英语原文：Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and applications (Chapter 11) 翻译研究前言：理论与应用（11章) 11.4 The future:co-operation or fragmentation? 未来：合作或分裂？ Translation studies is therefore already functioning, to borrow McCarty's term,at the interstices of existing fields and is developing a new inter- disciplinary character. 在现有领域中，翻译研究借助麦克凯帝的术语， 早就发挥了重要的作用。现在，翻译研究朝着一 个跨学科的新方向发展。 The question is how far this is a strength or a weakness for the field as a whole. 问题是跨学科发展对于整个翻译研究领域是有 利的还是有弊的呢？它的作业有多大？ Each of its subject areas is competing for prime position,with perhaps the most evident split being that between linguists and cultural theorists (see Baker1997b:277-80,Venuti1998:7-8)
1 英语原文：Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and applications（Chapter 11） 翻译研究前言：理论与应用（11章） 11.4 The future: co-operation or fragmentation? 未来:合作或分裂? Translation studies is therefore already functioning, to borrow McCarty's term, at the interstices of existing fields and is developing a new interdisciplinary character. 在现有领域中，翻译研究借助麦克凯帝的术语， 早就发挥了重要的作用。现在，翻译研究朝着一 个跨学科的新方向发展。 The question is how far this is a strength or a weakness for the field as a whole. 问题是跨学科发展对于整个翻译研究领域是有 利的还是有弊的呢？它的作业有多大？ Each of its subject areas is competing for prime position, with perhaps the most evident split being that between linguists and cultural theorists (see Baker 1997b: 277-80, Venuti 1998: 7-8)
在跨学科翻译研究中，每个学科想获得最好的地 位而相互竞争。在语言学家和文化理论家之间的 竞争最为激烈，这也导致语言学科和文化学科之 间的分裂也更明显。（见贝克1997b:277-80, 韦努蒂1998：7-8)。 The former dominated in the 1950s and 1960s, while in the last decade linguistic theories have been marginalized by scholars moving within,or adopting the practices of,other disciplines. 在20世纪50年代和60年代的之间语言学科一直 处于上风，但在过去的十年中，语言学理论一 直被学术界的学者们所排斥，或是采用其他学 科的做法。 Some translation scholars,among them Bassnett and Lefevere (1990),have been scathingly dismissive of those working in linguistics. 一些翻译学者，其中包括巴斯奈特和勒费维尔 (1990),被语言学工作者毫不留情地鄙视。 2
2 在跨学科翻译研究中，每个学科想获得最好的地 位而相互竞争。在语言学家和文化理论家之间的 竞争最为激烈，这也导致语言学科和文化学科之 间的分裂也更明显。（见贝克1997b：277-80， 韦努蒂1998：7-8）。 The former dominated in the 1950s and 1960s, while in the last decade linguistic theories have been marginalized by scholars moving within, or adopting the practices of, other disciplines. 在20世纪50年代和60年代的之间语言学科一直 处于上风，但在过去的十年中，语言学理论一 直被学术界的学者们所排斥，或是采用其他学 科的做法。 Some translation scholars, among them Bassnett and Lefevere (1990), have been scathingly dismissive of those working in linguistics. 一些翻译学者，其中包括巴斯奈特和勒费维尔 （1990），被语言学工作者毫不留情地鄙视
Given the range of interests and frictions represented in translation studies. 在翻译研究中，依据各个学科之间的利益和冲突 关系， one must wonder whether there might at some point not be a total fragmentation of the discipline and either a separation of the different strands or a consolidation of the previous disciplinary separation(modern languages,cultural studies, linguistics,etc.). 有人一定会发出疑问，是否在某种程度上可存在 学科与学科之间共通的点，是否有完全独立于其 他学科的部分，是否能合并之前分离学科的共同 点。（现代语言，文化研究，语言学等。） A key question for contemporary researchers, faced with the proliferation of current work in translation studies,is how far they should specialize. 而在当代研究中的关键问题是面对着日益增长
3 Given the range of interests and frictions represented in translation studies, 在翻译研究中，依据各个学科之间的利益和冲突 关系， one must wonder whether there might at some point not be a total fragmentation of the discipline and either a separation of the different strands or a consolidation of the previous disciplinary separation(modern languages, cultural studies, linguistics, etc.). 有人一定会发出疑问，是否在某种程度上可存在 学科与学科之间共通的点，是否有完全独立于其 他学科的部分，是否能合并之前分离学科的共同 点。（现代语言，文化研究，语言学等。） A key question for contemporary researchers, faced with the proliferation of current work in translation studies, is how far they should specialize. 而在当代研究中的关键问题是面对着日益增长
的翻译工作，翻译人员专业化水平应该达到怎样 的高度。 What may be needed in the future is some greater degree of specialization and more collaboration on joint projects. 未来可能需要更高程度的专业化和在联合项目 中的更强的合作能力。 For the moment,however,the kinds of interdisciplinary approach described in this chapter seem to be one way of bridging the gap between linguistics and cultural studies. 目前，在这一章中所描述的各种跨学科的方法 似乎是消除语言学和文化研究学之间隔阂的一 种方式。 11.4.1 The role of changing technologies 先进技术的地位 The tools at the disposal of the translator and the theorist are altering. 翻译人员和理论家使用的翻译工具正在进行改
