《英语国家社会与文化入门》（2)美国部分 Unit 10 Social Problems in the United States
《英语国家社会与文化入门》（２）美国部分 Unit 10 Social Problems in the United States
I.Racial Problems 1.A nation of immigrants (1).some as refugees from religious and political persecution(逃避宗教和政治迫害的难民) (2).some as adventurers from the Old World seeking a better life(从I旧大陆来寻求好生活的冒 险家) (3).some as captives brought to American against their own will to be sold into slavery(有一些则 是被抓获后违背他们的意愿运到美国，被出卖 为奴隶)
I. Racial Problems 1. A nation of immigrants (1). some as refugees from religious and political persecution (逃避宗教和政治迫害的难民) (2). some as adventurers from the Old World seeking a better life(从旧大陆来寻求好生活的冒 险家) (3). some as captives brought to American against their own will to be sold into slavery （有一些则 是被抓获后违背他们的意愿运到美国，被出卖 为奴隶）
I. Racial Problems (4)Though people all share a common American culture,the nation contains many racial and ethnic subcultures with their own distinctive characteristics..(虽然人们有共同的美国文化， 但美利坚民族包含了许多种族和少数民族的 亚文化群)。 (5)These differences have contributed to racial conflicts that have been a persistent social problem to American society.(这些差异造成了 在美国社会长期存在的种族冲突)
I. Racial Problems (4) Though people all share a common American culture, the nation contains many racial and ethnic subcultures with their own distinctive characteristics. (虽然人们有共同的美国文化， 但美利坚民族包含了许多种族和少数民族的 亚文化群)。 (5) These differences have contributed to racial conflicts that have been a persistent social problem to American society.（这些差异造成了 在美国社会长期存在的种族冲突）
I.Racial Problems 2.nequality in American society美国社会的不平等 (1)The America was founded on the principle of human equality,but in practice American society is a stratified 等级的)one,in which power,wealth,.and prestige are nequally distributed.美国是建立在人人平等的原则之 上的，但事实上，美国社会是分层社会，权力、财富 以及威望的分配都是不平等的。 (2)It is divided into social classes that have varying degrees of access to the reward the society offers. 在美国，人们被分为不同的社会阶层，每个阶层获得 社会提供回报的程度大不相同
I. Racial Problems 2. Inequality in American society美国社会的不平等 (1) The America was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice American society is a stratified (有 等级的) one, in which power, wealth, and prestige are unequally distributed.美国是建立在人人平等的原则之 上的，但事实上，美国社会是分层社会，权力、财富 以及威望的分配都是不平等的。 (2) It is divided into social classes that have varying degrees of access to the reward the society offers. 在美国，人们被分为不同的社会阶层，每个阶层获得 社会提供回报的程度大不相同
I Racial Problems 2.Inequality in American society美国社会的不平等 (3)The richest fifth of American individuals and families owns more than three-quarters of the wealth in the U.S., whereas the lowest fifth owns only 0.2%of the wealth. 美国总人口中最富裕的五分之一人口所分配到的财富 占了总财富四分之三以上，而最贫穷的五分之一的人 口只能分配到0.2%的财富。 (4)The richest fifth of American families receives over 40%of the national income,whereas the poorest fifth receives only5.2%.美国最富裕的五分之一家庭的收入 占国民收入的40%以上，而最贫穷的五分之一家庭的 收入只占5.2%
I. Racial Problems 2. Inequality in American society美国社会的不平等 (3) The richest fifth of American individuals and families owns more than three-quarters of the wealth in the U.S., whereas the lowest fifth owns only 0.2% of the wealth. 占 美国总人口中最富裕的五分之一人口所分配到的财富 占了总财富四分之三以上，而最贫穷的五分之一的人 口只能分配到0.2％的财富。 (4) The richest fifth of American families receives over 40% of the national income, whereas the poorest fifth receives only 5.2%.美国最富裕的五分之一家庭的收入 占国民收入的40%以上，而最贫穷的五分之一家庭的 收入只占5.2%
I.Racial Problems 3.Discrimination against blacks (1)In American society,any group other than the dominant white Anglo-Saxon Protestant majority is a minority group.在美国，除了占多数的信奉新教的盎格 鲁撒克逊血统的白人外，其他人都属于少数民族 (2)The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S.is the blacks who make up about 11.7%of the population.非洲裔黑人曾经是美国最大少数民族，占 总人口的11.7%（现在排名第二，落后于西班牙裔）。 (3)The myth of the racial inferiority of the blacks was propagated as a justification for their continued subjugation.所谓黑人种族低劣的神话被广泛传播，并 以此作为永远奴役黑人的借口
I. Racial Problems 3. Discrimination against blacks (1) In American society, any group other than the dominant white Anglo-Saxon Protestant majority is a minority group. 在美国，除了占多数的信奉新教的盎格 鲁撒克逊血统的白人外，其他人都属于少数民族。 (2) The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the blacks who make up about 11.7% of the population. 非洲裔黑人曾经是美国最大少数民族，占 总人口的11.7%（现在排名第二，落后于西班牙裔）。 (3) The myth of the racial inferiority of the blacks was propagated as a justification for their continued subjugation. 所谓黑人种族低劣的神话被广泛传播，并 以此作为永远奴役黑人的借口
