Chapter 1 morphology, structure and function of prokaryotes 原核生物的形态,结构和功能
Chapter 1 morphology , structure and function of prokaryotes 原核生物的形态，结构和功能
section A Prokaryotes and eukaryotes major differences Within the microbial world can be found two different categories of cell type/ prokaryote and eukaryote
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes major differences section A Within the microbial world can be found two different categories of cell type/ prokaryote and eukaryote
DNA free in the cytoplasm o DNA is contained with a membra- Only one chromosome ne bound nucleus. A nucleolus is also present o dNA associated with .>1 chromosome, Two copies of histone-like proteins each chromosome may be present ● May contain diploid extrachromosomal o DNA complexed with histone elements called plasmids proteins Introns not found in RNA o Plasmids only found in yeast o Cell division by binary Introns found in all genes fission -asexual replication. Cells divide by mitosis o o Exchange of genetic information o Transfer of genetic occurs during sexual reproduction Meiosis leads to the production information occurs by conjugation, transduction of haploid cells(gametes)which can fuse and transformation
⚫ DNA free in the cytoplasm ⚫ Only one chromosome ⚫ DNA associated with histone-like proteins ⚫ May contain extrachromosomal elements called Plasmids ⚫ Introns not found in mRNA ⚫ Cell division by binary fission - asexual replication only ⚫ Transfer of genetic information occurs by conjugation, transduction and transformation ⚫ DNA is contained with a membrane bound nucleus. A nucleolus is also present ⚫ >1 chromosome. Two copies of each chromosome may be present (diploid) ⚫ DNA complexed with histone proteins ⚫ Plasmids only found in yeast ⚫ Introns found in all genes ⚫ Cells divide by mitosis ⚫ Exchange of genetic information occurs during sexual reproduction. Meiosis leads to the production of haploid cells (gametes) which can fuse
原核生物和真核生物遗传的和细胞组装上的主要差别 遗传物质的组装和复制 DNA在细胞质中游离。DNA在膜包围的核中,只有 只有一个染色体 DNA与类组蛋自连系。多于一个染色体,每个染色体 含有染色体外的遗传物是双拷贝(双倍体 质,称为质粒 0DNA与组蛋白连系 在mRNA中没有发现内。只在酵母中发现质粒 所有基因中都发现内子 0地分裂以等分裂方到胞分烈为有丝分裂 遗传信思传可通过接进传信是分生在有性 转导、转化发生 。单傜体细胞(配孑),它们能融 原核生物 真核生物
原核生物和真核生物遗传的和细胞组装上的主要差别 ⚫ DNA在细胞质中游离 ⚫ 只有一个染色体 ⚫ DNA与类组蛋白连系 ⚫ 含有染色体外的遗传物 质，称为质粒 ⚫ 在mRNA中没有发现内 含子 ⚫ 细胞分裂以二等分裂方 式，只有无性繁殖 ⚫ 遗传信息传递可通过接 合、转导、转化发生 ⚫ DNA在膜包围的核中，只有一 个核仁 ⚫ 多于一个染色体，每个染色体 是双拷贝(双倍体) ⚫ DNA与组蛋白连系 ⚫ 只在酵母中发现质粒 ⚫ 所有基因中都发现内含子 ⚫ 细胞分裂为有丝分裂 ⚫ 遗传信息交换发生在有性繁殖 过程，减数分裂导致产生 ⚫ 单倍体细胞(配子)，它们能融合 .原核生物. 真核生物 遗传物质的组装和复制
Cellular organization of prokaryotes 1. Cytoplasmic membrane contains hopanoids lipopoly saccharides, and teichoic acids found 2. Energy metabolism associated with the cytoplasmic membrane 3. Photosynthesis associated with membrane systems and vesicles in cytoplasm 4. Flagella consist of one protein, flagellin 5. Ribosomes -7OS 6. Peptidoglycan cell walls(eubacteria only: different polymers in archaebacteria)
1. Cytoplasmic membrane contains hopanoids lipopolysaccharides, and teichoic acids found 2. Energy metabolism associated with the cytoplasmic membrane 3. Photosynthesis associated with membrane systems and vesicles in cytoplasm 4. Flagella consist of one protein ，flagellin 5. Ribosomes - 70S 6. Peptidoglycan cell walls (eubacteria only:different polymers in archaebacteria) Cellular organization of prokaryotes
Cellular organizaton of eu karyotes 1. Cytoplasmic membrane contains sterols 2. Mitochondria present in most cases 3. Chloroplasts present in algal and plant cells 4. Internal membranes, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus present associated with protein synthesis and targetting 5. Membrane vesicles such as lysosomes and peroxisomes present
1. Cytoplasmic membrane contains sterols 2. Mitochondria present in most cases 3. Chloroplasts present in algal and plant cells 4. Internal membranes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus present associated with protein synthesis and targetting 5. Membrane vesicles such as lysosomes and peroxisomes present Cellular organizaton of eukaryotes
6. Cytoskeleton of microtubules present 7. Flagella have a complex structure with 9+2 microtubular arrangement 8. Ribosomes-80s(mitochondrial and chloroplast ribosomes are 70S) 9. Polysaccharide cell walls, where present, are generally either cellulose or chitin
6. Cytoskeleton of microtubules present 7. Flagella have a complex structure with 9+2 microtubular arrangement 8. Ribosomes – 80s(mitochondrial and chloroplast ribosomes are 70S) 9. Polysaccharide cell walls, where present, are generally either cellulose or chitin
细胞组装 质膜含有 hopanoids、脂 多糖和磷壁酸 0质膜含有固 能量代谢与细胞质膜连系多数情况在线粒体中发生 0藻类和植物细胞中存在叶绿体 光合作用与细胞质中膜系蛋自质合成和定向运输与内膜 统和泡囊连系 粗面内质网及高尔基体有关 由一根蛋白鞭毛丝构成 有膜囊泡如溶酶体和过氧化物 鞭毛 酶体有微管骨架 核糖体—705 核糖体-80S,细胞壁多糖一 肽聚糖的细胞壁(只有真 般是纤维素或者是几丁质 细菌有,古细菌中是不同 聚体)
⚫ 质膜含有hopanoids、脂 多糖和磷壁酸 ⚫ 能量代谢与细胞质膜连系 ⚫ 光合作用与细胞质中膜系 统和泡囊连系 ⚫ 由一根蛋白鞭毛丝构成 鞭毛 ⚫ 核糖体——70S ⚫ 肽聚糖的细胞壁(只有真 细菌有，古细菌中是不同 的 ⚫ 多聚体) ⚫ 质膜含有固醇 ⚫ 多数情况在线粒体中发生 ⚫ 藻类和植物细胞中存在叶绿体 ⚫ 蛋白质合成和定向运输与内膜、 粗面内质网及高尔基体有关 ⚫ 有膜囊泡如溶酶体和过氧化物 酶体有微管骨架 ⚫ 核糖体---80S，细胞壁多糖一 般是纤维素或者是几丁质 细胞组装
核外{模 核板层核核 核仁 核同腔 头色质 伭糖体 核质 核膜孔 ● 粗内质原
面内质网 核精体 光面内质网 内质属少 Rough ER
Rough ER