Chapter 4 形合与意合
Chapter 4 形合与意合
Binary Oppositions between English Chinese 英语：法治， 刚性，显性，语法型， 主体性，聚焦型 ■汉语：人治，柔性，隐性，语用型， 平面性，流散型
Binary Oppositions between English & Chinese ◼英语：法治，刚性，显性，语法型， 主体性，聚焦型 ◼汉语：人治，柔性，隐性，语用型， 平面性，流散型
■Most Importantly: ■形合(hypotaxis)vs.意合(parataxis)
◼Most Importantly: ◼形合(hypotaxis) vs.意合(parataxis)
形合(Hypotaxis) The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship with connectives,for example,I shall despair if you don't come
形合 (Hypotaxis) ◼ The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come
意和(Parataxis) ■ The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.For example, The rain fell;the river flooded;the house washed away
意和 (Parataxis) ◼ The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. For example, The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away
Key Difference-use of connectives Connectives(联系用语) ■ Relative pronoun(关系代词) ■ Relative adverb(关系副词) ■ Coordinator(并列连接词) ■ Subordinator(从属连接词)
Key Difference – use of connectives ◼ Connectives (联系用语) ◼ Relative pronoun （关系代词） ◼ Relative adverb（关系副词） ◼ Coordinator（并列连接词） ◼ Subordinator （从属连接词）
Overt cohesion vs.Covert cohesion ■显性连接Vs.隐性连接
◼ Overt cohesion vs.Covert cohesion ◼显性连接 vs. 隐性连接
Relative Pronoun (who,whom, which,that,what ■小句是修饰和被修饰关系，在语法上是 主句与定语从句关系。 He is one of the boys who always does well at school. This is what he told us at the meeting
Relative Pronoun (who, whom, which, that, what) ◼ 小句是修饰和被修饰关系，在语法上是 主句与定语从句关系。 ◼ He is one of the boys who always does well at school. ◼ This is what he told us at the meeting
Relative Adverb(when,where, why,how) ■小句是修饰和被修饰关系，在语法上是 主句和定语从句关系，相当于“介词 +which”。 This is the reason why he is leaving so soon. Do you know the way how they solved the problems? ■】 这两类表示小句间关系的关系代词和关 系副词是汉语中没有的
Relative Adverb (when, where, why, how) ◼ 小句是修饰和被修饰关系，在语法上是 主句和定语从句关系，相当于“介词 +which” 。 ◼ This is the reason why he is leaving so soon. ◼ Do you know the way how they solved the problems? ◼ 这两类表示小句间关系的关系代词和关 系副词是汉语中没有的
Coordinator ■ and,or,but,both ..and ... either ...or ...neither ..nor...,not only ..but also ...so that,as well as, rather than,etc
Coordinator ◼ and, or, but, both … and …, either …or …, neither … nor …, not only … but also …, so that, as well as, rather than, etc