Lecture 9: Enlightenment What is Enlightenment?
Lecture 9: Enlightenment: What is Enlightenment?
Enlightenment A European cultural movement that reached its heigh nht in the 18th century, but which still resonates today, Enlightenment theories about economics and philosophy, still widely held today, have provided the basis for numerous critiques from numerous critics including members of the Frankfurt school and most of the leading French thinkers of modern and postmodern eras Characteristics of the Enlightenment: Reason should control your actions, not dogma. Don't believe something just because it's traditional 2)Doubt everything lead to Locke's concept of political rights 3)Linked to development of modern science, e.g. Immanuel Kant. 4).Important figures-Descartes, John Locke, Leibnitz, John Stuart Mill, david hume, adam smith, john milton The Enlightenment defined and celebrated modern ideas about reason and rationalism
Enlightenment ◼ A European cultural movement that reached its height in the 18th century, but which still resonates today. Enlightenment theories about economics and philosophy, still widely held today, have provided the basis for numerous critiques from numerous critics, including members of the Frankfurt school and most of the leading French thinkers of modern and postmodern eras. ◼ Characteristics of the Enlightenment: ◼ 1) Reason should control your actions, not dogma. Don't believe something just because it's traditional. ◼ 2) Doubt everything, lead to Locke's concept of political rights. ◼ 3) Linked to development of modern science, e.g., Immanuel Kant. ◼ 4) Important figures - Descartes, John Locke, Leibnitz, John Stuart Mill, David Hume, Adam Smith, John Milton. ◼ The Enlightenment defined and celebrated modern ideas about reason and rationalism
Montesquieu and rousseau
Montesquieu and Rousseau
Ethos of 18 Century Reason and Intellectual 对比十七世纪:演绎理性( Descartes)和本体论 人主义( Hobbes& Locke) 启蒙运动的理 作为能力的理性对比先验理 性 最简单的成分据以建构对象的整体,为 批判的理性,确立理性为最高及最后的标准_将 刃事物置于理性的法庭 判,以能动的 人的理性取代任何其他的权威。 駕法者在松瞑了第款芽帮 为独立的知识群体和阶层(沙龙、咖啡馆等)
Ethos of 18 Century: Reason and Intellectual ◼ 对比十七世纪：演绎理性（Descartes）和本体论 个人主义（Hobbes & Locke）； ◼ 启蒙运动的理性：作为能力的理性（对比先验理 性）；作为分析和建构的理性，分解一切对象至 于最简单的成分，并据以建构对象的整体；作为 批判的理性，确立理性为最高及最后的标准，将 一切事物置于理性的法庭上加以审判，以能动的 人的理性取代任何其他的权威。 ◼ 知识分子：作为知识的生产者、传播者和世界秩 序的立法者，世俗知识分子第一次在教会外形成 为独立的知识群体和阶层（沙龙、咖啡馆等）
Theory of Human Nature Here then is the only expedient, from which we can hope for success in our philosophical researches to leave the tedious lingering method, which we have hitherto followed, and instead of taking now and then a castle or village on the frontier, to march up directly to the capital or center of these sciences, to human nature itself which being once masters of, we may every where else hope for an easy victory. From this station we may extend our conquests over all those sciences, which more intimately concern human life, and may afterwards proceed at leisure to discover more fully those, which are the objects of pore curiosity. There is no question of importance, whose decision is not compriz'd in the science of man; and there is none, which can be decided with any certainty, before we become acquainted with that science. In pretending, therefore, to explain the principles of human nature, we in effect propose a compleat system of the sciences built on a foundation almost entirely new, and the only one upon which they can stand with any security. Hume
Theory of Human Nature ◼ Here then is the only expedient, from which we can hope for success in our philosophical researches, to leave the tedious lingering method, which we have hitherto followed, and instead of taking now and then a castle or village on the frontier, to march up directly to the capital or center of these sciences, to human nature itself; which being once masters of, we may every where else hope for an easy victory. From this station we may extend our conquests over all those sciences, which more intimately concern human life, and may afterwards proceed at leisure to discover more fully those, which are the objects of pore curiosity. There is no question of importance, whose decision is not compriz'd in the science of man; and there is none, which can be decided with any certainty, before we become acquainted with that science. In pretending, therefore, to explain the principles of human nature, we in effect propose a compleat system of the sciences, built on a foundation almost entirely new, and the only one upon which they can stand with any security. ◼ Hume
