Unit 4 Section a I Background Knowledge Charlie Chaplin Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16th April 1889 in Walworth, London, and lived a Dickensian childhood, shared with his brother, Sydney, that included extreme poverty, workhouses and seeing his mother's mental decline put her into an institution. Both his parents, though separated when he was very young, were music hall artists, his father quite famously so. But it was his mother that Charlie idolised and was inspired by during his visit of the backstage while she performed, to take up such a career for himself. Dickens Charles Dickens, 1812-1870, an English novelist, considered by many to be the greatest of all. His many famous books describe life in Victorian England and show how hard it was especially for the poor and for the children. They include The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist,A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities Hollywood An area of Los Angeles which is known as the center of the american film industry. In terms of geography, Hollywood refers to an area consisting of the City of West Hollywood and its vicinity that form part of the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. It is generally thought that everyone ing in Holly is extremely rich, famous, and concerned with appearances but in fact many parts of Hollywood today are poor, dirty and badly cared for Mack sennett Mack Sennett:(1880-1960)US film producer, born in Richmond, Quebec. He worked in the theatre as a comic in burlesque companies, and from 1908 in silent films. He later formed his own company and hundreds of shorts, establishing a whole generation of players and a tradition of knockabout slapstick under the name of Keystone Komics(1912), and later the Sennett Bathing Beauties(1920). He received a Special Academy Award in 1937 II. Text Analysis Analysis of Each Part what is the text mainly about? The text is about Charlie Chaplins life full of contrasts. He came into the world miserab but brought the world endless joy. His Tramp on the screen, crude or coarse in the eyes of the English, gave him permanent fame in movie history. His nonsense screen language with no known
Unit 4 Section A I. Background Knowledge Charlie Chaplin Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16th April 1889 in Walworth, London, and lived a Dickensian childhood, shared with his brother, Sydney, that included extreme poverty, workhouses and seeing his mother’s mental decline put her into an institution. Both his parents, though separated when he was very young, were music hall artists, his father quite famously so. But it was his mother that Charlie idolised and was inspired by during his visit of the backstage while she performed, to take up such a career for himself. Dickens Charles Dickens, 1812—1870, an English novelist, considered by many to be the greatest one of all. His many famous books describe life in Victorian England and show how hard it was, especially for the poor and for the children. They include The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities. Hollywood An area of Los Angeles which is known as the center of the American film industry. In terms of geography, Hollywood refers to an area consisting of the City of West Hollywood and its vicinity that form part of the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. It is generally thought that everyone living in Hollywood is extremely rich, famous, and concerned with appearances but in fact many parts of Hollywood today are poor, dirty and badly cared for. Mack Sennett Mack Sennett: (1880—1960) US film producer, born in Richmond, Quebec. He worked in the theatre as a comic in burlesque companies, and from 1908 in silent films. He later formed his own company and hundreds of shorts, establishing a whole generation of players and a tradition of knockabout slapstick under the name of Keystone Komics (1912), and later the Sennett Bathing Beauties (1920). He received a Special Academy Award in 1937. II. Text Analysis Analysis of Each Part What is the text mainly about? The text is about Charlie Chaplin’s life full of contrasts. He came into the world miserable but brought the world endless joy. His Tramp on the screen, crude or coarse in the eyes of the English, gave him permanent fame in movie history. His nonsense screen language with no known
nationality brought about his huge success. The contrast between his desire to be loved and his fear of being betrayed led to his painful marriages but brought him the luck to walk into the sunset with Oona. And even after his death, the theft of his body served as a fitting memorial to his life as a great comIc How is the text organize on The passage is made up of four parts -a general introduction of Charlie Chaplin, his rofessional success, his emotional life and the end of his story-with each of them developed through the device of contrast. By using contrast, the author skillfully weaves different aspects of his life around his life as a great comic, thus making the article an irresistible appeal to the reader Part I Paras. 1-2 A general introduction: He came into the world poor but made the world rich with joy Besides, if there is a balance between his miserable childhood and his character of the Tramp there must be a contrast between his Tramp and his permanent name in comedy history Paras. 