2.2 Analysis on Returns to Scale and the Optimum Business scale 规模报酬与适度经营规模分析
2.2 Analysis on Returns to Scale and the Optimum Business scale 规模报酬与适度经营规模分析
教学目标 Objectives: ■理解规模经济、规模不经济的含义 ■理解内在经济、内在不经济的含义 ■理解外在经济、外在不经济的含义 ■明确规模经济、规模不经济产生的原因 明确內在经济、内在不经济产生的原因 ■明确外在经济、外在不经济产生的原因 知识点 Knowledge 规模经济、规模不经济、内在经济 内在不经济、外在经济、外在不经济 技能点Skil: 学会运用内在绎济理论解决设备采购问题 明确规模经济、规模不经济、内在经济、内在不经济、外在 经济、外在不经济产生的原因
教学目标Objectives： ▪ 理解规模经济、规模不经济的含义 ▪ 理解内在经济、内在不经济的含义 ▪ 理解外在经济、外在不经济的含义 ▪ 明确规模经济、规模不经济产生的原因 ▪ 明确内在经济、内在不经济产生的原因 ▪ 明确外在经济、外在不经济产生的原因 知识点Knowledge： 规模经济、规模不经济、内在经济 内在不经济、外在经济、外在不经济 技能点Skills： ▪ 学会运用内在经济理论解决设备采购问题 ▪ 明确规模经济、规模不经济、内在经济、内在不经济、外在 经济、外在不经济产生的原因
专业词汇 Professional terms Returns to scale Competence to innovate the Optimum Business scale In the long run internal economies The scale of production Constant returns to scale Increasing returns to scale Decreasing returns to scale Economies of scale Diseconomies of scale management level External economies life cycle of product
Returns to Scale Competence to innovate the Optimum Business scale In the long run internal economies The scale of production Constant returns to scale Increasing returns to scale Decreasing returns to scale Economies of scale Diseconomies of scale management level External economies life cycle of product 专业词汇Professional terms
a In the long run there are several decisions that a firm has to make: decisions about the scale and location of its operations and what techniques of production it should use. These decisions affect the costs of production. It is important, therefore to get them right
◼ In the long run, there are several decisions that a firm has to make: decisions about the scale and location of its operations and what techniques of production it should use. These decisions affect the costs of production. It is important, therefore, to get them right
什么是规模报酬 a The scale ofproduction a If a firm were to double all of its inputs-sometimes it could do in the long run could it double its output? Or will output more than double or less than double? We can distinguish three possible situations Constant returns to scale Increasing returns to scale o Decreasing returns to scale
一、什么是规模报酬 ▪ The scale of production ▪ If a firm were to double all of its inputs—sometimes it could do in the long run—could it double its output? Or will output more than double or less than double? We can distinguish three possible situations: ▪ l Constant returns to scale ▪ l Increasing returns to scale ▪ l Decreasing returns to scale
二、规模经济与规模不经济 economies and diseconomies of scale (一)规模经济 1、什么是规模经济 Economies of scale when increasing the scale of production leads to a lower cost per unit of output
二、规模经济与规模不经济 economies and diseconomies of scale （一）规模经济 ▪ 1、什么是规模经济 ▪ Economies of scale When increasing the scale of production leads to a lower cost per unit of output
规模经济产生的原因 Specialization and division oflabor (p 126 ◆ Indivisibilities The container principle Greater efficiently of large machines ◆By- product C Multi-stage production Plant economies of scale economies of scale that rises because of the large size of the factory Rationalization The reorganizing of production(often after a merger) so as to cut out waste and duplication and generally to reduce costs EConomies of scope When increasing the range of products produced by a firm reduces the cost of producing each one ◆ Spreading overheads◆ Financial economies
规模经济产生的原因 u Specialization and division of labor (P126) u Indivisibilities uThe ‘container’ principle u Greater efficiently of large machines uBy-product uMulti-stage production uPlant economies of scale Economies of scale that rises because of the large size of the factory. uRationalization The reorganizing of production (often after a merger) so as to cut out waste and duplication and generally to reduce costs. uEconomies of scope When increasing the range of products produced by a firm reduces the cost of producing each one. uSpreading overheads u Financial economies
二、规模经济与规模不经济 economies and diseconomies of scale (二)规模不经济 1、什么是规模不经济 a Diseconomies of scale When costs per unit of output increase as the scale of production Increases
二、规模经济与规模不经济 economies and diseconomies of scale （二）规模不经济 ▪ 1、什么是规模不经济 ▪ Diseconomies of scale When costs per unit of output increase as the scale of production increases
2、规模不经济的原因 企业管理水平 management level of firms 的寿命周期 life cycle of pr oroduct 企业的创新能力 firm's competence to innovate
▪ 2、规模不经济的原因 ▪企业管理水平management level of firms ▪产品的寿命周期life cycle of product ▪企业的创新能力 firm’s competence to innovate
三、内在经济与内在不经济 internal economies and diseconomies of scale (一)内在经济 内在经济是指一个生产经营单位在生产规模扩大时 由自身内部原因所引起的产量或收益增加 内在经济产生的原因: 可以使用更加先进的机器设备 可以实行专业化生产 可以对副产品进行综合利用 方便生产资源和产品的购买与销售
三、内在经济与内在不经济 internal economies and diseconomies of scale （一）内在经济 内在经济是指一个生产经营单位在生产规模扩大时 由自身内部原因所引起的产量或收益增加 内在经济产生的原因： ▪ 可以使用更加先进的机器设备 ▪ 可以实行专业化生产 ▪ 可以对副产品进行综合利用 ▪ 方便生产资源和产品的购买与销售