4 的翻译工作，翻译人员专业化水平应该达到怎样 的高度。 What may be needed in the future is some greater degree of specialization and more collaboration on joint projects. 未来可能需要更高程度的专业化和在联合项目 中的更强的合作能力。 For the moment, however, the kinds of interdisciplinary approach described in this chapter seem to be one way of bridging the gap between linguistics and cultural studies. 目前，在这一章中所描述的各种跨学科的方法 似乎是消除语言学和文化研究学之间隔阂的一 种方式。 11.4.1 The role of changing technologies 先进技术的地位 The tools at the disposal of the translator and the theorist are altering. 翻译人员和理论家使用的翻译工具正在进行改
变。 One of the reasons for this is the growth in the new technologies,which inevitably determine new areas of study and/or cause a re-examination of established ones 而这源于新技术的增长，这必然导致了新领域的 研究，也让人们得以重新思考原来的研究情况。 Corpus linguistics(the analysis of large amounts of electronically stored text)already facilitates the study of features of translated language (see Baker 1995,Laviosa 1998) 语料库语言学（大量的电子存储的文本分析）已 经促进了翻译语言特征研究（见1995里威沙 Baker,1998)。 Although the present applications of corpus linguistics are limited,the case study below suggests that it may have applications for,amongst others,descriptive translation studies,because the computer is able to analyze whole texts in a way that was impossible manually
5 变。 One of the reasons for this is the growth in the new technologies, which inevitably determine new areas of study and/or cause a re-examination of established ones. 而这源于新技术的增长，这必然导致了新领域的 研究，也让人们得以重新思考原来的研究情况。 Corpus linguistics (the analysis of large amounts of electronically stored text) already facilitates the study of features of translated language (see Baker 1995, Laviosa 1998). 语料库语言学（大量的电子存储的文本分析）已 经促进了翻译语言特征研究（见1995里威沙 Baker，1998）。 Although the present applications of corpus linguistics are limited, the case study below suggests that it may have applications for, amongst others, descriptive translation studies, because the computer is able to analyze whole texts in a way that was impossible manually
虽然目前的语料库语言学的应用是有限的，下 面的案例研究表明，在其他的领域它也可能得 到应用，其中包括描述性翻译研究，因为计算 机是能在非手动的情况下分析整个文本离不开 这个技术。 Moreover,access to data of all sorts will be speeded up and new links forged. 此外，网上访问各种数据将越来越快和新的链 接将越来越多。 For example,online book shops have search facilities that enable the user to seek information on readership profiles and on genres such as 'trans- lation'or 'translated fiction'. 例如，在线图书商店的搜索工具能让读者得到 相应的信息。读者能在读者表格和类型信息中搜 索像“翻译”、“翻译小说”有关的内容。 The results of such searches can give important insights into the reception of works,and this will inevitably differ from the findings of conventional research 6
6 虽然目前的语料库语言学的应用是有限的，下 面的案例研究表明，在其他的领域它也可能得 到应用，其中包括描述性翻译研究，因为计算 机是能在非手动的情况下分析整个文本离不开 这个技术。 Moreover, access to data of all sorts will be speeded up and new links forged. 此外，网上访问各种数据将越来越快和新的链 接将越来越多。 For example, online book shops have search facilities that enable the user to seek information on readership profiles and on genres such as 'translation' or 'translated fiction'. 例如，在线图书商店的搜索工具能让读者得到 相应的信息。读者能在读者表格和类型信息中搜 索像“翻译”、“翻译小说”有关的内容。 The results of such searches can give important insights into the reception of works, and this will inevitably differ from the findings of conventional research
这样搜索的结果能提出对作品重要的看法，而它 的看法也必然与传统的研究结果有所区别。 Clearly,there is a concern that those with limited access to new technology will be disadvantaged, but experience shows that contact,at least within the research community,is greatly facilitated. 显然，有一个问题是，那些有限制地使用新技 术的人会处于不利地位，但经验表明，至少在 研究界大大促进了人与人联系。 The availability and exchange of information -for example,through conference postings,calls for papers,websites of translation centres and individual researchers relaying details of their current projects and papers all facilitate communication among scholars. 通过网络设备使得学者们更好地交流，信息也得 到了更有效地传递。例如，通过会议的帖子在网 站的翻译中心公开论文和个人研究人员传播他 们目前的项目和论文。 7
7 这样搜索的结果能提出对作品重要的看法，而它 的看法也必然与传统的研究结果有所区别。 Clearly, there is a concern that those with limited access to new technology will be disadvantaged, but experience shows that contact, at least within the research community, is greatly facilitated. 显然，有一个问题是，那些有限制地使用新技 术的人会处于不利地位，但经验表明，至少在 研究界大大促进了人与人联系。 The availability and exchange of information - for example, through conference postings, calls for papers, websites of translation centres and individual researchers relaying details of their current projects and papers - all facilitate communication among scholars. 通过网络设备使得学者们更好地交流，信息也得 到了更有效地传递。例如，通过会议的帖子在网 站的翻译中心公开论文和个人研究人员传播他 们目前的项目和论文