3-6 His professional success: His Tramp gave him permanent fame though many people thought it crude; his screen language, making no sense and sounding like no known nationality, brought about his huge success; and his first sight of the Tramp on the screen shocked him but, more importantly drove him to extend his talent Part lll Paras. 7-8 His emotional life: The contrast between his desire to be loved and his worry about being betrayed found its way into his comedy of Monsieur verdoux but meanwhile brought him the luck to walk into the sunset with Oona in reality PartⅣV The end of his life story: The theft of his dead body, though a sad incident, was widely regarded as a fitting memorial- his way of having the last laugh on a world to which he had given so many Ill. Language points 1. cut down: reduce the size of(sth. Such as clothing, writing, etc I cut down your father' s trousers down for the boy.我可以把你父亲的裤子改短给这男孩
nationality brought about his huge success. The contrast between his desire to be loved and his fear of being betrayed led to his painful marriages but brought him the luck to walk into the sunset with Oona. And even after his death, the theft of his body served as a fitting memorial to his life as a great comic. How is the text organized? The passage is made up of four parts — a general introduction of Charlie Chaplin, his professional success, his emotional life and the end of his story — with each of them developed through the device of contrast. By using contrast, the author skillfully weaves different aspects of his life around his life as a great comic, thus making the article an irresistible appeal to the reader. Part I Paras. 1-2 A general introduction: He came into the world poor but made the world rich with joy. Besides, if there is a balance between his miserable childhood and his character of the Tramp, there must be a contrast between his Tramp and his permanent name in comedy history. Part II Paras. 3-6 His professional success: His Tramp gave him permanent fame though many people thought it crude; his screen language, making no sense and sounding like no known nationality, brought about his huge success; and his first sight of the Tramp on the screen shocked him but, more importantly, drove him to extend his talent. Part III Paras. 7-8 His emotional life: The contrast between his desire to be loved and his worry about being betrayed found its way into his comedy of Monsieur Verdoux but meanwhile brought him the luck to walk into the sunset with Oona in reality. Part IV Para. 9 The end of his life story: The theft of his dead body, though a sad incident, was widely regarded as a fitting memorial — his way of having the last laugh on a world to which he had given so many. III. Language Points 1. cut down: reduce the size of (sth. Such as clothing, writing, etc.) I cut down your father’s trousers down for the boy. 我可以把你父亲的裤子改短给这男孩 穿
Your article will have to be cut down to fit into the book你的文章地删一些,以便能收入到 这本书里。 Theyve cut her hours down at work so she doesn' t have much money.他们减少了她的工作 时间,因此她没有那么多钱了。 If and article is too long for the space allocated, you have to cut it down.如果文章超过给它的 版面,你就得进行删改 2. In There were men, women, and small children, some dressed in rags.那儿有男人,妇女和儿 童,有些人穿得破破烂烂 There are areas where every child is barefoot, and dressed in rags or old flour sacks.有些地方 小孩都赤脚,穿着破衣服或旧面粉袋。 3. applause: n. the noise made by a group of people clapping their hands and sometimes shouting to show their approval or enjoyment; express strong approval of (a person, The band got a big round of applause at the end of the concert.音乐结束后,乐队赢得了热烈 的掌声 The audience broke into thunderous applause.观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声 applaud vf. Show approval or enjoyment of (a play, actor, performance, etc. ) esp by striking ne's hands together He started to applaud and others joined in.他带头开始鼓掌,其他人也加入进来 The conference rose to applaud the speaker与会人员起身为发表讲话的人鼓掌。 She was applauded as she came on stage.她一上台观众即报以掌声。 We all applauded the authority' s decision not to close the hospital.我们都赞同当局不关闭医 院的决定。 I applaud her for having the courage to refuse.我赞赏她敢于拒绝的确勇气。 This time she' s leaving for good.这一次她将是永远地离开了 I' d like an excuse to get rid of him for good.我需要一个借口将他永远开除。 A few shots of this drug cleared up the disease for good.这药只注射了几针,病就彻底治愈 5. scout: n. a person employed to look for people with particular skills, esp. in sport or Talent scouts toured every village in the Southern States seeking the girl with the subtle personality that the film producer needed for the star role.猎头走遍南方各州的每个村落,寻 找制片人需要的具有敏锐气质和个性的女影星 It was during the singing performance that he was spotted by a talent scout and sign up by Warner Brothers.正是在歌唱表演中他被猎头相中,然后与华纳兄弟签约 6. clap: vf. Hit one's open hands together several times to show that one approves of or enjoy sth He clapped his hands for silence.他拍拍手示意大家安静。 Every one clapped us when we went up to get our prize.我们上台领奖的时候每个人都为我 们鼓 Londoners came out on to the pavement to wave and clap the marchers伦敦市民涌上街头向 游行的人鼓掌并挥手致意 After his speech the conference clapped and cheered as if he had announced the abolition of the