I Racial Problems 3.Discrimination against blacks (4)The Northern states had all outlawed slavery by 1830,but in the Southern states,it was ended by the Civil War Lincoln's emancipation of slaves in 1863 (1863 年林肯颁布的《解放黑奴宣言》)and the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 (1865 国通过的第13条宪法修正案) (5)After the abolition of slavery,many states passed segregation()laws to keep the races apart in schools. housing,restaurants and public facilities,and institutionalized discrimination kept blacks in the lowest- paid jobs..奴隶制废除之后，许多州通过了种族隔离法 规定不同种族的人上不同的学校，住不同的社区，进 不同的餐厅和使用不同的公共设施等，制度化的种族 歧视使黑人只能干一些收入最低的工作
I. Racial Problems 3. Discrimination against blacks (4) The Northern states had all outlawed (废除) slavery by 1830, but in the Southern states, it was ended by the Civil War Lincoln’s emancipation of slaves in 1863 (1863 年林肯颁布的《解放黑奴宣言》) and the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 （1865年美 国通过的第13条宪法修正案） (5) After the abolition of slavery, many states passed segregation(隔离) laws to keep the races apart in schools, housing, restaurants and public facilities, and institutionalized discrimination kept blacks in the lowestpaid jobs.奴隶制废除之后，许多州通过了种族隔离法， 规定不同种族的人上不同的学校，住不同的社区，进 不同的餐厅和使用不同的公共设施等，制度化的种族 歧视使黑人只能干一些收入最低的工作
I.Racial Problems 3.Discrimination against blacks (6)Literacy tests were a method used to keep blacks off the voters'rolls and prevent them from voting,文化水 平考试被用来阻止黑人上选民名单，从而阻止他们行 使选举权。 (7)Since the 1960s,many black leaders began to disclaim full integration into the American mainstream as the goal of the black minority.从上世纪60年代开始， 许多黑人领袖开始否认将完全融入美国主流文化作为 黑人的目标
I. Racial Problems 3. Discrimination against blacks (6) Literacy tests were a method used to keep blacks off the voters’ rolls and prevent them from voting.文化水 平考试被用来阻止黑人上选民名单，从而阻止他们行 使选举权。 (7) Since the 1960s, many black leaders began to disclaim full integration into the American mainstream as the goal of the black minority. 从上世纪60年代开始， 许多黑人领袖开始否认将完全融入美国主流文化作为 黑人的目标
I.Racial Problems 4.The black“underclass'”(最低层”黑人) (1)The majority of the blacks today have failed to share in the general gains()of progress made since 1960s. 如今，大多数黑人并没有分享到20世纪60年代以来黑 人所取得的广泛成果。 (2)Urban ghettos(城市贫民区)now contain a permanently(不变地)impoverished(贫穷 的)underclass”of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people.Many of them are young and unskilled. 城市贫民区居住着那些长期穷苦的“最低层”黑人， 他们常常处于失业或半失业状态，他们中大多数是没 有特别技术的年轻人
I. Racial Problems ４. The black “underclass”(“最低层”黑人) (1) The majority of the blacks today have failed to share in the general gains(收获) of progress made since 1960s. 如今，大多数黑人并没有分享到20世纪60年代以来黑 人所取得的广泛成果。 (2) Urban ghettos（城市贫民区）now contain a permanently（不变地）impoverished (贫穷 的)“underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people. Many of them are young and unskilled. 城市贫民区居住着那些长期穷苦的“最低层”黑人， 他们常常处于失业或半失业状态，他们中大多数是没 有特别技术的年轻人
I Racial Problems 4.The black“underclass'”(“最低层”黑人) (3)They live in cities where the unemployment rate for teenage black workers runs as high as 50%or about 8 times the rate for the American work force,在城市里，青 少年黑人的失业率高达50%，是美国劳动人口平均失 业率的8倍。 (4)This "underclass"could continue to persist,even in the absence of racial discrimination,in much the same way as other pockets of poverty persist-that is,for reasons of social--class inequality.这些“最低层”黑人将长期存在， 就是在没有种族歧视时也不会有什么变化，因为这种 情况和其他贫困地区的一样是源于社会阶级的不平等！
I. Racial Problems ４. The black “underclass”(“最低层”黑人) (3) They live in cities where the unemployment rate for teenage black workers runs as high as 50% or about 8 times the rate for the American work force. 在城市里，青 少年黑人的失业率高达50%, 是美国劳动人口平均失 业率的8倍。 (4) This “underclass” could continue to persist, even in the absence of racial discrimination, in much the same way as other pockets of poverty persist—that is, for reasons of social-class inequality. 这些“最低层”黑人将长期存在， 就是在没有种族歧视时也不会有什么变化，因为这种 情况和其他贫困地区的一样是源于社会阶级的不平等