Chapter2烷烃( Alkanes) 烃类化合物( Hydrocarbons 脂肪族( Aliphatic 芳香族( Aromatic) 烷烃烯烃炔烃脂坏烃 Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Cyclic Aliphatic
Chapter.2 烷烃 (Alkanes) 烃类化合物(Hydrocarbons) 脂肪族(Aliphatic) 芳香族(Aromatic) 烷烃 Alkanes 烯烃 Alkenes 炔烃 Alkynes 脂环烃 Cyclic Aliphatic
二烷烃的结构和命名:( Structure and nomenclature) 1.结构: SP杂化,四面体结构,键角109°28 C-C O Bond Is Is Is 2p 2p a bond a bond o bond A B C
1. 结构： SP3杂化， 四面体结构， 键角 109º28´ C-C :σ Bond 一.烷烃的结构和命名：(Structure and Nomenclature)
2通式:( General Formula) Alkane: CnH2n+2 CH3叔仲伯 CH3-C-CH-CH2-CH3 Alkyl: Cn2n+1季CH3CH 3命名:(N (1). Common Names of Alkanes 1~10碳:甲,乙,丙,丁,戊,已,庚,辛,壬,癸 Methane, Ethane -a-Decane 同分异构:( sommers)
2.通式： （General Formula) Alkane: Cn H2n+2 Alkyl: Cn H2n+1 CH3 C CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3CH3 叔 仲 伯 季 3.命名：( N (1). Common Names of Alkanes: 1~10碳： 甲， 乙，丙，丁，戊，己，庚，辛，壬，癸 Methane, Ethane,---------------------Decane 同分异构：(Isomers)
同分异构:( somers CH3CH2CH2CH2 IE( n-butyl CH3--CH-CH2- (iso-butyl CH3 3 CH3-CH 叔(t-buty) CH3 3 CH3CHC2新(neo- penty CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 正 ( n-butyl.) CH CH3 CH3 CH2 异 ( iso- butyl) 同分异构：(Isomers) CH CH3 CH3 叔 (t- butyl) CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 新 （neo-pentyl)
(2).IUPAC Names of Alkanes 直链: Unbranched a| kanes 支链: Branched alkanes a.常见的烷基: Alkyl group CH3-CHCH2iso-buty异 CH CHCH2CHCH3 sec-butyl仲 3 CH3 tert- butyl叔 CH3 CH3 CH Neo-pentyl 2 新 CH 3
(2). IUPAC Names of Alkanes 直链： Unbranched Alkanes 支链: Branched Alkanes a. 常见的烷基：Alkyl group CH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 { CH iso-butyl sec-butyl 异 仲 CH3 CH3 CH2 { C CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH3 tert -butyl Neo-pentyl 叔 新
b.主链的选择:选择含取代基多的碳链 CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 CH-CH3 CH3 C主链的编号:取代基编号的位次最小 23 CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3 6 >2--C13 CH3-CH-CH 8 2,6二甲基5乙基辛烷 d书写取代基的规则:优先基团列在后面
b. 主链的选择： CH3 CH2 CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3 CH3 选择含取代基多的碳链 c.主链的编号： CH3 CH CH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 取代基编号的位次最小 2，6-二甲基-5-乙基辛烷 d.书写取代基的规则： 优先基团列在后面
e.复杂支链烷烃的命名 12 3 5678 CH3-CH,-CH-CH-CHCH-CH2-CH2 CH2-CH3 CH3 CH3-C-CH2-CH3 CH3 3甲基6(1,1二甲基丙基)癸烷 二构象( Conformation): Sawhorse Model锯木架式: Newman Projection投影式 透视式 Perspective
e. 复杂支链烷烃的命名 CH2 CH C CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 CH2 CH2 CH2 10 3-甲基-6（1，1-二甲基丙基）癸烷 二 构象 ( Conformation): Sawhorse Model 锯木架式: Newman Projection 投影式: 透视式 Perspective
H H H H H H H H O 、→ OH HH
(二)构象变化及能量图: CHa HCH3 CH H3CCH3 CHa H HaC CHa ctc H H H H hhH H CHa Anti Gauche Gauche
(二） 构象变化及能量图：
HaC CH3 H CH H CHa H H3 E Ea2=3.6 kcal Eal-3. 8 keal Ea3-2.9 kcal 1 o 0.9 kcal mol-l CH3 CH3 CH H HC H CHs H H CH3 CHa 0 120 240