《新编大学英语》综合教程（第三版第二册）B2U3_Self-market_B2U3 Grammar and Vocabulary.doc_大学文库

AA《 Difficult Sentences难句详解 1.Each person is born with what he needs to win at life.(Line 2,Para.1) 译文每个人天生都具有在生活中获得成功的能力。 Explanation: 本句中，词组“at life”中的“at”意为“in the activity or field of”。 e.g.He is skilled at playing golf. Nancy is quite good at dancing. Barbara's getting on really well at her new job. 在这个句子中，作者把生命比喻成一场比赛。 Paraphrase:We all are born with skills needed to win at the game of life. 2.When we refer to a person as a winner,we do not mean one who defeats the other person by dominating and making him lose.(Line 2,Para.2) 译文当我们把一个人称作成功者时，我们所指的并不是一个通过优势控制他人、令其失败而获得成功的人。 Explanation: 本句使用了句式“when we refer to..as..”,意为“当我们将…看作…的时候”。 “refer to as”,表示“把…称作，把…看作”。 [同义词组]call as,,interpret as,label as e.g.The people we refer to as Net Worms are addicted to the Internet. 所谓网虫，就是上网上瘾的人。 People who work in offices are usually refer to as "white collar workers". 那些在办公室工作的人被称为“白领工人”。 3.However,once a person has the capacity to be a winner,his chances are greater for becoming even more so.(Line 2,Para.3) 译文然而，一个人一旦具备了成为成功者的能力，他获得成功的次数就会更多。 Explanation: 本句中，chances表示“机率”，指很有可能发生的情况，可能性。 the chances are good/great:机会很大 the chances are small/slender/slim:机会渺茫 e.g.Do you think they have a chance of beating Australia? 你认为他们有可能击败澳大利亚吗？ This partnership has a good chance of success. 这个组合获胜的希望很大。 chance用法链接 1)表示“机会”，是可数名词，要表示“做某事的机会”，其后可接to do sth.或of doing sth e.g.It is a good chance to study /of studying English. [注]有时用a chance for doing sth.,但较少见。 2)表示“希望”、“可能性”，可用作可数名词或不可数名词。要表示“做某事的可能性”，通常后接“of+(动)名词”或由that引导的同位语从句。 e.g.He has a good chance(no chance/not much chance)of winning

3 Difficult Sentences 难句详解 1. Each person is born with what he needs to win at life. (Line 2, Para. 1) 译文每个人天生都具有在生活中获得成功的能力。 Explanation: 本句中，词组“at life”中的 “at” 意为 “in the activity or field of”。 e.g. He is skilled at playing golf. Nancy is quite good at dancing. Barbara’s getting on really well at her new job. 在这个句子中，作者把生命比喻成一场比赛。 Paraphrase: We all are born with skills needed to win at the game of life. 2. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who defeats the other person by dominating and making him lose. (Line 2, Para. 2) 译文当我们把一个人称作成功者时，我们所指的并不是一个通过优势控制他人、令其失败而获得成功的人。 Explanation: 本句使用了句式“when we refer to … as …”，意为“当我们将……看作……的时候”。 “refer to as”,表示“把……称作，把……看作”。 [同义词组] call as, interpret as, label as e.g. The people we refer to as Net Worms are addicted to the Internet. 所谓网虫，就是上网上瘾的人。 People who work in offices are usually refer to as "white collar workers". 那些在办公室工作的人被称为“白领工人”。 3. However, once a person has the capacity to be a winner, his chances are greater for becoming even more so. (Line 2, Para. 3) 译文然而，一个人一旦具备了成为成功者的能力，他获得成功的次数就会更多。 Explanation: 本句中，chances 表示“机率”，指很有可能发生的情况，可能性。 the chances are good/great：机会很大 the chances are small/slender/slim：机会渺茫 e.g. Do you think they have a chance of beating Australia? 你认为他们有可能击败澳大利亚吗？ This partnership has a good chance of success. 这个组合获胜的希望很大。 chance 用法链接 1）表示“机会”，是可数名词，要表示“做某事的机会”，其后可接 to do sth. 或 of doing sth. e.g. It is a good chance to study /of studying English. [注]有时用 a chance for doing sth., 但较少见。 2）表示“希望”、“可能性”，可用作可数名词或不可数名词。要表示“做某事的可能性”，通常后接“of＋(动)名词”或由 that 引导的同位语从句。 e.g. He has a good chance (no chance/ not much chance) of winning