Finally,the internet is also changing the status and visibility of translators and translation 最后，互联网也在改变译者和翻译的地位和知 名度。 Not only can professional translators now easily work trans-nationally via email,but the need for translation itself is also increasing 不但是专业的翻译员可以通过电子邮件跨国界 的进行翻译工作，同时翻译的需求也不断的提升 了。 Search engines now offer (sometimes rudimentary)automatic machine translation of individual pages and of whole websites in many major world languages,most often with English as the SL or TL. 搜索引擎现在提供的（有时是基本的）自动机器 翻译的个人页面和整个网站提供世界上主要语 言，通常使用英语的SL或者TL版本。 8
8 Finally, the internet is also changing the status and visibility of translators and translation. 最后，互联网也在改变译者和翻译的地位和知 名度。 Not only can professional translators now easily work trans-nationally via email, but the need for translation itself is also increasing. 不但是专业的翻译员可以通过电子邮件跨国界 的进行翻译工作，同时翻译的需求也不断的提升 了。 Search engines now offer (sometimes rudimentary) automatic machine translation of individual pages and of whole websites in many major world languages, most often with English as the SL or TL. 搜索引擎现在提供的（有时是基本的）自动机器 翻译的个人页面和整个网站提供世界上主要语 言，通常使用英语的SL或者TL版本
Perhaps the best-known automatic translation package is SYSTRAN'S Babel Fish,used by the search engine AltaVistaR. 也许最著名的自动翻译软件包是SYSTRAN的巴 别鱼，可以在搜索引擎Alta Vista.上使用。 It can translate between at least thirteen language pairs and claims that over one million translations are generated in this way each day. 它可以翻译至少十三种语言，并声称，每天都 会产生超过一百万的翻译。 Translation is thus available 'at the touch of a button'for internet users worldwide. 翻译通过“一个触摸按钮”为世界各地的互联网 用户服务着。 However,it is a translation that conceals the human involvement and gives the impression of it being an easy and automatic process. 然而，这个翻译掩盖了人的参与并给人一个简 单、自动化的过程的印象
9 Perhaps the best-known automatic translation package is SYSTRAN'S Babel Fish, used by the search engine AltaVista®. 也许最著名的自动翻译软件包是SYSTRAN的巴 别鱼，可以在搜索引擎AltaVista上使用。 It can translate between at least thirteen language pairs and claims that over one million translations are generated in this way each day. 它可以翻译至少十三种语言，并声称，每天都 会产生超过一百万的翻译。 Translation is thus available 'at the touch of a button' for internet users worldwide. 翻译通过“一个触摸按钮”为世界各地的互联网 用户服务着。 However, it is a translation that conceals the human involvement and gives the impression of it being an easy and automatic process. 然而，这个翻译掩盖了人的参与并给人一个简 单、自动化的过程的印象
The developments outlined in this section might lead to further consolidation of English as the major global language of communication,but they also mean increased use of t translation commercially. 而在这样一个发展过程中可能会导致进一步巩 固英语作为主要的全球语言的沟通工具，这也 意味着进一步提高翻译的商业化水平。 Furthermore,while information technology is bound to become more influential as a tool and subject of translation studies research in the future, the current wealth of ideas that is being generated within the field will no doubt also involve a re-evaluation and re-invigoration of older models. The following case study follows the line of interdisciplinary research described in this chapter. It brings together linguistic,literary and cultural analysis,supported by tools from corpus linguistics 下面的案例研究如下： 本章所描述的跨学科研究，它通过语料库语言 10
10 The developments outlined in this section might lead to further consolidation of English as the major global language of communication, but they also mean increased use of translation commercially. 而在这样一个发展过程中可能会导致进一步巩 固英语作为主要的全球语言的沟通工具，这也 意味着进一步提高翻译的商业化水平。 Furthermore, while information technology is bound to become more influential as a tool and subject of translation studies research in the future, the current wealth of ideas that is being generated within the field will no doubt also involve a re-evaluation and re-invigoration of older models. The following case study follows the line of interdisciplinary research described in this chapter. It brings together linguistic, literary and cultural analysis, supported by tools from corpus linguistics. 下面的案例研究如下： 本章所描述的跨学科研究，它通过语料库语言