Post-WWll American Foreign Policy
Post-WWII American Foreign Policy
American foreign policy since World War ll can be divided into two phases:the first between 1945 and 1991 and the second after 1991.In the first phase,its basic goal of the policy is to contain Soviet expansion and to finally bring about change in Soviet political system.In the second phase,the basic goal is to maintain American domination in the world as long as possible and to remake the world in American image
▪ American foreign policy since World War II can be divided into two phases: the first between 1945 and 1991 and the second after 1991. In the first phase, its basic goal of the policy is to contain Soviet expansion and to finally bring about change in Soviet political system. In the second phase, the basic goal is to maintain American domination in the world as long as possible and to remake the world in American image
The Beginning of the Cold War American historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr.writes in the "Cycles of American History"that American foreign policy has been swinging between isolationism孤立主义 and interventionism千涉主义.This can be used to describe American foreign policy up to the WWIl. By the end of WWIl,the US became the strongest country in the world.As the sole possessor of atomic bombs,with over 70%of the gold reserve of the world in its coffers and over 50%of industrial production of the world in its hand,the planners of the US were visualizing a Pax Americana(美国强权之下的世界和 平)
The Beginning of the Cold War ▪ American historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. writes in the “Cycles of American History” that American foreign policy has been swinging between isolationism孤立主义 and interventionism干涉主义. This can be used to describe American foreign policy up to the WWII. ▪ By the end of WWII, the US became the strongest country in the world. As the sole possessor of atomic bombs, with over 70% of the gold reserve of the world in its coffers金库 and over 50% of industrial production of the world in its hand, the planners of the US were visualizing a Pax Americana（美国强权之下的世界和 平）
But the Soviet Union suffered great losses in the war.At such cost.it wanted to keep what it had got in the War,a sphere of influence(势力范围 agreed on by the United States and Britain at Yalta前苏联雅尔塔.The Soviet Union would not allow any country to project its influence into the area under its control. Both sides began to rally countries around them.The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs with a large number of non- aligned countries in between.Arms 132.Winston Churchill,Franklin D.Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin race began and the Cold War started. meet at the Yalta Conference.(national archives)
▪ But the Soviet Union suffered great losses in the war. At such cost, it wanted to keep what it had got in the war, a sphere of influence（势力范围） agreed on by the United States and Britain at Yalta前苏联雅尔塔. The Soviet Union would not allow any country to project its influence into the area under its control. ▪ Both sides began to rally countries around them. The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs with a large number of nonaligned countries in between . Arms race began and the Cold War started
Key Finland Warsaw Pac Norwa Denmar nited The Nether Soviet Union Poland Belgium Ocean Luxembourg France lungar Black Sea Africe Mediterrancan Sea
The Arms race 1949,the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic device. 1952,the US had its first test of the hydrogen bomb,and SU followed in 1953. ■1957，the SU launched two sputniks into the orbit showing they had the vehicle to carry the bombs to the US. By the 1980s,the two countries had more than 50 000 nuclear weapons that could kill the people in the world many times. 了ARaR During the 1950s,both stepped up its race in nuclear armaments and achieved parity in nuclear force-mutual assured deterrence 互保证威摄. From 1982,Ronald Reagan initiated the Star Wars project,which intended to drag the SU into bankruptcy
The Arms race ▪ 1949, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic device. ▪ 1952, the US had its first test of the hydrogen bomb, and SU followed in 1953. ▪ 1957, the SU launched two sputniks into the orbit showing they had the vehicle to carry the bombs to the US. ▪ By the 1980s, the two countries had more than 50 000 nuclear weapons that could kill the people in the world many times. ▪ During the 1950s, both stepped up its race in nuclear armaments and achieved parity in nuclear force—mutual assured deterrence相 互保证威摄. ▪ From 1982, Ronald Reagan initiated the Star Wars project, which intended to drag the SU ▪ into bankruptcy
The Containment policy(遏制政策) The US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. 1948,Truman Doctrine(杜鲁门主义)： the US would use whatever means including military force,to prevent the SU from breaking out of its sphere of influence.美国将运用一切手段阻止苏 联突破其现有的势力范围。 VIETNAM ■ 1950-51,the Korean War. ■ 1954-1973,the Vietnam War The US lost 50 000 men in each of the two wars
The Containment policy(遏制政策) ▪ The US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. ▪ 1948, Truman Doctrine(杜鲁门主义）: the US would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the SU from breaking out of its sphere of influence. 美国将运用一切手段阻止苏 联突破其现有的势力范围。 ▪ 1950-51, the Korean War. ▪ 1954-1973, the Vietnam War. ▪ The US lost 50 000 men in each of the two wars
Strategy of contraction(收缩政策) The Nixon Doctrine made clear that the US no longer planned to fight a ground war in Asia but would provide nuclear protection to its allies in the region and give military and economic support to countries fighting against domestic communism. 1972,Nixon made a trip to China to improve relations with China and to use the China card to deal with the SU. 1972,The US negotiated Strategic Arms Limitation Talks(SALT1)agreements(战略武器 限制会谈)with the SU
Strategy of contraction (收缩政策) ▪ The Nixon Doctrine made clear that the US no longer planned to fight a ground war in Asia but would provide nuclear protection to its allies in the region and give military and economic support to countries fighting against domestic communism. ▪ 1972, Nixon made a trip to China to improve relations with China and to use the China card to deal with the SU. ▪ 1972, The US negotiated Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT1) agreements（战略武器 限制会谈） with the SU
Berlin Wall-Symbol of the Cold War ■1958-1961，the confrontations between NATO led by the US and the Warsaw Pact led by the SU took place in Berlin.East German government began on August 13, 1961 to build the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin,which became the symbol of the Cold War
Berlin Wall—Symbol of the Cold War ▪ 1958-1961, the confrontations between NATO led by the US and the Warsaw Pact led by the SU took place in Berlin . East German government began on August 13, 1961 to build the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin, which became the symbol of the Cold War
Cuban Missile Crisis 1962) 1959,Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro(卡斯特罗)had succeeded in overthrowing the Batista(巴蒂斯塔)regime and came to power. The Eisenhower Administration approved a CIA plan to train Cuban emigre and use them to fight against the Cuban revolutionary forces -When Kennedy came into office,the landing of the CIA-trained emigres suffered a humiliating defeat all of them were either killed or captured.This became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco(猪湾惨败)
Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962) ▪ 1959, Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro(卡斯特罗) had succeeded in overthrowing the Batista(巴蒂斯塔) regime and came to power. ▪ The Eisenhower Administration approved a CIA plan to train Cuban émigré and use them to fight against the Cuban revolutionary forces. ▪ When Kennedy came into office, the landing of the CIA-trained émigrés suffered a humiliating defeat all of them were either killed or captured. This became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco (猪湾惨败)