《大学英语读写》课程教学资源（精讲四级教案）Unit 10 Why People Work.doc_大学文库

science of behavior,a number of them are so overwhelmingly concerned with past or an be clas ed toget er as the disciplines include anthropology,education,political science,psychiatry psychology,and sociology.Investigators who work in these areas systematically and experimentally focus their attention on human behavior as it influences and is influenced by the behavior and needs of other people.The social sciences study the function and institutions of human society This broader cate 0 of discipli includes the ehavioral sciences and suchdis iplines as economic aw,history,and geography.A major application of behavioral science has been in the prediction of human behavior.Examples are polling and testing,which include political and marketing surveys,questionnaires,and attitude tests,as well as psychological and industrial uses of tests of aptitude.ability,achievement,and personality (2)Five needs by Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow,an American psychologist,believed that human motivation can be understood as a result of a hierarchy of needs:the most basic physiological needs safety needs belonging needs esteem needs and self-actualization needs When the lowe -level needs are met,the mo tivation to meet the higher-eve needs becomes active.Furthermore.as an individual progress upward,it become more difficult to successfully fulfill the needs of each higher level.For this reason Maslow believed that very few people actually reach the level of self-actualization, and it is a lifelong process for the few who do. (3)Leonard R.Sayles Leona R.Sayles is a professor of Business Administratic Columbia University.He is a consultant to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and study director for the national Academy of Sciences. Step Two Global reading Give the students 10 minutes to read the text as quickly as they can,and ask them to think about these stions in the process of reading 1.True or False Question (1) Historically,work has been associated with the opportunity to realize one's potential. (2) According to the author.work is more than a necessity for most human beings (3) For a large number of people,the absence of work is helpful to their health. (4) Unemployment only exerts financial pressures on the jobless people. (5) Each of us wants to feel he/she has the ability to do something that is meaningful and that serves as a tribute to our inherent abilities. (6) People like to store up energy,to rest and save themselves as much as possible (7 According to the author,people feel proud when they work in an accomplished work group. Esprit decorps is used to mean roughly an accomplished work group

science of behavior, a number of them are so overwhelmingly concerned with past or present behavior that they can be classed together as the behavioral sciences. These disciplines include anthropology, education, political science, psychiatry, psychology, and sociology. Investigators who work in these areas systematically and experimentally focus their attention on human behavior as it influences and is influenced by the behavior and needs of other people. The social sciences study the functioning and institutions of human society. This broader category of disciplines includes the behavioral sciences and such disciplines as economics, law, history, and geography. A major application of behavioral science has been in the prediction of human behavior. Examples are polling and testing, which include political and marketing surveys, questionnaires, and attitude tests, as well as psychological and industrial uses of tests of aptitude, ability, achievement, and personality. (2) Five needs by Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, believed that human motivation can be understood as a result of a hierarchy of needs: the most basic physiological needs, safety needs, belonging needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. When the lower-level needs are met, the motivation to meet the higher-level needs becomes active. Furthermore, as an individual progress upward, it becomes more difficult to successfully fulfill the needs of each higher level. For this reason Maslow believed that very few people actually reach the level of self-actualization, and it is a lifelong process for the few who do. (3) Leonard R. Sayles Leonard R. Sayles is a professor of Business Administration, Columbia University. He is a consultant to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and study director for the National Academy of Sciences. Step Two Global reading Give the students 10 minutes to read the text as quickly as they can, and ask them to think about these questions in the process of reading. 1. True or False Questions (1) Historically, work has been associated with the opportunity to realize one’s potential. (2) According to the author, work is more than a necessity for most human beings. (3) For a large number of people, the absence of work is helpful to their health. (4) Unemployment only exerts financial pressures on the jobless people. (5) Each of us wants to feel he / she has the ability to do something that is meaningful and that serves as a tribute to our inherent abilities. (6) People like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as possible. (7) According to the author, people feel proud when they work in an accomplished work group. (8) Esprit de corps is used to mean roughly an accomplished work group

(9) The chief reason why peope usually prefer towork in a sucessful institution is that they have a strong need to assert their membership in (10) People want to feel that they are capable of doing something meaningful. 2.Answer the questions on P257 3.Find the main idea of each par Para. I Work provides crucial psychological well-being Para.2-5 The traditional attitude toward work Para.6-12 Some illustrations on a sense of accomplishment Para.13-17 People have developed the esprit de corps through work,the honor of relationship among colleagues Step Three Detailed study Explain the important and difficult points in the text.including the usage of new words and phrases,structure of complex sentences and relevant grammar. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible,but more crucial,psychological well-being that can make the differe ebetween full and an empty life (1)intangib incapable of being touched or grasped;real,but not material or concrete;hard to define or explain in words e.g.He seems to care more for material things than for intangible ideas. The benefits are intangible very important,decisive e.g The Civil War wasa crucial period in the history of the United States It is crucial to perform an immediate operation on the injured man (3)that can make the difference between a full and an empty life:that can decide whether a person will have a rewarding and purposeful life of a meaningless one Against this hackgr ond.it may ise to lear Meaning:Because of all this,it is most probable that will feel surprised to know 3. Work is more than a necessity for most human beings;it is the focus of their lives.the source of their identity and creativity. eanin For most people work is more important than just a means of eaming money. it is the r of inte live In work the ey realize the ir own worth and see what great things they can create 4. Many psychiatrists heading mental health clinics have observed its healing effect (1)Head:lead;be in charge of e.g.When the former direc r retired,a middle-aged physicist was chosen to head the research institut The Chinese government delegation headed by the Premier is going to visit Australia and New Zealand. Megcarmatem中cegannm8gooknmma

