Chapter V Immunotechnology
Chapter Ⅴ Immunotechnology
Section a Antibodies as research and diagnostic tools 抗体作为研究和诊断的工具
Section A Antibodies as research and diagnostic tools 抗体作为研究和诊断的工具
Key notes A varjety of assays have been developed which provide specitic qualitative and quantitative measurement of Ag or Ab, both of which are often of considerable research and clinical relevance. Ab to an organism in the serum of a patient demonstrates infe- ction by the organism. Ab with defined specificity is used to determine the presence of disease associated antigens in a patient. As tools in molecular and cellular research, Abs permit localization and characterization of
A variety of assays have been developed which provide specific qualitative and quantitative measurement of Ag or Ab, both of which are often of considerable research and clinical relevance. Ab to an organism in the serum of a patient demonstrates infection by the organism. Ab with defined specificity is used to determine the presence of disease associated antigens in a patient. As tools in molecular and cellular research, Abs permit localization and characterization of Ags. Key notes
Antibody and assays Methods for measuring antigen-antibody reactions haye been well established and include those that have direct biologic relevance Table 1). The combination of Ab with biologically active Ag(virus, toxin, enzyme and hormone) can be detected by neutralization of the virus infection, toxicity, enzymatic and hormone activity, respectively. Precipitation and agglutination have also been adapted fo development of several useful assays
Methods for measuring antigen-antibody reactions have been well established and include those that have direct biologic relevance (Table 1). The combination of Ab with biologically active Ag (virus, toxin, enzyme and hormone) can be detected by neutralization of the virus infection, toxicity, enzymatic and hormone activity, respectively. Precipitation and agglutination have also been adapted fo development of several useful assays. Antibody and assays
Table 1. Effects of combination of antigen and antibody Agglutination Antigenic particle specific Ab results in aggregation of particles Precipitation Soluble Ag specific Ab results in lattice formation and precipitation C Activation Ag in solution or on particle specific Ab results in activation of c Cytolysis Cell anti-cell ab c may result in lysis of the cell Opsonization Antigenic particle Ab C enhances phagocytosis by MoMO PMNS Neutralization Toxins, viruses, enzymes, etc. specific Abs may result in their inactivation *C, Complement; Mo, monocytes, MO, macrophageS; Ab, antibody PMNS, polymorpho-nuclear cells
Table 1. Effects of combination of antigen and antibody Agglutination Antigenic particle + specific Ab results in aggregation of particles Precipitation Soluble Ag + specific Ab results in lattice formation and precipitation C Activation Ag in solution or on particle + specific Ab results in activation of C Cytolysis Cell + anti-cell Ab + C may result in lysis of the cell Opsonization Antigenic particle + Ab + C enhances phagocytosis by Mo, M0, PMNs Neutralization Toxins, viruses, enzymes, etc. + specific Abs may result in their inactivation * C, Complement; Mo, monocytes; M0, macrophages; Ab, antibody; PMNs, polymorpho-nuclear cells
a variety of other assays have been developed which provide specific qualitative and quantitative measurement of Ag or Ab for both research and diagnostic purposes
A variety of other assays have been developed which provide specific qualitative and quantitative measurement of Ag or Ab for both research and diagnostic purposes
Diagnostic urpose Since the immune system recognizes and remembers virtually all ag that are introduced into an individual, assays which demonstrate the presence of ab to an organism in the serum of a patient have become a standard way of determining that the patient has had contact with, was infected by, the organism
Since the immune system recognizes and remembers virtually all Ag that are introduced into an individual, assays which demonstrate the presence of Ab to an organism in the serum of a patient have become a standard way of determining that the patient has had contact with, was infected by, the organism Diagnostic purpose
eg the presence of ab to HiV in the serum of a patient usually means that the patient has been nfected with hiv Diagnose for AIDs
e.g the presence of Ab to HIV in the serum of a patient usually means that the patient has been infected with HIV. Diagnose for AIDs
Alternatively, Abs with defined specificity(e.g (to Ags associated with cancer cells) can be used to determine the presence of disease associated Ags in a patient
Alternatively, Abs with defined specificity (e.g. (to Ags associated with cancer cells) can be used to determine the presence of disease associated Ags in a patient
Research Abs are also extremely important tools in molecular and cellular research as they permit the localization and characterization of ags
Abs are also extremely important tools in molecular and cellular research as they permit the localization and characterization of Ags. Research
