Unit 5 Section A I Background Knowledge The applied ethical issue of euthanasia, or mercy killing, concerns whether it is morally permissible for a third party, such as a physician, to end the life of a terminally ill patient who is in intense pain The euthanasia controversy is part of a larger issue concerning the right to die. Staunch defenders of personal liberty argue that all of us are morally entitled to end our lives when we see fit. Thus, according to these people, suicide is in principle morally permissible For health care workers, the issue of the right to die is most prominent when a patient in their care(1)is terminally ill, (2)is in intense pain, and (3)voluntarily chooses to end his life to escape prolonged suffering. In these cases, there are several theoretical options open to the health care worker. First, the worker can ignore the patient's request and care can continue as usual. Second the worker can discontinue providing life-sustaining treatment to the patient, and thus allow him to die more quickly. This option is called passive euthanasia since it brings on death through nonintervention. Third, the health care worker can provide the patient with the means of taking his own life, such as a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called assisted suicide, since it is the patient, and not technically the health care worker, who administers the drug. Finally, the health care worker can take active measures to end the patient's life, such as by directly administering a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called active euthanasia since the health care workers action is the direct cause of the patients death. Active euthanasia is the most controversial of the four options and is currently illegal in the United States. However, several right to die organizations are lobbying for the laws against active euthanasia to change voluntary euthanasia: When the person who is killed has requested to be killed. Non-voluntary: When the person who is killed made no request and gave no consent involuntary euthanasia When the person who is killed made an expressed wish to the contrary assisted suicide: Someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. When it is a doctor who helps another person to kill themselves it is called"physician assisted suicide. Euthanasia By Action: Intentionally causing a person's death by performing an action such as by giving a lethal injection. Euthanasi Omission: Intentionally causing death by not providing necessary and ordinary (usual and customary) care or food and water SeemoreaboutEuthanasiaathttp://www.nric.org/euthanaSia/index.htm/ II. Text Analysis Main Idea and Devices for Developing It 1.Main ldea of the text The story deals with a doctors view of a terminally ill grandmother as a terrible-looking lady with graceful hands from the outset but a considerate lady with graceful heart and mind in the end 2. Devices for Developing
Unit 5 Section A I. Background Knowledge The applied ethical issue of euthanasia, or mercy killing, concerns whether it is morally permissible for a third party, such as a physician, to end the life of a terminally ill patient who is in intense pain. The euthanasia controversy is part of a larger issue concerning the right to die. Staunch defenders of personal liberty argue that all of us are morally entitled to end our lives when we see fit. Thus, according to these people, suicide is in principle morally permissible. For health care workers, the issue of the right to die is most prominent when a patient in their care (1) is terminally ill, (2) is in intense pain, and (3) voluntarily chooses to end his life to escape prolonged suffering. In these cases, there are several theoretical options open to the health care worker. First, the worker can ignore the patient's request and care can continue as usual. Second, the worker can discontinue providing life-sustaining treatment to the patient, and thus allow him to die more quickly. This option is called passive euthanasia since it brings on death through nonintervention. Third, the health care worker can provide the patient with the means of taking his own life, such as a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called assisted suicide, since it is the patient, and not technically the health care worker, who administers the drug. Finally, the health care worker can take active measures to end the patient's life, such as by directly administering a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called active euthanasia since the health care worker's action is the direct cause of the patient's death. Active euthanasia is the most controversial of the four options and is currently illegal in the United States. However, several right to die organizations are lobbying for the laws against active euthanasia to change voluntary euthanasia: When the person who is killed has requested to be killed. Non-voluntary: When the person who is killed made no request and gave no consent involuntary euthanasia: When the person who is killed made an expressed wish to the contrary assisted suicide: Someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. When it is a doctor who helps another person to kill themselves it is called "physician assisted suicide." Euthanasia By Action: Intentionally causing a person's death by performing an action such as by giving a lethal injection. Euthanasia By Omission: Intentionally causing death by not providing necessary and ordinary (usual and customary) care or food and water See more about Euthanasia at: http://www.nrlc.org/euthanasia/index.html II. Text Analysis Main Idea and Devices for Developing It 1.Main Idea of the text The story deals with a doctor’s view of a terminally ill grandmother as a terrible-looking lady with graceful hands from the outset but a considerate lady with graceful heart and mind in the end. 2.Devices for Developing
1>. Double clues(双线索法) There are two clues running through the whole passage, one being explicit and another implicit The explicit clue is the time sequence, along which the author organized her experience with the dying patient. (Refer to Explicit clue) The implicit clue is the author's emotional experience, hich unnoticeably leads the reader into her emotional (Refer to Implicit clue) Explicit clue -- Time sequence Explicit clue - As a major device used in narrative, the order of time is employed in this text like a thread to string all the events together: from "i have never seen Mrs. Clark before. to "Tw days later, I read about Mrs. Clark in the newspaper. A fact to be noted is that the progression of time is shown not only with time markers, but also with some other means Sentences with time markers. )I have never seen Mrs. Clark before, but I know that tonight she will die. Para. 1) 2)As I stand there, the smell hits my nose.(Para. 2) 3)When I am finished, I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her.