(9) The chief reason why people usually prefer to work in a successful institution is that they have a strong need to assert their membership in it. (10) People want to feel that they are capable of doing something meaningful. 2. Answer the questions on P257 3. Find the main idea of each part Para.1 Work provides crucial psychological well-being. Para.2-5 The traditional attitude toward work Para.6-12 Some illustrations on a sense of accomplishment Para.13-17 People have developed the esprit de corps through work, the honor of relationship among colleagues. Step Three Detailed study Explain the important and difficult points in the text, including the usage of new words and phrases, structure of complex sentences and relevant grammar. 1. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life. (1) intangible: incapable of being touched or grasped; real, but not material or concrete; hard to define or explain in words e.g. He seems to care more for material things than for intangible ideas. The benefits are intangible. (2) crucial: of deciding importance; very important; decisive e.g. The Civil War was a crucial period in the history of the United States. It is crucial to perform an immediate operation on the injured man. (3) that can make the difference between a full and an empty life: that can decide whether a person will have a rewarding and purposeful life of a meaningless one 2. Against this background, it may well come as a surprise to learn… Meaning: Because of all this, it is most probable that you will feel surprised to know … 3. Work is more than a necessity for most human beings; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity. Meaning: For most people work is more important than just a means of earning money; it is the center of interest in their lives .In work they realize their own worth and see what great things they can create. 4. Many psychiatrists heading mental health clinics have observed its healing effect. (1) Head: lead; be in charge of e.g. When the former director retired , a middle-aged physicist was chosen to head the research institute. The Chinese government delegation headed by the Premier is going to visit Australia and New Zealand. (2) Meaning: Many psychiatrists directing and doing clinical work in mental health have noticed that work can help cure some mental diseases

.while every effort is exerted to. (1)Meaning:while every effort is made to.. (2)exert put into use;use fully E.g.He exerted all his strength but still couldn't move that rock Many has been exerting a lot of pressure on her husband to quit his present job and find a better one He exerted his influence toget his daughter a place in university And the reverse is true,too (1)reverse n.the opposite;the other way round:the back He didn't feel homesick-quite the reverse. e past ten years I think ve have se n the reverse process v.1)change sth.such as a decision,judgement or process to the opposite Shall we reverse the order and put Z at the beginning of this dictionary? 2)cause (a vehicle)to go backwards He reversed the car into the garage (2)Meaning:And it is alsc othe r way round fend for oneself:look after oneself e.g.Both his parents died when he was young,so he has had to fend for himself since he was 15. Don't wory about me.I'm quite used to fending for myselt. been observed that unemployment,quite aside from exerting financial pressures,brings enormous psychological troubles and that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when jobless. (1)aside from:besides;apart from e.g.Aside from his salary,Tom has no resources to fall back on (2)quite aside from erting finan cial sures:quit e apart from ausing financial difficulties.The adverb"quite"is used here to emphasize the point that there are other serious problems apart from the obvious one of loss of income. 9. But even where there is no obvious end product that is solely attributable to one person's skill (1)attributable to:that can be thought of as the result of e..His failure in the exam was chiefly attributable tohis laziness. His untimely death was attributable at least in part go overwork and lack of exercise (2)Meaning:where what is produced is not the result of one person's skill 10 deep down most people regard their own capacity to conquer the tough as the mark of their inique per Meaning:at heart most people think they owe their ability to do dfficut work to their distinctive personal characteristics. 11.You are,in significant measure,what you can do. Meaning:To a large extent,your value of worth lies in what you can do;people