他很有希望（没有希望/没多大希望）获胜。 There is still chance that you will pass the exam. 你考试及格还是有希望的。 [注]在现代英语中，chance表示“可能性”时，其后有时也可接不定式，但不如用of doing sth.普通。 3)用于by chance,意为“偶然地”、“无意中”。 e.g.He met her by chance. Did he do so on purpose or by chance?他这样做是有意还是无意？ 4.A loser is held back by his low capacity to appropriately express himself through a full range of possible behavior.(Line 1,Para.9) 译文失败者不善于通过一系列可以采取的行为来恰当地表达自己，这阻碍了他获得成功。 Explanation: 本句中，词组hold back”意为“prevent someone from improving or developing(阻碍，抑制)”。此外，hold back还可以表示“使犹豫，使退缩”：“隐瞒”。 e.g.They built dykes and dam to hold back the rising flood waters. 他们修筑了堤坝来阻挡上涨的洪水。 She kept trying to hold back her tears. 她一直在试图抑制住眼泪。 The administration had several reasons for holding back. 政府因为几个原因而犹豫不决。 You seem to be holding something back. 你好像隐瞒了点什么。句中的另一个词组a range of"意为“a variety of things of a particular type'”(一系列)。 e.g.We need a range of samples for display and publicity. 我们需要大量的样品坐陈列与宣传用. Paraphrase:A loser is prevented from succeeding by his inability to let people know his thoughts and feelings in different situations. 5.A loser has difficulty giving and receiving love.(Line 1,Para.10) 译文一个失败者很难去爱别人，也很难得到别人的爱。 Explanation: 本句中的词组have/experience difficulty(in)doing something”表示“做…有困难”。 e.g.He'd have difficulty in learning any language-Greek,Chinese,or whatever. 他学习任何语言都会遇到困难，不论是希腊语、汉语、或是其他语言。 Visitors have difficulty in finding hotel accommodation during the summer. 夏季游客们很难在旅馆找到膳宿。相似的词组包括： have a good (hard/great/lovely etc.time doing something... There is no point in doing something... It's no use doing something... It's no fun doing something... It's no good doing something

4 他很有希望(没有希望/没多大希望)获胜。 There is still chance that you will pass the exam. 你考试及格还是有希望的。 [注]在现代英语中，chance 表示“可能性”时，其后有时也可接不定式，但不如用 of doing sth. 普通。 3）用于 by chance, 意为“偶然地”、“无意中”。 e.g. He met her by chance. Did he do so on purpose or by chance? 他这样做是有意还是无意? 4. A loser is held back by his low capacity to appropriately express himself through a full range of possible behavior. (Line 1, Para. 9) 译文失败者不善于通过一系列可以采取的行为来恰当地表达自己，这阻碍了他获得成功。 Explanation: 本句中，词组 “hold back” 意为 “prevent someone from improving or developing (阻碍，抑制)”。此外，hold back 还可以表示“使犹豫，使退缩”；“隐瞒”。 e.g. They built dykes and dam to hold back the rising flood waters. 他们修筑了堤坝来阻挡上涨的洪水。 She kept trying to hold back her tears. 她一直在试图抑制住眼泪。 The administration had several reasons for holding back. 政府因为几个原因而犹豫不决。 You seem to be holding something back. 你好像隐瞒了点什么。句中的另一个词组 “a range of”意为“a variety of things of a particular type”（一系列）。 e.g. We need a range of samples for display and publicity. 我们需要大量的样品坐陈列与宣传用. Paraphrase: A loser is prevented from succeeding by his inability to let people know his thoughts and feelings in different situations. 5. A loser has difficulty giving and receiving love. (Line 1, Para. 10) 译文一个失败者很难去爱别人，也很难得到别人的爱。 Explanation: 本句中的词组 “have/experience difficulty (in) doing something”表示“做……有困难”。 e.g. He’d have difficulty in learning any language— Greek, Chinese, or whatever. 他学习任何语言都会遇到困难，不论是希腊语、汉语、或是其他语言。 Visitors have difficulty in finding hotel accommodation during the summer. 夏季游客们很难在旅馆找到膳宿。相似的词组包括: have a good (hard/great/lovely etc.) time doing something… There is no point in doing something... It’s no use doing something... It’s no fun doing something... It’s no good doing something

