Chapter Seven market structure and Producer equilibrium 第七章市场结构与厂商均衡 7.1 Types and Characteristics of Market Structure 市场结构的类型与特征
7.1 Types and Characteristics of Market Structure 市场结构的类型与特征 Chapter Seven Market Structure and Producer Equilibrium 第七章市场结构与厂商均衡
教学目标 Objectives: ■了解市场结构的含义 ■掌握划分市场结构的标准 ■掌握四种市场结构的特征 ■区分四种市场结构 知识点 Knowledge 市场结构的含义、划分市场结构的标准 完全竞争市场、垄断竞争市场、寡头垄断市场、完全垄断市场 技能点Skis: 区分四种市场结构
教学目标Objectives： ▪ 了解市场结构的含义 ▪ 掌握划分市场结构的标准 ▪ 掌握四种市场结构的特征 ▪ 区分四种市场结构 知识点Knowledge： 市场结构的含义、划分市场结构的标准 完全竞争市场、垄断竞争市场、寡头垄断市场、完全垄断市场 技能点Skills： 区分四种市场结构
专业词汇 Professional terms Market Structure Producer equilibrium competition competitive environment Characteristics of market Structure Freedom of entry Nature of product identical product Market power Perfect competition market information Monopolistic competition Oligopoly Monopoly
Market Structure Producer Equilibrium competition competitive environment Characteristics of Market Structure Freedom of entry Nature of product identical product Market power Perfect competition market information Monopolistic competition Oligopoly Monopoly 专业词汇Professional terms
As we know, a firms profits are maximized where its marginal cost equals its marginal revenue: MC=MR. But we will want to know more than this o What determines the amount of profit that a firm will make? Will profits be large, or just enough for the firm to survive, or so low that it will be forced out of business? o Will the firm produce a high level of output or a low level? o Will it be producing efficiently? o Will the price charged to the consumer be high or low? More generally, will the consumer benefit from the decisions a firm makes? This is, of course, a normative question. Nevertheless economists can still identify and analyze the effects these decisions have on consumers
As we know, a firm’s profits are maximized where its marginal cost equals its marginal revenue: MC = MR. But we will want to know more than this. l What determines the amount of profit that a firm will make? Will profits be large, or just enough for the firm to survive, or so low that it will be forced out of business? l Will the firm produce a high level of output or a low level? l Will it be producing efficiently? l Will the price charged to the consumer be high or low? l More generally, will the consumer benefit from the decisions a firm makes? This is, of course, a normative question. Nevertheless, economists can still identify and analyze the effects these decisions have on consumers
、划分市场结构的标准 1、什么是市场结构 市场结构是指反映竞争程度不同的市场状态 2、划分市场结构的标准 市场上交易者的数量 产品差异程度 行业的进入限制 价格决策形式 市场信息通畅程度
一、划分市场结构的标准 1、什么是市场结构 市场结构是指反映竞争程度不同的市场状态 2、划分市场结构的标准 ▪市场上交易者的数量 ▪产品差异程度 ▪行业的进入限制 ▪价格决策形式 ▪市场信息通畅程度
To distinguish market structure more precisely, the following must considere d o The number of firms in the market or industry Freedom of entry. o Nature of product. Do all firms produce an identical product, or firms produce their own particular brand or model or variety? o The firms degree of control over price Is the firm a price taker can it choose its price, and if so, how will changing its price affect profits? Market power When firms have market power over prices, they can us this to raise prices and profits above the perfectly competitive leve Other things being equal, the firm will gain at the expense of consume Similarly, if consumers or workers have market power, they can use th to their own benefit o Flow of market information. The computerization is and w changing/ change market structure