5. …while every effort is exerted to … (1) Meaning: while every effort is made to…: (2) exert: put into use; use fully E.g. He exerted all his strength but still couldn’t move that rock Many has been exerting a lot of pressure on her husband to quit his present job and find a better one He exerted his influence to get his daughter a place in university. 6. And the reverse is true, too. (1) reverse n. the opposite; the other way round; the back He didn’t feel homesick－quite the reverse. adj. opposite in position or to what is usual; back In the past ten years I think we have seen the reverse process. vt. 1) change sth. such as a decision, judgement or process to the opposite Shall we reverse the order and put Z at the beginning of this dictionary? 2) cause (a vehicle) to go backwards He reversed the car into the garage. (2) Meaning: And it is also true the other way round. 7. …and must fend for themselves. fend for oneself: look after oneself e.g. Both his parents died when he was young ,so he has had to fend for himself since he was 15. Don’t worry about me; I’m quite used to fending for myself. 8. It has been observed that unemployment, quite aside from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles and that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when jobless. (1) aside from: besides; apart from e.g. Aside from his salary, Tom has no resources to fall back on . (2) quite aside from exerting financial pressures: quite apart from causing financial difficulties. The adverb “quite” is used here to emphasize the point that there are other serious problems apart from the obvious one of loss of income. 9. But even where there is no obvious end product that is solely attributable to one person’s skill, … (1) attributable to: that can be thought of as the result of e.g. His failure in the exam was chiefly attributable to his laziness. His untimely death was attributable at least in part go overwork and lack of exercise. (2) Meaning: where what is produced is not the result of one person’s skill 10. …deep down most people regard their own capacity to conquer the tough job as the mark of their own unique personality. Meaning: at heart most people think they owe their ability to do difficult work to their distinctive personal characteristics. 11. You are, in significant measure, what you can do. Meaning: To a large extent, your value of worth lies in what you can do; people

judge themselves and others largely on how much they can accomplish. 2 Not everyone can interact with such pe stence and over long hours,bu those who do,pride themselves on a distinctive ability that contributes mightily to the running of the organization. (1)pride oneself on:be proud of;regard as a special reason for pride or satisfaction e.g The little boy has every right to pride himself on his ability to remain calm and controlled in the fact of death Peter has always prided himself on his ability to learn new languages (2)Meaning:Not all people are ale to keep dealing with others in such an active way and for such long periods,but those who are able to do so will congratulate themselves on this special ability because it has an important role to play in assu ring the smooth operation of an organization 3 whose job it was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result. Meaning:whose job was to make a folding chair out of a few pieces of steel Note that"whose iob it was to is an idiomatic expression in English. -A teacher's job is to teach.Thus a teacher is a job is to teach -It is a te acher person 14. And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust to one another so that the "rough edges"are worked off because people know they must do certain things with and through one another ach work off:get rid of (sth.extra of burdensome)by exercise,continuous action of effort e.g.Bob has worked off a dozen pounds since last May by running one or two miles every morning You'd better work y ange off before you speak to him Beyond the tea an the work group.there is the organization,whether it be company or hospital or university. In adverbial clauses introduced by "whether"the subjunctive "be"is occasionally used in a formal style.The indicative mood,however,is more often used instead. 16. We in truth bask in the reflected glory of the institution, Meaning: oy the glory reflected fi the in nstitution feel great pleasure in being sful or prestigious organization literally.“bask”means“sit or lie in enjovable heat of light e.g.He likes to lie on the sand,basking in the sunshine. Used figuratively,bask”means“enjoy of feel great pleasure” He basked in the love of his family Her father is a world-famous artist t,but she refuses to bask in his reflected glory and is trying to start a career of her own. IV.Summary 1.Main idea

judge themselves and others largely on how much they can accomplish. 12. Not everyone can interact with such persistence and over long hours, but those who do, pride themselves on a distinctive ability that contributes mightily to the running of the organization. (1) pride oneself on: be proud of; regard as a special reason for pride or satisfaction e.g. The little boy has every right to pride himself on his ability to remain calm and controlled in the fact of death. Peter has always prided himself on his ability to learn new languages. (2) Meaning: Not all people are ale to keep dealing with others in such an active way and for such long periods, but those who are able to do so will congratulate themselves on this special ability because it has an important role to play in assuring the smooth operation of an organization. 13. … whose job it was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result. Meaning: whose job was to make a folding chair out of a few pieces of steel Note that “whose job it was to ……,” is an idiomatic expression in English. －A teacher’s job is to teach. Thus a teacher is a person whose job is to teach. －It is a teacher’s job to teach. Thus a teacher is a person whose job it is to teach. 14. And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust to one another so that the “rough edges” are worked off because people know they must do certain things with and through one another each day. work off: get rid of (sth. extra of burdensome) by exercise, continuous action of effort e.g. Bob has worked off a dozen pounds since last May by running one or two miles every morning. You’d better work your anger off before you speak to him . 15. Beyond the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university. In adverbial clauses introduced by “whether” the subjunctive “be” is occasionally used in a formal style. The indicative mood, however, is more often used instead. 16. We in truth bask in the reflected glory of the institution, … Meaning: enjoy the glory reflected from the institution; feel great pleasure in being associated with the successful or prestigious organization literally, “bask” means “sit or lie in enjoyable heat of light”, e.g. He likes to lie on the sand, basking in the sunshine. Used figuratively, “bask” means “enjoy of feel great pleasure”. e.g. He basked in the love of his family. Her father is a world-famous artist, but she refuses to bask in his reflected glory and is trying to start a career of her own. IV. Summary 1. Main idea