简单句和复合句 从简单词到复合句 主语句子充当主语主语从句 宾语_句子充当宾语 宾语从句 句词性从句 表语句子充当表语 表语从句 同位语 位语同位语从句 三大类基本从句 定语_句子充当定语 定语从句 状语_句 状语从句 技术类型: 1. i really need to learn how to concentrate/ focus on one thing at a time to improve the efficiency of the work The goal of the code change on pe load line was that there is no code change in the cl package built 2. Assuming that msrn keeps unchanged as long as it stays in the same VLR area, a copy of msrn can be held on hlr and only needs to be updated when the Ue moves to a new VLr area 3. Calls that were still in the alerting state or on hold were not transferred. Calls where the subscriber was the controller of a conference call may still be transferred per the 3GPP procedures, however, the fact that the subscriber may be the controller for a conference was not known to the MsC, so the decision to allow such a call to be transferred would be up to the scc as 4. Upon receipt of a SIP INFO, if the body has the Content-Type header containing application/vnd. 3gpp. state-and-event-info+xml and a Xml body compliant to the XML schema specified in the Ts 24.237 Section D 2 with the state-info XML element containing earlyand direction XML element containing initiator the wcs shall perform the followings 5. She didnt realize the fact (The girl who was taken care of by her grandmother I didn t realize how special my mother was until I became an 宾语从句中引导词的用法 在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有 连词:that(that常可省略), whether,if 代词:who, whose,what, which 副词:when, where,how,why等 (一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略) 可跟that从句做宾语的动词有: say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know believe, agree, admit, do expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose Ba: The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets
简单句和复合句 一、从简单词到复合句 主语 句子充当主语 主语从句 宾语 句子充当宾语 宾语从句 句词性从句 表语 句子充当表语 表语从句 同位语 句子充当同位语 同位语从句 三大类基本从句 定语 句子充当定语 定语从句 状语 句子充当状语 状语从句 Example: 技术类型： 1. I really need to learn how to concentrate/focus on one thing at a time to improve the efficiency of the work The goal of the code change on PE load line was that there is no code change in the CI package built. 2. Assuming that MSRN keeps unchanged as long as it stays in the same VLR area, a copy of MSRN can be held on HLR and only needs to be updated when the UE moves to a new VLR area. 3. Calls that were still in the alerting state or on hold were not transferred. Calls where the subscriber was the controller of a conference call may still be transferred per the 3GPP procedures, however, the fact that the subscriber may be the controller for a conference was not known to the MSC, so the decision to allow such a call to be transferred would be up to the SCC AS. 4. Upon receipt of a SIP INFO, if the body has the Content-Type header containing ‘application/vnd.3gpp.state-and-event-info+xml’ and a XML body compliant to the XML schema specified in the TS 24.237 Section D.2 with the state-info XML element containing ‘early’ and direction XML element containing ‘initiator’, the WCS shall perform the followings. 5. She didn’t realize the fact. （The girl who was taken care of by her grandmother）I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. 二.宾语从句中引导词的用法 在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有： 连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if 代词：who, whose, what ,which 副词：when ,where, how, why 等。 （一）t hat 引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合 that 可以省略） 可跟 t hat 从句做宾语的动词有： say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report 等。 例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets
注意事项:当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移 至主句表示。 Ba: I don't think it is right for him to treat you like that 在以下情况中that不能省略 当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,但后面的that不可省 B]F: He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you 当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时,that一般不可省。 Ba: Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. 3.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that不可省 例句:Ican’ t tell him that his mother died. 注意事项:许多带复合宾语的句子,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部,而用it作形式宾语。 Ba: I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time (二)由 whether,if引导的宾语从句 由 whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般 说来,在宾语从句中 whether与if可以互换使用,但在特殊情况下if与 whether是不能互换的 B]A: I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party 只能用 whether,不能用if引导的宾语从句 在带to的不定式前 例句: We decided whether to walk there 2.在介词的后面 例句:I’ m thinking of whether we should go to see the film 动词后面的宾语从句时 D]A: We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week 4.直接与 or not连用时 B]a: I can't say whether or not thet can come on time 只能用if不能用 whether引导的宾语从句 if引导条件状语从句,意为 B]F: The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny if引导否定概念的宾语从句时 Ba: He asked if I didn't come to school yesterday 3.引导状语从句 even if(即使)和asif(好象)时 例句: He talks as if he has known all about it. (三)连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的,宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是:see,say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder discover, unders tand, inform, advise等。 英语中的连接代词有:who,whom, whose, which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语 例句: Can you tell me whom you are waiting for? 英语中的连接副词有:when, where,why,how,在句中担任状语的成分 BA: None of us knows where these new parts can be bought (四)宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即:连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下 I don' t know what they are looking for. Could you tell me when the train will leave? (五)宾语从句的时态 1.主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态 例句: The headmaster hopes everything goes well 句是过去时态,从句须用过去时态的某种形式 例句: She was sorry that she hadn'’ t finished her work on time
注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移 至主句表示。 例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that. 在以下情况中 that 不能省略 1. 当句中的动词后接多于两个由 that 引导的宾语从句时，第一个 that 可省，但后面的 that 不可省。 例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you. 2. 当主句的谓语动词与 that 宾语从句之间有插入语时，that 一般不可省。 例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. 3. 当 that 从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that 不可省。 例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died. 注意事项：许多带复合宾语的句子，that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用 it 作形式宾语。 例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time. （二）由 whether,if 引导的宾语从句 由 whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般 说来，在宾语从句中 whether 与 if 可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下 if 与 whether 是不能互换的。 例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party. 只能用 w hether，不能用 if 引导的宾语从句 1. 在带 to 的不定式前 例句：We decided whether to walk there. 2. 在介词的后面 例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film. 3. 在动词后面的宾语从句时 例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week 4. 直接与 or not 连用时 例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time. 只能用 i f 不能用 whether 引导的宾语从句 1. if 引导条件状语从句，意为“如果” 例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. 2. if 引导否定概念的宾语从句时 例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday. 3. 引导状语从句 even if（即使）和 as if（好象）时 例句：He talks as if he has known all about it. （三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise 等。 英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。 例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for? 英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。 例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. （四）宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下： 1. I don’t know what they are looking for. 2. Could you tell me when the train will leave? 3. Can you imagine what kind of man he is? （五）宾语从句的时态 1. 主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。 例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 2. 主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。 例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time