6 resist v．反抗，抵制；不受损害或影响；忍住(Line 4,Para 34) e.g. The minorities resisted the call for reform．少数派们抗拒实行改革的号召。 This is a watch that resists water．这是一块防水表。 Joe couldn’t resist making jokes about his baldness. Joe 忍不住拿他的秃顶开玩笑。 [拓展记忆] resistant adj．抗拒的，有阻力的 resistance n．抵抗；阻力 retire v．退休；撤退(Line 1,Para 36) [用法]retire from/ to sth．退出，退下；退休，退役 e.g. He will retire from the army next year．他明年就要从部队退役了。 The jury retired from the courtroom to consider their verdict．陪审团退庭以考虑如何裁断。 [拓展记忆] retired adj．退休的，退役的 retiring adj．孤僻的，害羞的 retirement n．退职，退休 Difficult Sentences 难句详解 1. At fourteen he dropped out of Greenwood School and hit the road. (Line 1, Para. 9) 译文 14 岁的时候，他就从格林伍德中学辍学，开始到处流浪。 Explanation: 词组 “hit the road/rail” 本意为 “start a journey, leave”。在本句中，它表示 “wander aimlessly”。 e.g. It won't be long before we hit the road. 我们很快就要上路了。 Let’s hit the road, or we will be late for the show. 让我们上路吧，不然看演出就晚了。 2. Wouldn’t you know she announced she was pregnant the day he announced he’d been fired again? (Line 2, Para. 14) 译文谁知道没几个月，就在他说自己又被解雇了的那一天，他妻子说她怀孕了。 Explanation: 本句中，词组 “wouldn’t you know (it)” 意为“你或许还不知道吧”。 wouldn't you know it = you wouldn't know it 属于否定句的倒装用法，用来表示带有某种特殊的情绪，而不是真正的问题，不需要回答 Yes, I would.或 No, I wouldn't. e.g. The Taliban also banned, wouldn't you know it, the keeping of songbirds. 塔利班还禁止人们拥有会唱歌的鸟，而这可能是你不知道的

3.Harlan couldn't win for losing,as they said.(Line 1,Para.17) 译文正如人们所说的那样，哈伦德失去得太多，赢不回来了。 Explanation: 本句中，“for”为介词，意为“because of or as a result of something”（由于…，是… 的结果)。 e.g.I accept the jobs that others turn down for lack of skill. 我接受别人不愿意做的没有技术含量的工作。 They cannot sleep for hunger..他们饿得睡不着。 for也可以作连词，引导原因状语从句 e.g.He had a great desire to have a home of his own for he had always lived with my grandmother. 他强烈渴望拥有一个属于自己的家，因为他一直和我祖母住在一起。 Paraphrase:Harlan lost so often that it was difficult for him to win,as they said 4.He was not the first man nor would he be the last to arrive at the twilight of life with nothing to show for it.(Line 1,Para.29) 译双当走到人生的暮年时还没有任何可以称道的事情，他不是第一个，也不是最后一个。 Explanation: 本句中，“.nor would he be the last to..”是一个部分倒装。so/neither/nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为“so/neither/nor十助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语”(so 表示肯定意义，neither/nor表示否定意义)。英语中的部分倒装： 1)Oy在句首，修饰副词，介词词组成状语从句时。 e.g.Only then did he find it important to get along with others. Only in this way can we make great progress. 以关联连词not only..but also开首的句子或者分句也是如此。 e.g.Not only did they break into his office and steal his books,but they also tore up his manuscripts. 注：于句首的only,(包括连词not only.but also)只修饰（或连接）主语部分，则不引起倒装。 e.g.Only a sound body can house a sound mind. 2)当句首状语为否定词或带有否定含义的词语时，常见的这类词或词语有not,never,. hardly,.seldom,hardly,scarcely以及not until,,no sooner,..then,hardly.when,.no..等。 e.g.Seldom had I seen such a beautiful picture. Hardly had I arrived at home when the phone rang. Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. At no time have I said such a thing. Not a finger did I lay on him. To few people does such an opportunity occur. 注：但当否定词否定主语，否定词组不含否定含义，或者句首状语的否定意义已为随后的另一名词所抵消，此时则不需要倒装。 e.g.Not a leaf had fallen from the trees though autumn was well advanced. In no time the locusts came clown and started eating everything. Not infrequently they go abroad. 1

