A COURSEIN PHONETICS Peter Ladefoged Keith Johnson SIXTH EDITION
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) 2005 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d d 2 Nasal m 四 n N Trill B r R Tap or Flap r Fricative φB f v θǚsz ∫3 Z S j x Y X B h h f Lateral fricative 15 Approximant Lateral 1 L approximant Where symbols appear in pairs,the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives ⊙ Bilabial 6 Bilabial Examples: Dental d Dental/alveolar P'Bilabial (Post)alveolar 于 Palatal r Dental/alveolar Palato alveolar g Velar k' Velar Alveolar lateral G Uvular Alveolar fricative VOWELS Front Central Back Close i世 Wu IY U Close-mid e0- 90—￥0 Open-mid exoe 3GΛ e E Open a Where symbols appear in pairs,the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. (Continued on inside back cover)
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d † ∂ c Ô k g q G / Nasal m M n = ≠ N – Trill ı r R Tap or Flap | « Fricative F B f v T D s z S Z ß Ω C J x V X ‰ © ? h H Lateral fricative Ò L Approximant √ ® ’ j  Lateral approximant l ¥ ˚ Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives > Bilabial ∫ Bilabial ' Examples: ñ Dental Î Dental/alveolar p' Bilabial < (Post) alveolar ˙ Palatal t' Dental/alveolar ¯ Palato alveolar ƒ Velar k' Velar Ñ Alveolar lateral Ï Uvular s' Alveolar fricative (Continued on inside back cover) 31269_00_IFC_PP.indd Sec1:2 11/20/09 7:36:58 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part
A Course in Phonetics
A Course in Phonetics 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd i 11/20/09 9:23:41 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part
31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd ii 11/20/09 9:23:42 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part
A Course in Phonetics Sixth Edition PETER LADEFOGED Late,University of California,Los Angeles KEITH JOHNSON University of California,Berkeley WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning Australia·Brazil·Japan·Korea·Mexico·Singapore·Spain·United Kingdom·United States
A Course in Phonetics Sixth Edition PETER LADEFOGED Late, University of California, Los Angeles KEITH JOHNSON University of California, Berkeley Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd iii 11/20/09 9:23:42 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part
WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning A Course in Phonetics,Sixth 2011,2006,2001 Wadsworth,Cengage Learning Edition Peter Ladefoged and Keith ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part of this work covered by the Johnson copyright herein may be reproduced,transmitted,stored,or used in any form or by any means graphic,electronic,or mechanical, Publisher:Michael Rosenberg including but not limited to photocopying,recording,scanning. digitizing,taping.Web distribution,information networks,or Development Editor:Joan M. Flaherty information storage and retrieval systems,except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, Assistant Editor:Jillian D'Urso without the prior written permission of the publisher. Editorial Assistant:Erin Pass Media Editor:Amy Gibbons For product information and Marketing Manager:Christina technology assistance,contact us at Cengage Learning Customer Sales Support,1-800-354-9706. Shea For permission to use material from this text or product, Marketing Coordinator:Ryan submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Ahern Further permissions questions can be emailed to Marketing Communications permissionrequest@cengage.com. Manager:Laura Localio Content Project Manager: Library of Congress Control Number:2009938969 Rosemary Winfield 1SBN-13:9781428231269 Art Director:Cate Rickard Barr 1SBN-10:1-4282-3126-9 Print Buyer:Betsy Donaghey Text Permissions Manager: Wadsworth Margaret Chamberlain-Gaston 20 Channel Center Street Production Service: Boston,MA 02210 Pre-PressPMG USA Photo Manager:John Hill Cover Designer:Lisa Devenish Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning Compositor:Pre-PressPMG solutions with office locations around the globe,including Singapore,the United Kingdom,Australia,Mexico,Brazil and Japan. Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education,Ltd. For your course and learning solutions,visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. Printed in Canada 12345671312111009
© 2011, 2006, 2001 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938969 ISBN-13: 9781428231269 ISBN-10: 1-4282-3126-9 Wadsworth 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at international.cengage.com/region. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. A Course in Phonetics, Sixth Edition Peter Ladefoged and Keith Johnson Publisher: Michael Rosenberg Development Editor: Joan M. Flaherty Assistant Editor: Jillian D’Urso Editorial Assistant: Erin Pass Media Editor: Amy Gibbons Marketing Manager: Christina Shea Marketing Coordinator: Ryan Ahern Marketing Communications Manager: Laura Localio Content Project Manager: Rosemary Winfi eld Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr Print Buyer: Betsy Donaghey Text Permissions Manager: Margaret Chamberlain-Gaston Production Service: Pre-PressPMG Photo Manager: John Hill Cover Designer: Lisa Devenish Compositor: Pre-PressPMG For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning C ustomer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd iv 11/20/09 9:23:42 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part
