CHAPTER 4 SYNTAX
CHAPTER 4 SYNTAX
Syntax is the study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence. x Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences
Syntax is the study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence. Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences
QUTLINE 1.Categories 2. Phrase Structure Rule 3. Phrase Elements 4. S-rule 5.Transformational Rules
OUTLINE 1. Categories 2. Phrase Structure Rule 3. Phrase Elements 4. S-rule 5. Transformational Rules
1.CATEGORIES 1.1 Word-level categories 1.2 Phrase categories and their structures
1. CATEGORIES 1.1 Word-level categories 1.2 Phrase categories and their structures
1.1 WORD-LEVEL CATEGORIES 词层面的范畴 ×词层面的范畴，是句法学研究的最核心的范畴。 决定词的范畴的标准 A.意义MEANING B.屈折变化INFLECTION C.分布DISTRIBUTION 词的传统范畴按照词性分为8个。 词的非传统范畴：限定词(determiner.)、程度词 (degree words.)、修饰词(qualifier.)、助动词 (auxiliary.)
1.1 WORD-LEVEL CATEGORIES 词层面的范畴 词层面的范畴，是句法学研究的最核心的范畴。 决定词的范畴的标准 A. 意义MEANING B. 屈折变化INFLECTION C. 分布DISTRIBUTION 词的传统范畴按照词性分为8个。 词的非传统范畴：限定词（determiner.）、程度词 （degree words.）、修饰词（qualifier.）、助动词 （auxiliary.）
1.1 WORD-LEVEL CATEGORIES 词层面的范畴 1口>6 ×主词汇范畴(Major lexical categories) n.V. adj.prep. ×次词汇范畴(Minor lexical categories) 限定词(Det.) a/an,the,this,those,etc. 程度词(deg-)q uite,very,more,so,mainly,etc. 修饰词(qual.)often,always,seldom,almost,etc. 助动词(auX.)must,should,can,etc. 连词(conj)and,or,but
1.1 WORD-LEVEL CATEGORIES 词层面的范畴 主词汇范畴(Major lexical categories) n. v. adj. prep. 次词汇范畴(Minor lexical categories) 限定词（Det.）a/an, the, this, those, etc. 程度词（deg.）quite, very, more, so, mainly, etc. 修饰词（qual.）often, always, seldom, almost, etc. 助动词（aux.）must, should, can, etc. 连词（conj.）and, or, but
1.2 PHRASE CATEGORIES AND THEIR STRUCTURES NP the pretty girl N x VP often dream *AP very happy A x PP mainly about P
1.2 PHRASE CATEGORIES AND THEIR STRUCTURES NP the pretty girl N VP often dream V AP very happy A PP mainly about P
QUTLINE 1 Categories 2. Phrase Structure Rule 3. Phrase Elements 4. S-rule 5. Transformational Rules
OUTLINE 1. Categories 2. Phrase Structure Rule 3. Phrase Elements 4. S-rule 5. Transformational Rules
2.PHRASE STRUCTURE RULE ×NP-(DET.)N(PP) ×VP-(QUAL.)V(NP) ×AP-(DEG.)A(PP) ×PP(DEG.)P(NP)
2. PHRASE STRUCTURE RULE NP --- (DET.) N (PP) VP --- (QUAL.) V (NP) AP --- (DEG.) A (PP) PP --- (DEG.) P (NP)
NP=(PET.)N(PP) A STUDENT IN THE CLASSROOM THOSE TEACHERS IN THE MEETING ROOM THESE CHILDREN IN THE PARK
NP --- (DET.) N (PP) A STUDENT IN THE CLASSROOM THOSE TEACHERS IN THE MEETING ROOM THESE CHILDRENIN THE PARK