To distinguish market structure more precisely , the following must be considered l The number of firms in the market or industry. l Freedom of entry. l Nature of product. Do all firms produce an identical product, or do firms produce their own particular brand or model or variety? l The firm’s degree of control over price. Is the firm a price taker or can it choose its price, and if so, how will changing its price affect its profits? Market power When firms have market power over prices, they can use this to raise prices and profits above the perfectly competitive level. Other things being equal, the firm will gain at the expense of consumer. Similarly, if consumers or workers have market power, they can use this to their own benefit. l Flow of market information. The computerization is and will changing/ change market structure
二、市场结构的类型 (一)完全竞争的市场结构 Perfect competition A market structure where there are many firms; where there is freedom of entry into the industry; where all firms produce an identical product and where all firms are price takers. 完全竞争是一种竞争不受任何阻碍和干扰的市场结构。 形成这种市场的条件是企业数量多,而且每家企业规 模都非常小。价格由整个市场的供求关系决定,每家 企业不能通过改变自己的产量而影响市场价格
二、市场结构的类型 （一）完全竞争的市场结构 Perfect competition A market structure where there are many firms; where there is freedom of entry into the industry; where all firms produce an identical product; and where all firms are price takers. 完全竞争是一种竞争不受任何阻碍和干扰的市场结构。 形成这种市场的条件是企业数量多，而且每家企业规 模都非常小。价格由整个市场的供求关系决定，每家 企业不能通过改变自己的产量而影响市场价格
二、市场结构的类型 (二)垄断竞争的市场结构 Monopolistic competition A market structure where, like perfect competition, there are many firms and freedom of entry into the industry, but where each firm produces a differentiated product and thus has some control over its price 垄断竞争是既有垄断又有竞争,垄断与竞争相结合的 市场。这种市场与完全竞争的相同之处是市场集中率 低,而且无进入限制。但关键差别是完全竞争市场上 产品无差别,而垄断竞争市场上产品有差别。企业规 模小和进入无限制也保证了这个市场上竞争的存在
二、市场结构的类型 （二）垄断竞争的市场结构 Monopolistic competition A market structure where, like perfect competition, there are many firms and freedom of entry into the industry, but where each firm produces a differentiated product and thus has some control over its price. 垄断竞争是既有垄断又有竞争，垄断与竞争相结合的 市场。这种市场与完全竞争的相同之处是市场集中率 低，而且无进入限制。但关键差别是完全竞争市场上 产品无差别，而垄断竞争市场上产品有差别。企业规 模小和进入无限制也保证了这个市场上竞争的存在
二、市场结构的类型 (三)寡头垄断的市场结构 Oligopoly a market structure where there are few enough firms to enable barriers to be erected against the entry of new firms 寡头是只有几家大企业的市场,形成这种市场的关键 是规模经济。在这种市场上,大企业集中程度高,对 市场控制力强,可以通过变动产量影响价格。而且, 由于每家企业规模大,其他企业就难以进入。由于不 是一家垄断,所以在几家寡头之间仍存在激烈竞争
二、市场结构的类型 （三）寡头垄断的市场结构 Oligopoly A market structure where there are few enough firms to enable barriers to be erected against the entry of new firms. 寡头是只有几家大企业的市场，形成这种市场的关键 是规模经济。在这种市场上，大企业集中程度高，对 市场控制力强，可以通过变动产量影响价格。而且， 由于每家企业规模大，其他企业就难以进入。由于不 是一家垄断，所以在几家寡头之间仍存在激烈竞争
二、市场结构的类型 (四)完全垄断的市场结构 Monopoly a market structure where there is only one firm in the industry. 完全垄断是只有一家企业控制整个市场的供给。形成 垄断的关键条件是对进入市场的限制,这种限制可以 来自自然原因,也可以来自立法。此外,垄断的另 个条件是没有相近的替代品,如果有替代品,则有替 代品与之竞争。在完全垄断市场上由于没有替代品, 因而形成一个厂商独占市场供给,可以根据市场需求 控制产品的价格
二、市场结构的类型 （四）完全垄断的市场结构 Monopoly A market structure where there is only one firm in the industry. 完全垄断是只有一家企业控制整个市场的供给。形成 垄断的关键条件是对进入市场的限制，这种限制可以 来自自然原因，也可以来自立法。此外，垄断的另一 个条件是没有相近的替代品，如果有替代品，则有替 代品与之竞争。在完全垄断市场上由于没有替代品， 因而形成一个厂商独占市场供给，可以根据市场需求 控制产品的价格