Your article will have to be cut down to fit into the book.你的文章地删一些，以便能收入到 这本书里。 They’ve cut her hours down at work so she doesn’t have much money. 他们减少了她的工作 时间，因此她没有那么多钱了。 If and article is too long for the space allocated, you have to cut it down..如果文章超过给它的 版面，你就得进行删改。 2. In rags: dressed in old worn-out clothes There were men, women, and small children, some dressed in rags. 那儿有男人，妇女和儿 童，有些人穿得破破烂烂。 There are areas where every child is barefoot, and dressed in rags or old flour sacks. 有些地方 小孩都赤脚，穿着破衣服或旧面粉袋。 3. applause: n. the noise made by a group of people clapping their hands and sometimes shouting to show their approval or enjoyment; express strong approval of (a person, idea,etc.) The band got a big round of applause at the end of the concert. 音乐结束后，乐队赢得了热烈 的掌声。 The audience broke into thunderous applause. 观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。 applaud vt. Show approval or enjoyment of (a play, actor, performance, etc.), esp. by striking one’s hands together He started to applaud and others joined in. 他带头开始鼓掌， 其他人也加入进来。 The conference rose to applaud the speaker.与会人员起身为发表讲话的人鼓掌。 She was applauded as she came on stage. 她一上台观众即报以掌声。 We all applauded the authority’s decision not to close the hospital. 我们都赞同当局不关闭医 院的决定。 I applaud her for having the courage to refuse. 我赞赏她敢于拒绝的确勇气。 4. for good: permanently; forever This time she’s leaving for good. 这一次她将是永远地离开了。 I’d like an excuse to get rid of him for good. 我需要一个借口将他永远开除。 A few shots of this drug cleared up the disease for good. 这药只注射了几针，病就彻底治愈 了。 5. scout: n. a person employed to look for people with particular skills, esp. in sport or entertainment Talent scouts toured every village in the Southern States seeking the girl with the subtle personality that the film producer needed for the star role. 猎头走遍南方各州的每个村落，寻 找制片人需要的具有敏锐气质和个性的女影星。 It was during the singing performance that he was spotted by a talent scout and sign up by Warner Brothers. 正是在歌唱表演中他被猎头相中，然后与华纳兄弟签约。 6. clap: vt. Hit one’s open hands together several times to show that one approves of or enjoy sth. He clapped his hands for silence. 他拍拍手示意大家安静。 Every one clapped us when we went up to get our prize. 我们上台领奖的时候每个人都为我 们鼓掌。 Londoners came out on to the pavement to wave and clap the marchers.伦敦市民涌上街头向 游行的人鼓掌并挥手致意。 After his speech the conference clapped and cheered as if he had announced the abolition of the
Income tax在他演讲之后,出席会议的人们鼓掌欢呼起来,就好象他已经宣布取消了个 人所得税似的 7. revolt: v.(against)take violent action against the people in power; reject the authority of a person or reject sth. make(sb )feel unpleasantly shocked or disgusted Finally the people revolted against the military dictatorship.人民终于起来反抗军事独裁。 The people revolted against their oppressors.人民反抗其压迫者。 She revolted against her ballet training at sixteen.她16岁的时候开始拒绝练芭蕾舞 We were revolted by the dirt and mess in her house她的房子又脏又乱,引起我们的反感 It revolts me to know that the word spends so much money on arms, yet millions of people are dying of hunger:全世界在武器上花费了这么多钱,而数以百万计的人却快要饿死了,这 使我很反感 n the action or state of protecting against or resisting authority They seized the power in a revolt.他们在一次起义中夺得了政权 The army has put down the revolt.军队已经平息了叛乱 8. trip up: catch sb's foot and make him fall or almost fall; make a mistake, deliberately make sb As I passed, he stuck out a leg and tried to trip me up.我经过时,他伸出一条腿试图把我绊 倒 He made a sudden dive for uncle jim' s legs to try to trip him up.他猛冲向吉姆叔叔的腿试图 把他绊倒。 Read the questions carefully, because the examiners sometimes try to trip you up.仔细阅读这 些问题,因为出题人有时会有意诱导你犯错 9.(not)all that --(not) very; (not) particularly; usu. Used in statements with negative meaning when you want to weaken the force of what you are saying Things are not all that good.事情并不那么顺利 He wasn' t all that older than we were.他并不比我们老多少。 He said it would not be all that difficult to reach a peaceful conclusion to the conflict.他说不过 去就此冲突达成和平协议并没有那么困难。 0. sport---wear or show publicly and sometimes proudly Back in the 1960s he sported bell-bottom trousers, platform heels and hair down past his shoulders.回顾20世纪60年代,他那时穿着喇叭裤,木屐式坡形高跟鞋,蓄着过肩的 长 The front of the car sported a German flag着辆车前面插着德国国旗 He wore rimless glasses and sported a neat grey moustache, very impressive.他戴着无边眼 镜,留着整齐的灰色胡子,非常引人注目。 11. coarse--(1)rude and offensive coarse manners粗鲁的举止 coarse language粗俗的语言 (2)(of skin or fabric)rough; not soft a jacket made of very coarse cloth用粗布做的加克 a beach of coarse sand粗沙的海滩 12. postpone ---delay (an event), esp. arranging for it to take place at a later date or time The trial has been postponed indefinitely.审判无限期地延期了 House purchase is the biggest decision that most people make and the easiest one to postpor 买房是大部分人作出的最大决定,也是最容易延期的决定
income tax.在他演讲之后，出席会议的人们鼓掌欢呼起来，就好象他已经宣布取消了个 人所得税似的。 7. revolt: v. (against) take violent action against the people in power; reject the authority of a person or reject sth.; make (sb.) feel unpleasantly shocked or disgusted Finally the people revolted against the military dictatorship. 人民终于起来反抗军事独裁。 The people revolted against their oppressors. 人民反抗其压迫者。 She revolted against her ballet training at sixteen. 她 16 岁的时候开始拒绝练芭蕾舞。 We were revolted by the dirt and mess in her house.她的房子又脏又乱，引起我们的反感。 It revolts me to know that the word spends so much money on arms, yet millions of people are dying of hunger.全世界在武器上花费了这么多钱，而数以百万计的人却快要饿死了，这 使我很反感。 n. the action or state of protecting against or resisting authority They seized the power in a revolt. 他们在一次起义中夺得了政权。 The army has put down the revolt. 军队已经平息了叛乱。 8. trip up: catch sb’s foot and make him fall or almost fall; make a mistake; deliberately make sb. Do this As I passed, he stuck out a leg and tried to trip me up. 我经过时，他伸出一条腿试图把我绊 倒。 He made a sudden dive for Uncle Jim’s legs to try to trip him up. 他猛冲向吉姆叔叔的腿试图 把他绊倒。 Read the questions carefully, because the examiners sometimes try to trip you up. 仔细阅读这 些问题，因为出题人有时会有意诱导你犯错。 9．