当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态 B]F: The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound (六)宾语从句的特点 1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语 2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序 连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成份,多数情况下可以省略。 whether和if都可引导宾语从句,但 whether后可紧跟 or not: whether从句可作介词的宾语。 5.如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it. 三状语从句用法 状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步 比较和方式。尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌 握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下 1、时间状语从句 常用引导词when,as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, sInce, till until 特殊引导词 the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, immediately, directly,no sooner….than, hardly…when, scarcely….when I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking The children ran away from the orchard(ie) the moment they saw the guard No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble 2、地点状语从句 常用引导词 where 特殊引导词 wherever, anywhere, everywhere Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories Wherever you go, you should work hard 3、原因状语从句 常用引导词 because, sInce,as,for 特殊引导词: seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as
3. 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。 例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound. （六）宾语从句的特点 1. 宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。 2. 宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。 3. 连接词 that 引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。 4. whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether 后可紧跟 or not；whether 从句可作介词的宾语。 5. 如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语 it. 三 状语从句用法 状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、 比较和方式。尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌 握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。 现分别列举如下: 1、时间状语从句 常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2、地点状语从句 常用引导词:where 特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 3、原因状语从句 常用引导词:because, since, as, for 特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as
My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable 4、目的状语从句 常用引导词 so that, in order that 特殊引导词lest, In case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly 5、结果状语从句 常用引导词: so that,so..that,such..that 特殊引导词: such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that He got up so early that he caught the first bus It's such a good chance that we must not miss it To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night 6、条件状语从句 常用引导词f, unless 特殊引导词as/ so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that We'll start our project if the president agrees You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here 7、让步状语从句 常用引导词 though, although,even, even though
My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people f rom trying to earn more. Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable. 4、目的状语从句 常用引导词:so that, in order that 特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5、结果状语从句 常用引导词:so that, so… that, such … that, 特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It's such a good chance that we must not miss it. To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night. 6、条件状语从句 常用引导词:if, unless, 特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that We'll start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 7、让步状语从句 常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词:as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)whe(一般用在句首), no matter…, in spite of the fact that while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal 尽管我很尊敬他,我却不同意他的建议。 The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is roug No matter how hard he tried she could not change her mind He won't listen whatever you may say 8、比较状语从句 常用引导词:as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词 the more…. the more….; just as…,.so.; A is to b what/ as x is to y;no… more than; not a so much as B She is as bad-tempered as her mother The house is three times as big as ours The more you exercise, the healthier you will be Food is to men what oil is to machine.食物之于人,犹如油之于机器 9、方式状语从句 常用引导词:as,asif,how 特殊引导词 the way When in Rome do as the roman do She behaved as if she were the boss Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us 四.定语从句 定语从句( Attributive clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即 先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出 关系代词有:who, ose,that, which等 关系副词有:when, where,why等。18.1关系代词引导的定语从句 定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语
特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他, 我却不同意他的建议。 The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. He won't listen whatever you may say. 8、比较状语从句 常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。 9、方式状语从句 常用引导词:as, as if, how 特殊引导词:the way When in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 四. 定语从句： 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即 先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。 关系副词有：when, where, why 等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在 定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致
1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同 of which互换),例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose( of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如 A prosperity which/ that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现 了前所未有的繁荣。( which/that在句中作宾语) The package( which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。( which /that在句中作宾语18.2关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where,why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使 用,例如 There are occasions when( on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where( in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why( for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where,why和"介词+ which"引导的定 语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如: His father died the year (that /when in which)he orn.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了 He is unlikely to find the place (that where / in which) he lived forty years ago. fun 大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代 词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you
1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that 在从句中作宾语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现 了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that 在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why 关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使 用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that 代替关系副词 that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和"介词+ which"引导的定 语从句，在口语中 that 常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不 大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代 词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you