Chapter six Cost and Revenue Analysis 第6章成本与收益分析 61成本的含义与分类
6.1 成本的含义与分类 Chapter Six Cost and Revenue Analysis 第6章 成本与收益分析
教学目标 Objectives: 了解长期成本、短期成本、固定成本、可变成本的含义 ■掌握总成本、平均成本、边际成本的变动规律 ■掌握平均成本和边际成本的关系 ■学会依据成本函数计算三种成本,并能绘制成本曲线图 知识点 Knowledge 长期成本、短期成本、固定成本、可变成本 总成本、平均成本、边际成本 技能点Ski: 学会依据成本函数计算三种成本,并能绘制成本曲线图
教学目标Objectives: ▪ 了解长期成本、短期成本、固定成本、可变成本的含义 ▪ 掌握总成本、平均成本、边际成本的变动规律 ▪ 掌握平均成本和边际成本的关系 ▪ 学会依据成本函数计算三种成本,并能绘制成本曲线图 知识点Knowledge: 长期成本、短期成本、固定成本、可变成本 总成本、平均成本、边际成本 技能点Skills: 学会依据成本函数计算三种成本,并能绘制成本曲线图
专业词汇 Professional terms Cost Revenue Opportunity cost Fixed costs Variable costs Input output Total costs(tC) Average(total)cost Marginal cost(MC)
Cost Revenue Opportunity cost Fixed costs Variable costs input output Total costs (TC) Average (total) cost Marginal cost (MC) 专业词汇Professional terms
、什么是成本 Cost normally, it is the prices of the various factors which producers use in production 成本既是按产品作为对象汇集的各项费用支出,又是 厂商投资消耗补偿的最低限额,也是计算收入时必须 从销售收入扣除的部分。 成本是指厂商在生产活动中所使用的各种生产要素的 价格 成本是厂商为了生产产品或提供劳务性服务而获得生 要素时必须付出的代价或费用支出
一、什么是成本 Cost Normally, it is the prices of the various factors which producers use in production. 成本既是按产品作为对象汇集的各项费用支出,又是 厂商投资消耗补偿的最低限额,也是计算收入时必须 从销售收入扣除的部分。 ▪成本是指厂商在生产活动中所使用的各种生产要素的 价格。 ▪成本是厂商为了生产产品或提供劳务性服务而获得生 产要素时必须付出的代价或费用支出
二、短期与长期、固定成本与可变成本 Opportunity cost Cost measured in terms of the next best alternative forgone Fixed costs Total costs that do not vary with the amount of output produced Variable costs Total costs that do vary with the amount of output produced
二、短期与长期、固定成本与可变成本 Opportunity cost Cost measured in terms of the next best alternative forgone. Fixed costs Total costs that do not vary with the amount of output produced. Variable costs Total costs that do vary with the amount of output produced
二、短期与长期、固定成本与可变成本 短期是指厂商不能根据他所要达到的产量来调整 其全部生产要素的时期 ˉ长期是指厂商可以根据他所要达到的产量来调整其 全部生产要素的时期
二、短期与长期、固定成本与可变成本 ▪ 短期是指厂商不能根据他所要达到的产量来调整 其全部生产要素的时期 ▪ 长期是指厂商可以根据他所要达到的产量来调整其 全部生产要素的时期
三、总成本、边际成本和平均成本 (一)什么是总成本、平均成本和边际成本 总成本 Total costs(TC) The sum of total fixed costs and total variable costs: TC= TFC TVC 平均成本 Average (total) cost(AC) Total cost(fixed plus variable) per unit of output AC=TC/Q=AFC AVC 边际成本 Marginal cost(MC) The cost of producing one more unit of output:MC=△TC/△Q
三、总成本、边际成本和平均成本 (一)什么是总成本、平均成本和边际成本 总成本 Total costs (TC) The sum of total fixed costs and total variable costs: TC = TFC + TVC. 平均成本 Average (total) cost (AC) Total cost (fixed plus variable) per unit of output: AC = TC/Q = AFC + AVC. 边际成本 Marginal cost (MC) The cost of producing one more unit of output: MC=△TC/△Q
三、总成本、边际成本和平均成本 (二)总成本、平均成本和边际成本的变动规律 Creating cost curves The Total Cost curve is created by multiplying the level of input at each point by the cost per unit of input The Marginal Cost curve is the additional cost of moving from one input level to the next. As these are normally equal steps the marginal cost is the same at all evels
三、总成本、边际成本和平均成本 (二)总成本、平均成本和边际成本的变动规律 Creating cost curves •The Total Cost curve is created by multiplying the level of input at each point by the cost per unit of input •The Marginal Cost curve is the additional cost of moving from one input level to the next. As these are normally equal steps the marginal cost is the same at all levels
Price of fertlizer £0.400 per Kg Input Total Marginal Cost Cost Kg/ha £/ha £/ha 0 40 £8 20 £8 £8 40 £16 £8 60 £24 £8 80 £32 £8 100 £40 £ 120 £48 £8 140 £56 £8 160 £64 £8 180 £72 £8 200 £80 £8 220 £88 £8 240 96 £8 260 £104 £8 280112 £8
Price of fertlizer £0.400 per Kg Input Total Marginal Cost Cost Kg/ha £/ha £/ha 0 £0 £8 20 £8 £8 40 £16 £8 60 £24 £8 80 £32 £8 100 £40 £8 120 £48 £8 140 £56 £8 160 £64 £8 180 £72 £8 200 £80 £8 220 £88 £8 240 £96 £8 260 £104 £8 280 £112 £8
Input-output Max TR f350 300 Total Cost f250 Marginal Cost Max TR-TC Total Revenue £200 Point of inflection 三£150 Max Mr £l00 £50 MC=MR 0 20406080 100 120140160180200 220240 -f50 Input kg/he
Input-output -£50 £0 £50 £100 £150 £200 £250 £300 £350 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Input Kg/ha £ per hectare Total Cost Marginal Cost Total Revenue Marginal Revenue Max TR-TC MC=MR Max MR Point of inflection Max TR