(not) all that ---(not) very; (not) particularly; usu. Used in statements with negative meaning when you want to weaken the force of what you are saying Things are not all that good. 事情并不那么顺利。 He wasn’t all that older than we were. 他并不比我们老多少。 He said it would not be all that difficult to reach a peaceful conclusion to the conflict.他说不过 去就此冲突达成和平协议并没有那么困难。 10. sport --- wear or show publicly and sometimes proudly Back in the 1960’s he sported bell-bottom trousers, platform heels and hair down past his shoulders. 回顾 20 世纪 60 年代，他那时穿着喇叭裤，木屐式坡形高跟鞋，蓄着过肩的 长发。 The front of the car sported a German flag. 着辆车前面插着德国国旗。 He wore rimless glasses and sported a neat grey moustache, very impressive. 他戴着无边眼 镜，留着整齐的灰色胡子，非常引人注目。 11. coarse --- (1) rude and offensive coarse manners 粗鲁的举止 coarse language 粗俗的语言 (2) (of skin or fabric) rough; not soft a jacket made of very coarse cloth 用粗布做的加克 a beach of coarse sand 粗沙的海滩 12. postpone --- delay (an event), esp. arranging for it to take place at a later date or time The trial has been postponed indefinitely. 审判无限期地延期了。 House purchase is the biggest decision that most people make and the easiest one to postpone. 买房是大部分人作出的最大决定，也是最容易延期的决定
The trip to the museum has been postponed until Thursday 1lth March.参观博物馆的事情延 期到3月11日星期四 13. come /go down in the world --- have less money and a worse social position than one had before Also move down in the worl He has really come down in the world.他真的过着穷困潦倒的生活。 When we had to sell our house and take a small apartment downtown, we felt we'd really moved down in the world当我们不得不卖掉房子,搬到市区的一间小公寓住时,我们感 我们已经穷困潦倒了 14. rank ---the members of a particular group or organization At50, he forced to join the ranks of the unemployed.0岁时他被迫加入了失业者的行列 There were serious divisions within the partys own ranks.在这个党的成员内部存在严重分 歧 We have members of international players in our ranks.我们的成员里有一些国际选手。 There is great concern about safety among the ranks of racing drivers。赛车手对安全很担心 15. have the /an urge to do sth -- have a strong desire to do sth He had a powerful urge to compete and succeed.他有强烈的竞争并获得成功的欲望 He has an urge to become a cinema star.他有成为电影明星的欲望。/他十分想成为电影明 星 16. go along---advance, move further with sth We have a flexible approach to what were doing and that allows us to make any necessary changes as we go along.我们的确工作方法具有灵活性,使我们在工作过程中可以作必 要的改进。 Work like this becomes less interesting as you go along像这样的工作报告你做着做着变得乏 17. greet---v (with)react to sb. Or sth. In a particular way The changes were greeted with suspicion.人们对此变化持怀疑态度 They greeted the joke with laughter.他们对这个笑话报以笑声。 18. rouse---v. make sb Feel a particular emotion I dont want rouse any suspicions.我不想引起任何怀疑。 Tom drew a breath, determined that he would to rouse to her to anger.汤姆吸了一口气,决定 不去激怒她。 19. execute ---v.(1)do a piece of work, perform a duty, put a plan into action, etc The crime was very cleverly executed.此次犯罪实施得非常巧妙 Check that the computer has executed your commands检查一下以确保计算机执行了你的命 (2)kill sb, esp as a legal punishment Prisoners are reported to have been deliberately executed without trial.具报道,罪犯未经审判 即被蓄意处决。 20. betray ---v not be loyal to one's country or a person who thinks he or she loves or supports en by doing sth harmful He was accused of betraying his country during the war.他被指控在战争期间背叛祖国 He promised never to betray her.他答应永不抛弃她 2 1.collision--n. trong disagreement between two people or between opposing ideas, opinions
The trip to the museum has been postponed until Thursday 11 th March. 参观博物馆的事情延 期到 3 月 11 日星期四。 13. come /go down in the world --- have less money and a worse social position than one had before Also: move down in the world He has really come down in the world. 他真的过着穷困潦倒的生活。 When we had to sell our house and take a small apartment downtown, we felt we’d really moved down in the world.当我们不得不卖掉房子,搬到市区的一间小公寓住时,我们感到 我们已经穷困潦倒了。 14. rank --- the members of a particular group or organization At 50, he forced to join the ranks of the unemployed. 50 岁时他被迫加入了失业者的行列。 There were serious divisions within the party’s own ranks. 在这个党的成员内部存在严重分 歧 We have members of international players in our ranks. 我们的成员里有一些国际选手。 There is great concern about safety among the ranks of racing drivers。 赛车手对安全很担心。 15. have the / an urge to do sth.--- have a strong desire to do sth. He had a powerful urge to compete and succeed. 他有强烈的竞争并获得成功的欲望。 He has an urge to become a cinema star. 他有成为电影明星的欲望。/ 他十分想成为电影明 星。 16. go along --- advance; move further with sth. We have a flexible approach to what we’re doing and that allows us to make any necessary changes as we go along. 我们的确工作方法具有灵活性，使我们在工作过程中可以作必 要的改进。 Work like this becomes less interesting as you go along.像这样的工作报告你做着做着变得乏 味了。 17. greet --- v. (with) react to sb. Or sth. In a particular way The changes were greeted with suspicion. 人们对此变化持怀疑态度。 They greeted the joke with laughter. 他们对这个笑话报以笑声。 18. rouse --- v. make sb. Feel a particular emotion I don’t want rouse any suspicions. 我不想引起任何怀疑。 Tom drew a breath, determined that he would to rouse to her to anger. 汤姆吸了一口气，决定 不去激怒她。 19. execute --- v. (1) do a piece of work, perform a duty, put a plan into action, etc. The crime was very cleverly executed. 此次犯罪实施得非常巧妙。 Check that the computer has executed your commands.检查一下以确保计算机执行了你的命 令。 （2）kill sb., esp. as a legal punishment Prisoners are reported to have been deliberately executed without trial. 具报道，罪犯未经审判 即被蓄意处决。 20. betray --- v. not be loyal to one’s country or a person who thinks he or she loves or supports them, often by doing sth. harmful He was accused of betraying his country during the war. 他被指控在战争期间背叛祖国。 He promised never to betray her. 他答应永不抛弃她。 21. collision --- n. trong disagreement between two people or between opposing ideas, opinions, etc
