetic field strength B(z) along the z axis as a function of z for z > 0. Write your answer in terms of I, r, z, and any necessary fundamental constants. ii. Let kIrγ have dimensions equal to that of the quantity pm defined above in Part aiii, where k and γ are dimensionless constants. Determine the value of γ. iii. Evaluate the expression in Part bi in the limit as r → 0, assuming that the product kIrγ = p 0 m is kept constant, keeping only the lowest non-zero term. Write your answer in terms of k, p 0 m, z, and any necessary fundamental constants. iv. Assuming that the two approaches are equivalent, pm = p 0 m. Determine the constant k in Part bii. Copyright c 2015 American Association of Physics Teachers