7 3. Harlan couldn’t win for losing, as they said. (Line 1, Para. 17) 译文正如人们所说的那样，哈伦德失去得太多，赢不回来了。 Explanation: 本句中， “for”为介词，意为 “because of or as a result of something”（由于……，是…… 的结果）。 e.g. I accept the jobs that others turn down for lack of skill. 我接受别人不愿意做的没有技术含量的工作。 They cannot sleep for hunger. 他们饿得睡不着。 for 也可以作连词，引导原因状语从句 e.g. He had a great desire to have a home of his own for he had always lived with my grandmother. 他强烈渴望拥有一个属于自己的家，因为他一直和我祖母住在一起。 Paraphrase: Harlan lost so often that it was difficult for him to win, as they said. 4. He was not the first man nor would he be the last to arrive at the twilight of life with nothing to show for it. (Line 1, Para. 29) 译文当走到人生的暮年时还没有任何可以称道的事情，他不是第一个，也不是最后一个。 Explanation: 本句中，“…nor would he be the last to…”是一个部分倒装。so/neither/nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为“so/neither/nor＋助动词／系动词／情态动词＋主语”（so 表示肯定意义，neither/nor 表示否定意义）。英语中的部分倒装： 1）Only 在句首，修饰副词，介词词组成状语从句时。 e.g. Only then did he find it important to get along with others. Only in this way can we make great progress. 以关联连词 not only...but also 开首的句子或者分句也是如此。 e.g. Not only did they break into his office and steal his books, but they also tore up his manuscripts. 注：于句首的 only，（包括连词 not only...but also）只修饰（或连接）主语部分，则不引起倒装。 e.g. Only a sound body can house a sound mind. 2）当句首状语为否定词或带有否定含义的词语时，常见的这类词或词语有 not, never, hardly, seldom, hardly, scarcely 以及 not until, no sooner,...then, hardly...when,...no...等。 e.g. Seldom had I seen such a beautiful picture. Hardly had I arrived at home when the phone rang. Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. At no time have I said such a thing. Not a finger did I lay on him. To few people does such an opportunity occur. 注：但当否定词否定主语，否定词组不含否定含义，或者句首状语的否定意义已为随后的另一名词所抵消，此时则不需要倒装。 e.g. Not a leaf had fallen from the trees though autumn was well advanced. In no time the locusts came clown and started eating everything. Not infrequently they go abroad