In his works we see the collision of two different traditions.从他的著作中我们可以看出两种 传统之间的碰撞。 The play represents the collision of three generations.着出戏表现了三代人之间的矛盾冲 22. lose one's faith in -. lose one's trust or confidence in sb. Or sth After the trial, his family said they had lost all faith in the judicial system.审判之后,他家人说 他们对司法系统失去了信心 we' ve lost faith in him.我们再也不相信他了。 23. Unfounded---adj Not based on fact I' m pleased to see that our fears about the weather proved unfounded.我很高兴地发现我们 对天气的担心是毫无根据的 The rumors were totally unfounded that he is going to resign.他打算辞职的谣言是毫无事实 根据的。 24. Spark ---v. (off) cause sth. To start or develop, esp. suddenly The proposal would spark a storm of protest around the country.这个提议会引起全国范围的 抗议浪潮 The riots were sparked off by the arrest of a local leader.这次暴乱是由一个地方领导人的被 捕引起的。 IV. Writing 议论文与说明文写作技巧 举例说明文 1.怎样理解/为什么说? 2.例如 3.又如 写作模式 1)A closer analysis/ study of the proverb/motto/saving/epigram that... 2) In other words,.. 3)This rule holds true for many cases in our life/Our life abounds with cases in point 4) Just think of/ consider, for example,.5)….(面临的困难或障碍)6) To make things worse,灬(更大的困难或障碍)T) Stuck in the straits,(另谋成功之路并如愿以偿)8)Only through such adjustments in his/ her pursuits did….(结论句) 9)Another case in point is that of.. 10) Repeated failures in . convinced him/ her of the fact that there would be no hope of realizing his/ her life value along this road. 11)After several days of hard thinking, he /she resolved to take another way -.. 12)Now as.. he often repeats his moto(结论句) 参考范文 All Roads Lead to rome 1)A closer study of the proverb- All roads lead to Rome- tells that your sensible and proper adjustments in the course of your struggle always lead you to success. 2) In other words, when things go wrong and you can not make it to your intended target, you still stand chances of success as long as you don't give up trying and meanwhile make some effective adjustments. 3)This rul holds true for many cases in our life
In his works we see the collision of two different traditions. 从他的著作中我们可以看出两种 传统之间的碰撞。 The play represents the collision of three generations. 着出戏表现了三代人之间的矛盾冲 突。 22. lose one’s faith in --- lose one’s trust or confidence in sb. Or sth. After the trial, his family said they had lost all faith in the judicial system. 审判之后，他家人说 他们对司法系统失去了信心。 We’ve lost faith in him. 我们再也不相信他了。 23. Unfounded --- adj. Not based on fact I’m pleased to see that our fears about the weather proved unfounded. 我很高兴地发现我们 对天气的担心是毫无根据的。 The rumors were totally unfounded that he is going to resign. 他打算辞职的谣言是毫无事实 根据的。 24. Spark --- v. (off) cause sth. To start or develop, esp. suddenly The proposal would spark a storm of protest around the country. 这个提议会引起全国范围的 抗议浪潮。 The riots were sparked off by the arrest of a local leader. 这次暴乱是由一个地方领导人的被 捕引起的。 IV. Writing 议论文与说明文写作技巧 举例说明文 1. 怎样理解 / 为什么说……？ 2. 例如,…… 3. 又如,…… 写作模式 1) A closer analysis / study of the proverb / motto / saying / epigram — … — tells / suggests that … 2) In other words, … 3) This rule holds true for many cases in our life / Our life abounds with cases in point. 4) Just think of / consider, for example, … 5) … (面临的困难或障碍) 6) To make things worse, … (更大的困难或障碍) 7) Stuck in the straits, … (另谋成功之路并如愿以偿) 8) Only through such adjustments in his / her pursuits did … (结论句) 9) Another case in point is that of … 10) Repeated failures in … convinced him / her of the fact that there would be no hope of realizing his / her life value along this road. 11) After several days of hard thinking, he /she resolved to take another way — … 12) Now as …, he often repeats his motto: … (结论句) 参考范文 All Roads Lead to Rome 1) A closer study of the proverb — All roads lead to Rome — tells that your sensible and proper adjustments in the course of your struggle always lead you to success. 2) In other words, when things go wrong and you can not make it to your intended target, you still stand chances of success as long as you don’t give up trying and meanwhile make some effective adjustments. 3) This rule holds true for many cases in our life
4)Just think of, for example, the story of Charlie Chaplin. 5)He was born into a poor family, with his childhood suffering from his mother's mental disorder and an unstable life 6)To make things worse, his native country, Britain, showed great dislike for his coarse act on the stage. 7)Stuck in the straits, Chaplin chose to quit his motherland for the USA, where he found his lifelong stage on which to give fullest play to his talents. 8)Only through such changes in his pursuits did Chaplin achieve world fame. 9)Another case in point is that of my elder brother. 10)Repeated failures in the National College Entrance Examinations convinced him of the fact that there would be little hope of realizing his ife value along this road. 11) After several days of hard thinking, he resolved to take another way planting rare flowers and herbs. 