This book has always been for Lise Thegn Katie This edition is dedicated to Jenny
This book has always been for Lise Thegn Katie This edition is dedicated to Jenny. 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd v 11/20/09 9:23:42 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part
Contents Preface x PART I:INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS 1 CHAPTER 1 Articulation and Acoustics 2 Speech Production 2 Sound Waves 6 Places of Articulatory Gestures 8 The Oro-Nasal Process 13 Manners of Articulation 14 Stop 14 Oral Stop 14 Nasal Stop 14 Fricative 14 Approximant 15 Lateral (Approximant)15 Additional Consonantal Gestures 15 The Waveforms of Consonants 17 The Articulation of Vowel Sounds 19 The Sounds of Vowels 21 Suprasegmentals 23 Exercises 29 CHAPTER 2 Phonology and Phonetic Transcription 33 The Transcription of Consonants 35 The Transcription of Vowels 38 Consonant and Vowel Charts 42 Phonology 45 Exercises 48 Performance Exercises 52 vi
vi Contents Preface x PART I: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS 1 CHAPTER 1 Articulation and Acoustics 2 Speech Production 2 Sound Waves 6 Places of Articulatory Gestures 8 The Oro-Nasal Process 13 Manners of Articulation 14 Stop 14 Oral Stop 14 Nasal Stop 14 Fricative 14 Approximant 15 Lateral (Approximant) 15 Additional Consonantal Gestures 15 The Waveforms of Consonants 17 The Articulation of Vowel Sounds 19 The Sounds of Vowels 21 Suprasegmentals 23 Exercises 29 CHAPTER 2 Phonology and Phonetic Transcription 33 The Transcription of Consonants 35 The Transcription of Vowels 38 Consonant and Vowel Charts 42 Phonology 45 Exercises 48 Performance Exercises 52 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd vi 11/20/09 9:23:42 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part
CONTENTS vii PART II ENGLISH PHONETICS 55 CHAPTER 3 The Consonants of English 56 Stop Consonants 57 Fricatives 65 Affricates 67 Nasals 67 Approximants 68 Overlapping Gestures 69 Rules for English Consonant Allophones 72 Diacritics 77 Exercises 77 Performance Exercises 82 CHAPTER 4 English Vowels 85 Transcription and Phonetic Dictionaries 85 Vowel Quality 87 The Auditory Vowel Space 88 American and British Vowels 89 Diphthongs 92 Rhotic Vowels 94 Unstressed Syllables 96 Tense and Lax Vowels 98 Rules for English Vowel Allophones 100 Exercises 102 Performance Exercises 105 CHAPTER 5 English Words and Sentences 107 Words in Connected Speech 107 Stress 111 Degrees of Stress 113 Sentence Rhythm 116 Intonation 118 Target Tones 127 Exercises 131 Performance Exercises 134
CONTENTS vii PART II ENGLISH PHONETICS 55 CHAPTER 3 The Consonants of English 56 Stop Consonants 57 Fricatives 65 Affricates 67 Nasals 67 Approximants 68 Overlapping Gestures 69 Rules for English Consonant Allophones 72 Diacritics 77 Exercises 77 Performance Exercises 82 CHAPTER 4 English Vowels 85 Transcription and Phonetic Dictionaries 85 Vowel Quality 87 The Auditory Vowel Space 88 American and British Vowels 89 Diphthongs 92 Rhotic Vowels 94 Unstressed Syllables 96 Tense and Lax Vowels 98 Rules for English Vowel Allophones 100 Exercises 102 Performance Exercises 105 CHAPTER 5 English Words and Sentences 107 Words in Connected Speech 107 Stress 111 Degrees of Stress 113 Sentence Rhythm 116 Intonation 118 Target Tones 127 Exercises 131 Performance Exercises 134 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd vii 11/20/09 9:23:42 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part
viii CONTENTS PART III GENERAL PHONETICS 135 CHAPTER 6 Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types 136 Airstream Mechanisms 136 States of the Glottis 148 Voice Onset Time 151 Summary of Actions of the Glottis 156 Exercises 157 Performance Exercises 160 CHAPTER 7 Consonantal Gestures 163 Articulatory Targets 163 Types of Articulatory Gestures 172 Stops 172 Nasals 174 Fricatives 174 Trills,Taps,and Flaps 175 Laterals 178 Summary of Manners of Articulation 180 Exercises 181 Performance Exercises 183 CHAPTER 8 Acoustic Phonetics 187 Source/Filter Theory 187 Tube Models 190 Perturbation Theory 192 Acoustic Analysis 193 Acoustics of Consonants 198 Interpreting Spectrograms 204 Individual Differences 212 Exercises 215 CHAPTER 9 Vowels and Vowel-like Articulations 217 Cardinal Vowels 217 Secondary Cardinal Vowels 222 Vowels in Other Accents of English 224
viii CONTENTS PART III GENERAL PHONETICS 135 CHAPTER 6 Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types 136 Airstream Mechanisms 136 States of the Glottis 148 Voice Onset Time 151 Summary of Actions of the Glottis 156 Exercises 157 Performance Exercises 160 CHAPTER 7 Consonantal Gestures 163 Articulatory Targets 163 Types of Articulatory Gestures 172 Stops 172 Nasals 174 Fricatives 174 Trills, Taps, and Flaps 175 Laterals 178 Summary of Manners of Articulation 180 Exercises 181 Performance Exercises 183 CHAPTER 8 Acoustic Phonetics 187 Source/Filter Theory 187 Tube Models 190 Perturbation Theory 192 Acoustic Analysis 193 Acoustics of Consonants 198 Interpreting Spectrograms 204 Individual Differences 212 Exercises 215 CHAPTER 9 Vowels and Vowel-like Articulations 217 Cardinal Vowels 217 Secondary Cardinal Vowels 222 Vowels in Other Accents of English 224 31269_00_FM_ppi-xiv pp2.indd viii 11/20/09 9:23:42 PM Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part