3)在省去f的虚拟条件从句中。 e.g.Should I be free this afternoon,I will come and help you with your lesson. Were I in your place,I would not be fit for your job. Had it not been for the captain,the ship would have sunk withal on board. 注：我们可以说Were it not..或者Had it not been.,但不可以说weren'tis,或者hadn'tit been.,因此下列句子应视为病句。 Weren't it for his wife's money,he'd never be a director. 4)在So.that,to such..that或者in such.that的句型中。 e.g.So beautifully did they dance that the tall white Lillie peeped in at the window. In such a hurry did the man rush out that he almost knocked me down. 5)当S0位于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或物）时。 e.g.I trusted him completely.So would anyone who know him. 5.In fairness to his name it must be noted that it was his own daughter he'd meant to kidnap from his runaway wife.(Line 2,Para.31) 译文为了对他公平起见，有一点必须指出，他是想从他那离家出走的妻子那儿绑架走自己的亲生女儿。 Explanation: 词组In fairness to(sb.)”意为to be fair'”(公平起见)。当我们想对已经提到过的某人或某物加以肯定评价的时候，可以使用to be fair。也可以使用这个词组，来纠正你对某人或某物给出的一个不公平、不合理或错误的印象。 e.g.In fairness to this administration,they locked down their forecasts three months ago. 公平地说，奥巴马政府三个月前就下调了经济预测。 In fairness to both players,though,the comparison ends here. 为了对两位球员公平起见，在这里，我们将不会拿他们来作比较。 6.For the man who failed at everything but one thing...the man who might have been a law-breaking kidnapper had he not also failed at that...the man who never got started until it was the time to stop...was Harland Sanders.(Line 1,Para.41) 译文这个事事皆败仅一事成功的人一一这个要不是因为失败就成为一个触犯法律的绑架者一一这个直到该停止的时候才开始的人一一就是哈伦德·桑德斯。 Explanation: 本句中but的意思是except(除了)。 e.g.You could call me any day but Sunday. 从句“who might have been..had he not also failed...”是对过去的虚拟，表示与事实相反。条件从句“had he not also failed at that”也可改为if he had not also failed at that'” e.g.Had we accepted his suggestion,we might have succeeded. Had you told me a little earlier,I would have not blamed her. 8

8 3）在省去 if 的虚拟条件从句中。 e.g. Should I be free this afternoon, I will come and help you with your lesson. Were I in your place, I would not be fit for your job. Had it not been for the captain, the ship would have sunk withal on board. 注：我们可以说 Were it not...或者 Had it not been...，但不可以说 weren’t is... 或者 hadn’t it been.. ，因此下列句子应视为病句。 Weren’t it for his wife’s money, he’d never be a director. 4）在 So...that, to such...that 或者 in such...that 的句型中。 e.g. So beautifully did they dance that the tall white Lillie peeped in at the window. In such a hurry did the man rush out that he almost knocked me down. 5）当 So 位于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或物）时。 e.g. I trusted him completely. So would anyone who know him. 5. In fairness to his name it must be noted that it was his own daughter he’d meant to kidnap from his runaway wife. (Line 2, Para. 31) 译文为了对他公平起见，有一点必须指出，他是想从他那离家出走的妻子那儿绑架走自己的亲生女儿。 Explanation: 词组“In fairness to (sb.)” 意为 “to be fair”（公平起见）。当我们想对已经提到过的某人或某物加以肯定评价的时候，可以使用 to be fair。也可以使用这个词组，来纠正你对某人或某物给出的一个不公平、不合理或错误的印象。 e.g. In fairness to this administration, they locked down their forecasts three months ago. 公平地说,奥巴马政府三个月前就下调了经济预测。 In fairness to both players, though, the comparison ends here. 为了对两位球员公平起见，在这里, 我们将不会拿他们来作比较。 6. For the man who failed at everything but one thing… the man who might have been a law-breaking kidnapper had he not also failed at that… the man who never got started until it was the time to stop… was Harland Sanders. (Line 1, Para.41) 译文这个事事皆败仅一事成功的人——这个要不是因为失败就成为一个触犯法律的绑架者 ——这个直到该停止的时候才开始的人——就是哈伦德·桑德斯。 Explanation: 本句中 but 的意思是 except（除了）。 e.g. You could call me any day but Sunday. 从句“who might have been… had he not also failed…”是对过去的虚拟，表示与事实相反。条件从句 “had he not also failed at that” 也可改为“if he had not also failed at that”. e.g. Had we accepted his suggestion, we might have succeeded. Had you told me a little earlier, I would have not blamed her