12) Now as the manager of a big floriculture company, he often repeats his motto: When there is no beam of light in the east, there must be a ray of hope in Section B eading skills Facts are statements that tell what really happened or what really is the case proved or disproved with direct evidence. It is something known by actual experience or observation. Here are some examples from Passage A Example I We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss, says Roseanne M. lyle, associate professor at Purdue (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 2) This is a fact as the sentence is simply a quotation from lyle Example 2 In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath-and exercise performance is severely compromised. (Para. 7, Passage A, Unit 2) This is a fact as the sentence reports how people feel in the final stage Example 3 Select breads and cereals with the words iron-added' on the label, writes sports diet expert Nancy Clark. (Para. 11, Passage A, Unit 2) This is a fact. Please note that this is a case where a writer may present an opinion as if it were a fact. We say it is a fact because the sentence is a piece of quotation. However, one can argue that it is an opinion, because of the fact that the quoted part is an imperative sentence and that the writer is quoting it simply to express his own view, not just to report an idea of other people Opinions are statements of belief, judgment or feeling. They show what someone thinks or feels about a subject. Solid opinions, of course, are based on facts. However, opinions are still somebody's view of something and are not facts themselves. here are some examples from Passage a
4) Just think of, for example, the story of Charlie Chaplin. 5) He was born into a poor family, with his childhood suffering from his mother’s mental disorder and an unstable life. 6) To make things worse, his native country, Britain, showed great dislike for his coarse act on the stage. 7) Stuck in the straits, Chaplin chose to quit his motherland for the USA, where he found his lifelong stage on which to give fullest play to his talents. 8) Only through such changes in his pursuits did Chaplin achieve world fame. 9) Another case in point is that of my elder brother. 10) Repeated failures in the National College Entrance Examinations convinced him of the fact that there would be little hope of realizing his life value along this road. 11) After several days of hard thinking, he resolved to take another way — planting rare flowers and herbs. 12) Now as the manager of a big floriculture company, he often repeats his motto: When there is no beam of light in the east, there must be a ray of hope in the west. Section B I. Reading Skills Facts are statements that tell what really happened or what really is the case. A fact can be proved or disproved with direct evidence. It is something known by actual experience or observation. Here are some examples from Passage A. Example 1 “We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,” says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 2) This is a fact as the sentence is simply a quotation from Lyle. Example 2 In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — and exercise performance is severely compromised. (Para. 7, Passage A, Unit 2) This is a fact as the sentence reports how people feel in the final stage. Example 3 “Select breads and cereals with the words ‘iron-added’ on the label,” writes sports diet expert Nancy Clark. (Para. 11, Passage A, Unit 2) This is a fact. Please note that this is a case where a writer may present an opinion as if it were a fact. We say it is a fact because the sentence is a piece of quotation. However, one can argue that it is an opinion, because of the fact that the quoted part is an imperative sentence and that the writer is quoting it simply to express his own view, not just to report an idea of other people. Opinions are statements of belief, judgment or feeling. They show what someone thinks or feels about a subject. Solid opinions, of course, are based on facts. However, opinions are still somebody’s view of something and are not facts themselves. Here are some examples from Passage A
Example 1 Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood. (Para. 6. Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion as the word"may"in the sentence shows the writer s attitude towards the matter being talked abou Example 2 If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. (Para. 10. Passage A. Unit 2) This is an opinion expressed in an imperative sentence, which indicates an opinion from the writer If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. (Para. 10, Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion expressed in an imperative sentence, which indicates an opinion from the writer In general, it's better to undo the problem by adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, because iron supplements can have serious shortcomings. (Para. 10, Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion. The phrase " in general"and the structure "it's better to. "imply that the sentence is an opinion from the writer II. Language points 1. run for ---offer oneself for election to(a group)or for(a position Moe people than ever before are running for the city council.参加市议会竞选的人比以往都 多 2. vote ---v(in/for /against /on) show formally by making a paper or raising your hand which person you want to win an election, or which idea or plan you support The president has been voted in for the third time running这位主席已经是第三次当选了 Have you decided which party you will vote for?你有没有决定投票支持哪个党派? 3. opponent --n. the person being competed against, esp. in a sports event; a person who disagrees with sth. and speaks against it or tries to change it She is one of the strongest opponents of tax reform她是税收改革的最强烈的反对者之一。 He beat/ defeated his opponent in the election.他在选举中击败了对手 4. spy on-- watch secretly How much did you pay the man to spu on your husband?你付了这个人多少钱来暗中监视你 丈夫。 He spied on his neighbors through this window without been seen.他是透过这扇窗户暗中监 视他的邻居而不被发现。 5. shut... out(of)---prevent sb. Or sth. From entering a place, not allow a person to share or be part of your thoughts or life