Theory of Human Nature 」休谟人性的科学是一切科学的首都和心脏一旦掌握了人 性以后我们在其他各方面就有希望轻而易举地取得胜利了 这个岗位我们可以扩展到征服那些和人生有较为密切关 系的一切科学任何重要问题的解决关键无不包括在关于 人的科学中间在我们没有熟悉这门科学之前任何问题都 不能得到确实的解决因此在试图说明人性的原理的时候, 完整的科学体条市这个基础是切学唯稳固的基础 」卢梭人类的各种知识中最有用的就是关于人的知识
Theory of Human Nature ◼ 休谟: 人性的科学是一切科学的首都和心脏.一旦掌握了人 性以后,我们在其他各方面就有希望轻而易举地取得胜利了. 从这个岗位,我们可以扩展到征服那些和人生有较为密切关 系的一切科学.任何重要问题的解决关键,无不包括在关于 人的科学中间;在我们没有熟悉这门科学之前,任何问题都 不能得到确实的解决.因此,在试图说明人性的原理的时候, 我们实际上就是在提出一个建立在几乎是全新的基础上的 完整的科学体系,而这个基础正是一切科学唯一稳固的基础. ◼ 卢梭:人类的各种知识中最有用的就是关于人的知识
What is Modernity So what is modernity? One way of describing it is to call it a period of history characterized by a complex set of industrial developments, including the he increasing concentration of people in towns and cities greater geographical mobility occasioned steam engines and railway networks and enormous popular faith in industrial and technological progress. This all took place sometime between the 1 6th and early 20th centuries. Modernity, in a nutshell, is the continuation of the Enlightenment project. One way of classifying it in broad terms is as the most recent of the three great eras of Western development, the other two being the classical era of the ancient Greeks and the medieval era. The modern era, from the deep perspective of the historian of human thought, began after the Renaissance, or possibly with the Enlightenment, or at any rate when ever ideas such as technological progress and the discovery of knowledge through reason and science began to undermine the authority of religion
What is Modernity ◼ So what is modernity? One way of describing it is to call it a period of history characterized by a complex set of industrial developments, including the increasing concentration of people in towns and cities, greater geographical mobility occasioned by steam engines and railway networks, and enormous popular faith in industrial and technological progress. This all took place sometime between the 16th and early 20th centuries. ◼ Modernity, in a nutshell, is the continuation of the Enlightenment project. One way of classifying it in broad terms is as the most recent of the three great eras of Western development, the other two being the Classical era of the ancient Greeks and the medieval era. ◼ The modern era, from the deep perspective of the historian of human thought, began after the Renaissance, or possibly with the Enlightenment, or at any rate when ever ideas such as technological progress and the discovery of knowledge through reason and science began to undermine the authority of religion
Kant: What is Enlightenment? 什么是启蒙?启蒙就是人从由他自 己造成的不成熟状态中走出来.不 成熟是指一个人若无他人指导便不 能运用他自己的理智.如果不成 的原因不是由于缺少理智,而是由 于若无他人指导便缺少运用理智的 决心和勇气,这种不成熟就是由他 自己所造成的.因此,启蒙运动的 格言是:有勇气运用你自己的理 智
Kant: What is Enlightenment? ◼ 什么是启蒙？启蒙就是人从由他自 己造成的不成熟状态中走出来．不 成熟是指一个人若无他人指导便不 能运用他自己的理智．如果不成熟 的原因不是由于缺少理智，而是由 于若无他人指导便缺少运用理智的 决心和勇气，这种不成熟就是由他 自己所造成的．因此，启蒙运动的 格言是：有勇气运用你自己的理 智．
Kant: What is Enlightenment? 这一启蒙运动除了自由而外并不 需要任何别的东西,而且还确乎是 切可以称之为自由的东西之中 最无害的东西那就是在一切事 上都有公开运用自己理性的自由 理性的公开运用指任何人作为 者在全部听众面前所能做的那种 用一个人在其所受任的一定公 职岗位或者职务上所能运用的自 己的理性,为私下的运用
Kant: What is Enlightenment? ◼ 这一启蒙运动除了自由而外并不 需要任何别的东西,而且还确乎是 一切可以称之为自由的东西之中 最无害的东西,那就是在一切事情 上都有公开运用自己理性的自由. ◼ 理性的公开运用,指任何人作为学 者在全部听众面前所能做的那种 运用.一个人在其所受任的一定公 职岗位或者职务上所能运用的自 己的理性,为私下的运用
Foucault: What is Enlightenment Kant indicates right away that the ' way out that characterizes Enlightenment is a process that releases us from the status of immaturity. And by immaturity, he means a certain state of our will that makes us accept someone else's authority to lead us in areas Where the use of reason is called for Kant gives three examples: we are in a state of immaturity when a book takes the place of our understanding when a spiritual director takes the place of our conscience when a doctor decides for us what our diet is to be
Foucault: What is Enlightenment? ◼ Kant indicates right away that the 'way out' that characterizes Enlightenment is a process that releases us from the status of 'immaturity.' And by 'immaturity,' he means a certain state of our will that makes us accept someone else's authority to lead us in areas where the use of reason is called for. Kant gives three examples: we are in a state of 'immaturity' when a book takes the place of our understanding, when a spiritual director takes the place of our conscience, when a doctor decides for us what our diet is to be