s block d block p block Transition metals G rou p 3 Mg Al 3456789101112 4 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu ZnGa 5 Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru rh Pd Ag CdIn 6 Ba Lu Hf Ta w Re Os Ir Pt Au HgTl 7 Ra f block Tm Yb Lanthanides Ac Th Md No Actinides Transition” metals
“Transition” metals
过渡金属的特性 变价性 配合物 颜色 ·磁性 From highly reactive metals of the s block to the much less reactive metals of Group 12 and the p block
过渡金属的特性 • 变价性 • 配合物 • 颜色 • 磁性 From highly reactive metals of the s block to the much less reactive metals of Group 12 and the p block
Trends in Physical Properties all the d-block elements are metals Most, good electrical conductors Most, malleable, ductile(延展), lustrous(光 ) silver-white in color Generally, higher melting and boiling points 例外:Hg, ow melting point, Liquid(RT) Cu, red-brown and Au, yellow
Trends in Physical Properties • All the d-block elements are metals. • Most, good electrical conductors. • Most, malleable, ductile(延展), lustrous(光 泽), silver-white in color. • Generally, higher melting and boiling points. 例外: Hg, low melting point, Liquid(RT) Cu, red-brown and Au, yellow
roup 3 8 10 11 12 164147 3s129137124121228137 182 160 134137 14435 1723591471(141(37135136 9144155 La-L 原子半径(d元素,pm):相似性; 镧系收缩( lanthanide contraction) (From 224pm for Ba to 172pm for Lu)
原子半径（ d区元素，pm）：相似性； 镧系收缩（ lanthanide contraction） (From 224pm for Ba to 172pm for Lu) La-Lu
Scandium through Nickel Table 21. 1 Properties of the d-block elements scandium through nickel Electron Melting Boiling Name Symbol contiguration Doint.C point, C candium 3d4s2 1540 2800 299 22 titanium cTv 3d45 1660 3300 3d34s2 1920 3400 6.11 chromiun 3d54 1860 2600 manganese Mn 3d542 1250 2120 7.47 5678 Iron cobalt nickel cM 3d4s2 1540 2760 787 3d7 1494 3d642 1455 2150
Scandium through Nickel
Scandium. sc Isolated in 1937. a reactive metal 1)Sc react with water about as vigorously as C a does 2)The small, higl ghly charged Se3+ ion is strongly hydrated in water (like Al), the resulting hydrated ion is about as strong a bronsted acid as acetic acid
Scandium, Sc Isolated in 1937, a reactive metal. 1) Sc react with water about as vigorously as Ca does. 2) The small, highly charged Sc3+ ion is strongly hydrated in water (like Al3+), the resulting hydrated ion is about as strong a Bronsted acid as acetic acid
Titanium. Ti ght, strong metal (vital airplane). Resistant to corrosion Ores: ilmenite(钛铁矿), FeTio3 Rutiles(金红石),TO2 Ti requires strong reducing titanium(Iv) oxide agents for extraction from its res Ores+Cl2→TiCl4 IiC4(g)+2Mg(1)700°C- Ti(S)+2MgCk(s T1O, brilliantly white, nontoxic, stable solid used as white pigment in paints and paper. Semiconductor in the presence of light, used as electrode in photoelectrochemical cells. BaTiO3, piezoelectric( E)
Titanium, Ti Light, strong metal (vital in airplane). Resistant to corrosion. Ores: ilmenite (钛铁矿), FeTiO3 Rutile(金红石), TiO2 Ti requires strong reducing agents for extraction from its ores. Ores +Cl2→ TiCl4 TiCl4 (g) + 2Mg(l) 700°C→ Ti(s) + 2MgCl2 (s) TiO2 brilliantly white, nontoxic, stable solid used as white pigment in paints and paper. Semiconductor in the presence of light, used as electrode in photoelectrochemical cells. BaTiO3 , piezoelectric(压电)
TABLE 21. 5 Oxidation States of Titanium Oxidation Unused Typica/ State d-Electrons Examples T1O2, TICI4 +3 012 T1 +2 ddd TICI 2
Experiment 21.1 Hydrolysis of Titanium Tetrachloride When dry air is bubbled through colorless uid titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4, a dense white smoke of tio, is formed as soon as the TiCl vapor comes into contact with atmospheric moisture
SO2, SO3, HS(IO3, H2S(VDO4 S+O2→SO2;植被分解和火山爆发;燃油和煤(电厂) H2S(g)+302(g)-> 2S02 (g)+ 2H,o(g) anadium(v) oxide 酸性氧化物 SO2(g)+H2o0- H2So3(aq) 还原性和氧化性 SO2(g)+ Br2(ag- Br(aq)+ so(aq) 2S02(g)+O2(g)A-2S03(g), slow reaction, catalyzed V205 SO3(g)+H2O()→H2SO4(aq)酸雨(So3,No3,H2O) H2SO4无色腐蚀油状液体;强酸,脱水剂,氧化剂。 SO3(g)+H2SO4→H2S2O1(( Oleum,发烟硫酸) 化肥(2/3),石化产品,染料,清洁剂
S + O2 → SO2 ; 植被分解和火山爆发；燃油和煤(电厂) H2S(g) + 3O2 (g) → 2SO2 (g) + 2H2O(g) 酸性氧化物 SO2 (g) + H2O(l) → H2SO3 (aq) 还原性和氧化性 SO2 (g) + Br2 (aq) → Br- (aq) + SO4 - (aq) 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) △→ 2SO3 (g), slow reaction, catalyzed V2O5 SO3 (g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4 (aq) 酸雨（Sox , Nox , H2O） H2SO4 , 无色腐蚀油状液体；强酸，脱水剂，氧化剂。 SO3 (g) + H2SO4 (l) → H2S2O7 (l) (Oleum, 发烟硫酸) 化肥（2/3），石化产品，染料，清洁剂。 SO2，SO3 , H2S(IV)O3 , H2S(VI)O4