Example 1 Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood. (Para. 6, Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion as the word “may” in the sentence shows the writer’s attitude towards the matter being talked about. Example 2 If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. (Para. 10, Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion expressed in an imperative sentence, which indicates an opinion from the writer. If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. (Para. 10, Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion expressed in an imperative sentence, which indicates an opinion from the writer. Example 3 In general, it’s better to undo the problem by adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, because iron supplements can have serious shortcomings. (Para. 10, Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion. The phrase “in general” and the structure “it’s better to…” imply that the sentence is an opinion from the writer. II. Language Points 1. run for --- offer oneself for election to (a group) or for (a position) Moe people than ever before are running for the city council.参加市议会竞选的人比以往都 多。 2. vote --- v. (in / for / against / on) show formally by making a paper or raising your hand which person you want to win an election, or which idea or plan you support The President has been voted in for the third time running.这位主席已经是第三次当选了。 Have you decided which party you will vote for? 你有没有决定投票支持哪个党派？ 3. opponent --- n. the person being competed against , esp. in a sports event; a person who disagrees with sth. and speaks against it or tries to change it She is one of the strongest opponents of tax reform.她是税收改革的最强烈的反对者之一。 He beat / defeated his opponent in the election. 他在选举中击败了对手。 4. spy on --- watch secretly How much did you pay the man to spu on your husband? 你付了这个人多少钱来暗中监视你 丈夫。 He spied on his neighbors through this window without been seen. 他是透过这扇窗户暗中监 视他的邻居而不被发现。 5. shut … out(of) --- prevent sb. Or sth. From entering a place; not allow a person to share or be part of your thoughts or life
I was about to shut out anyone who came knocking.我打算闭门谢客。 How can I shut out such harmful thoughts?我怎样才能杜绝这些有害的想法? 6. have/ get the upper hand -- have or get the advantage or control over sb At half time, the Italian team seemed to have the upper hand.上半场结束时似乎是意大利对 占上风。 After hours of fierce negotiations, the president had/ got the upper hand.经过数小时激烈谈 判,总统占了上风。 7. make up---form the whole of sth Women make up nearly50% of medical school entrants.女生几乎占了医学院新生的确一 半 The board of directors is made up of experienced men and women.董事会由经验丰富的人员 组成 8. subject . to---make.. experience sth unpleasant The air bases were subjected to intense air attack.空军基地遭到了猛烈的空袭。 Everyone interviewed had been subjected to unfair treatment..每个参加面试的人都受到不公 正的待遇 9. break up---(cause to) come to an end The police broke up the fight.警察制止了这场争斗。 The meeting broke up at ten to three.会议于2点50分结束 10. Tear down-(1)remove or pull(sth )down roughly he photograph of the leader had been torn down in the night by his enemies.这位领导人的照 片在夜里被他的敌人撕了下来 (2 ) destroy a building or other structure because it is not being used or it is not wanted any more They are going to tear down the old hospital and build a block of offices.他们打算拆除这家 医院,建造一幢办公大楼 11. in/by contrast---used to emphasize that sth. Is clearly different from sth else This generation has, by contrast,, made the environment a focus of attention.相比之下,这一带 人使得环境成为关注的焦点 Their movement, In contrast, reached a membership of 1000 n two in two years相比之下, 他们的运动两年内就发展10万成员。 Are you joking or in earnest?你是开玩笑还是认真的? On the second day I began to work in earnest.第二天我就开始认真地工作了。 13. lay out ---spread sth. out so that it can be seen easily or is ready to use, present a plan, an argument, etc. clearly and carefully He showed me how to lay out a printed page.他向我展示了如何编排版面。 She laid out the knives and forks at the lunch table.她把刀叉在午餐桌上摆好。 4. deliver the goods---do what one promised to do or what one is expected to do The union is good at talking but they hardly ever deliver the goods.工会只会空谈,但他们几 乎从未有过成果 He is full of promises but in fact he rarely delivers the goods.他满口诺言,事实上却难得兑
I was about to shut out anyone who came knocking. 我打算闭门谢客。 How can I shut out such harmful thoughts? 我怎样才能杜绝这些有害的想法？ 6. have / get the upper hand --- have or get the advantage or control over sb. At half time, the Italian team seemed to have the upper hand. 上半场结束时似乎是意大利对 占上风。 After hours of fierce negotiations, the president had / got the upper hand. 经过数小时激烈谈 判，总统占了上风。 7. make up --- form the whole of sth. Women make up nearly 50% of medical school entrants. 女生几乎占了医学院新生的确一 半。 The board of directors is made up of experienced men and women. 董事会由经验丰富的人员 组成。 8. subject … to --- make … experience sth. unpleasant The air bases were subjected to intense air attack. 空军基地遭到了猛烈的空袭。 Everyone interviewed had been subjected to unfair treatment. 每个参加面试的人都受到不公 正的待遇。 9. break up --- (cause to) come to an end The police broke up the fight. 警察制止了这场争斗。 The meeting broke up at ten to three. 会议于 2 点 50 分结束。 10．Tear down --- (1) remove or pull (sth.) down roughly The photograph of the leader had been torn down in the night by his enemies. 这位领导人的照 片在夜里被他的敌人撕了下来。 （2）destroy a building or other structure because it is not being used or it is not wanted any more They are going to tear down the old hospital and build a block of offices. 他们打算拆除这家 医院，建造一幢办公大楼。 11. in / by contrast --- used to emphasize that sth. Is clearly different from sth. else This generation has, by contrast, made the environment a focus of attention. 相比之下，这一带 人使得环境成为关注的焦点。 Their movement, in contrast, reached a membership of 100,000 in two in two years.相比之下， 他们的运动两年内就发展 10 万成员。 12. in earnest --- seriously Are you joking or in earnest? 你是开玩笑还是认真的？ On the second day I began to work in earnest. 第二天我就开始认真地工作了。 13. lay out ---spread sth. out so that it can be seen easily or is ready to use; present a plan, an argument, etc. clearly and carefully He showed me how to lay out a printed page. 他向我展示了如何编排版面。 She laid out the knives and forks at the lunch table. 她把刀叉在午餐桌上摆好。 14. deliver the goods --- do what one promised to do or what one is expected to do The union is good at talking but they hardly ever deliver the goods. 工会只会空谈，但他们几 乎从未有过成果。 He is full of promises but in fact he rarely delivers the goods. 他满口诺言，事实上却难得兑 现
Passage a 他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区,他所穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪 下来的。他妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。狄更斯或许会创作出查理·卓别林的童 年故事,但只有査理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪者”,这个使 其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。 就卓别林而言,其他国家,如法国、意大利、西班牙,甚至日本和朝鲜,比 他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声(和更多的收益)。卓别林在1913年永久地离开 了英国,与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。在那里,他被星探招募 到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克·塞纳特的旗下工作。 不幸的是,20世纪二三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的“流浪者”多 少有点“粗俗”。中产阶级当然这样认为;劳动阶级倒更有可能为这样一个反抗 权势的角色拍手喝彩:他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子,或把皮靴后跟对准权势者宽大 的臀部一踢。尽管如此,卓别林的喜剧乞丐形象并不那么像英国人,甚至也不像 劳动阶级的人。英国流浪者并不留小胡子,也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服:欧洲的 领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。另外,流浪汉瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗 俗,被英国观众认为不太正派一只有外国人才那样,不是吗?而在 大半 的银幕生涯中,银幕上的他是不出声的,也就无法证明他是英国人。 事实上,当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影,不得不为他的流浪者找“合适的 声音”时,那确实令他头痛。他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来:1936的《摩登时 代》是第一部他在影片里发声唱歌的电影,他扮演一名侍者,操着编造的胡言乱 语,听起来不像任何国家的语言。后来他说,他想像中的流浪汉是一位受过大学 教育,但已经家道败落的绅士。但假如他在早期那些短小喜剧电影中能操一口受 过教育的人的口音,那么他是否会闻名世界就值得怀疑了,而英国人也肯定会觉 得这很“古怪”。虽然没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的,但是这促使他获 得了巨大的成功 他是一个有巨大才能的人,他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也是十分少见 的。他的巨大名声为他带来了自由,更重要的是带来了财富,他因此得以成为自 己的主人。随着事业的发展,他感到了一种冲动要去发掘并扩展自己身上所显露 的天才。当他第一次在银幕上看到自己扮演的流浪汉时,他说:“这不可能是我。 那可能吗?瞧这角色多么与众不同啊!” 而这种吃惊唤起了他的想像。卓别林并没有把他的笑料事先写成文字。他是 那种边表演边根据身体感觉去创造艺术的喜剧演员。没有生命的物体特别有助于 卓别林发挥自己艺术家的天赋。他会将这些物体发挥成其他东西。因此,在《当 铺老板》中,一个坏闹钟变成了正在接受手术的“病人”;在《淘金记》中,靴 子被煮熟,靴底蘸着盐和胡椒被吃掉,就像上好的鱼片(鞋钉就像鱼骨那样被剔 除)。这种对具体事物的发挥转化,以及他一次又一次做出这种转化的技巧,正 是卓别林伟大喜剧的奥秘 他也深切地渴望被爱,同时相应地害怕遭到背叛。这两者很难结合在一起, 有时这种冲突导致了灾难,就像他早期的几次婚姻那样。然而即使是这种以沉重 代价换来的自知之明也在他的喜剧创作中得到了表现。流浪汉始终没有失去对卖 花女的信心,相信她正等待着与自己共同走进夕阳之中;而卓别林的另一面使他 的《凡尔杜先生》,一个杀了妻子的法国人,成为了仇恨女人的象征。 令人宽慰的是,生活最终把他先前没能获得的稳定的幸福给了卓别林。他找 到了沃娜·奥尼尔·卓别林这个伴侣。她的稳定和深情跨越了他们之间37岁的
Passage A 他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区，他所穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪 下来的。他妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。狄更斯或许会创作出查理·卓别林的童 年故事，但只有查理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪者”，这个使 其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。 就卓别林而言，其他国家，如法国、意大利、西班牙，甚至日本和朝鲜，比 他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声(和更多的收益)。卓别林在 1913 年永久地离开 了英国，与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。在那里，他被星探招募 到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克·塞纳特的旗下工作。 不幸的是，20 世纪二三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的 “流浪者” 多 少有点“粗俗”。中产阶级当然这样认为；劳动阶级倒更有可能为这样一个反抗 权势的角色拍手喝彩：他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子，或把皮靴后跟对准权势者宽大 的臀部一踢。尽管如此，卓别林的喜剧乞丐形象并不那么像英国人，甚至也不像 劳动阶级的人。英国流浪者并不留小胡子，也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服：欧洲的 领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。另外，流浪汉瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗 俗，被英国观众认为不太正派 — 只有外国人才那样，不是吗？而在卓别林大半 的银幕生涯中，银幕上的他是不出声的，也就无法证明他是英国人。 事实上，当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影，不得不为他的流浪者找 “合适的 声音”时，那确实令他头痛。他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来： 1936 的《摩登时 代》是第一部他在影片里发声唱歌的电影，他扮演一名侍者，操着编造的胡言乱 语，听起来不像任何国家的语言。后来他说，他想像中的流浪汉是一位受过大学 教育，但已经家道败落的绅士。但假如他在早期那些短小喜剧电影中能操一口受 过教育的人的口音，那么他是否会闻名世界就值得怀疑了，而英国人也肯定会觉 得这很“古怪”。虽然没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的，但是这促使他获 得了巨大的成功。 他是一个有巨大才能的人，他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也是十分少见 的。他的巨大名声为他带来了自由，更重要的是带来了财富，他因此得以成为自 己的主人。随着事业的发展，他感到了一种冲动要去发掘并扩展自己身上所显露 的天才。当他第一次在银幕上看到自己扮演的流浪汉时，他说：“这不可能是我。 那可能吗？瞧这角色多么与众不同啊！” 而这种吃惊唤起了他的想像。卓别林并没有把他的笑料事先写成文字。他是 那种边表演边根据身体感觉去创造艺术的喜剧演员。没有生命的物体特别有助于 卓别林发挥自己艺术家的天赋。他会将这些物体发挥成其他东西。因此，在《当 铺老板》中，一个坏闹钟变成了正在接受手术的“病人”；在《淘金记》中，靴 子被煮熟，靴底蘸着盐和胡椒被吃掉，就像上好的鱼片(鞋钉就像鱼骨那样被剔 除)。这种对具体事物的发挥转化，以及他一次又一次做出这种转化的技巧，正 是卓别林伟大喜剧的奥秘。 他也深切地渴望被爱，同时相应地害怕遭到背叛。这两者很难结合在一起， 有时这种冲突导致了灾难，就像他早期的几次婚姻那样。然而即使是这种以沉重 代价换来的自知之明也在他的喜剧创作中得到了表现。流浪汉始终没有失去对卖 花女的信心，相信她正等待着与自己共同走进夕阳之中；而卓别林的另一面使他 的《凡尔杜先生》，一个杀了妻子的法国人，成为了仇恨女人的象征。 令人宽慰的是，生活最终把他先前没能获得的稳定的幸福给了卓别林。他找 到了沃娜·奥尼尔·卓别林这个伴侣。她的稳定和深情跨越了他们之间 37 岁的