( Para. 6) 4)Some unknown interval of time passes before her eyes open again, only this time there is no response in them. (Para. 8) 5)Two days later, I read about Mrs Clark in the newspaper. ( Para. 9) Sentences without time markers. 1)I reach for the light switch, .. I return to bed... ( Para. 2) 2)I reach for the long, thin fingers.( Para. 4) 3)I bend close to her... I put my finger over the end of the straw.. We repeat the procedure Para. 4) 4)I go about providing for her needs ..I turn her on her side... I remove the lid. I rub cream into the yellow skin . I notice that . Para. 5) 5).. her shallow breathing stops,.. I begin to cry quietly . still holding her hand, I become aware that . ( Para. 8) Implicit clue Following this clue unconsciously, the reader seems to experience the same shock and change in emotion as the author did. As a result, Mrs. Clark, a dying patient with terrible appearance, changes from someone we as well as the author understand first to someone we admire and prais in the end. In fact, the change in the authors emotion undergoes three steps. Implicit clue Emotional experience Step 1: Mrs. Clark is a total stran Ive never seen Mrs Clark before. (L 1) I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional, medical eye. (L. 7) Then, the objective narration and description in Paras. 3, 4 and 5 reach for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest. ( L. 14) Step 2: I know something about her an begin to understand or admire her. I.. again notice the long, thin fingers. Graceful. (L. 35) but I have understood what she has done. (L. 40) I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers,..(L
1>. Double Clues (双线索法) There are two clues running through the whole passage, one being explicit and another implicit. The explicit clue is the time sequence, along which the author organized her experience with the dying patient. (Refer to Explicit clue) The implicit clue is the author’s emotional experience, which unnoticeably leads the reader into her emotional world. (Refer to Implicit clue) .Explicit clue --- Time sequence Explicit clue — As a major device used in narrative, the order of time is employed in this text like a thread to string all the events together: from “I have never seen Mrs. Clark before.” to “Two days later, I read about Mrs. Clark in the newspaper.” A fact to be noted is that the progression of time is shown not only with time markers, but also with some other means. Sentences with time markers: 1) I have never seen Mrs. Clark before, but I know that tonight she will die. (Para. 1) 2) As I stand there , the smell hits my nose. (Para. 2) 3) When I am finished, I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her…(Para. 6) 4) Some unknown interval of time passes before her eyes open again, only this time there is no response in them. (Para. 8) 5) Two days later, I read about Mrs. Clark in the newspaper. (Para. 9) Sentences without time markers: 1) I reach for the light switch, …, I return to bed…(Para. 2) 2) I reach for the long, thin fingers…(Para. 4) 3) I bend close to her…I put my finger over the end of the straw…We repeat the procedure. (Para. 4) 4) I go about providing for her needs. …I turn her on her side. …I remove the lid …I rub cream into the yellow skin … I notice that …(Para. 5) 5) …her shallow breathing stops, …I begin to cry quietly. …still holding her hand, I become aware that …(Para. 8) .Implicit clue Following this clue unconsciously, the reader seems to experience the same shock and change in emotion as the author did. As a result, Mrs. Clark, a dying patient with terrible appearance, changes from someone we as well as the author understand first to someone we admire and praise in the end. In fact, the change in the author’s emotion undergoes three steps. Implicit clue --- Emotional experience • Step 1: Mrs. Clark is a total stranger. • I’ve never seen Mrs. Clark before. (L. 1) • …, I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional, medical eye. (L. 7) • Then, the objective narration and description in Paras. 3, 4 and 5. • I reach for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest. (L. 14) Step 2: I know something about her an begin to understand or admire her. • I … again notice the long, thin fingers. Graceful. (L. 35) • …but I have understood what she has done. (L. 40) • …I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, … (L
e become aware that.(L. 44) I nod my head slowly, smiling.(L. 45) I receive my thank you.(L. 46 Step 3: I am deeply touched by her I begin to cry quietly. There is a swell of emotion within me for this stranger..(L. 50) it was a privilege she has allowed me, and I would do it again, gladly. (L. 53) and instead shared it with me. (L. 55) and I am glad I was there for her. (L. 56) Yes, they were long and graceful fingers. (L. 60) 2>. General- specific(总分法) The author states an impress first and then presents the details. With this method, the author successfully introduces the reader into the scene she depicts. Thus, the reader feels the same thing and breathes the same breath as the author does She lies motionless: the head seems unusually large on a skeleton body; the skin is dark yellow nd hangs loosely around exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide; the right arm lies straight out at the side taped cruelly to a board to secure a needle so that fluid may drip in; the left arm is across the sunken chest, which rises and falls with the uneven breaths. Para 3) 3>. Detailed description(细节描写法) The detailed descriptions are centered around the conditions of"the ward"and "the patient"as well as around the help the doctor gave to the patient. This device produces the result that the reader feels to be on the spot as the author is, and that the writers mental activities can find echoes in the reader The conditions of the ward: The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medical equipment, which is flashing its red light as if in warning. The smell hits my nose, and I close my eyes as I remember the smell of decay from past experiences. In my mouth, I have a sour, vinegar ning from the pit of my stomach e conditions 1)Refer to Para. 3 2)In Para. 5: They are cold. Naked, except for a light hospital gown, she is very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine. The yellow skin rolls freely over the bones 3)In Para. 8: Without warning, her shallow breathing stops, and within a few moments, the faint pulse is also gone. One single tear flows from her eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow The help given to the patient I bend close to her... I put my finger over.. and allow a few drops. and ease her thirst. (Para. 4) Picking her up in my arms like a child, I turn her on her side.... I remove the lid from a jar of skin cream and put some. Carefully, to avoid injuring her, I rub cream into the yellow skin,.(Para 3.The passage can be divided into 6 parts, the main idea of each part and devices for developing it Part I(Para 1-4)
42) • …we become aware that … (L. 44) • … I nod my head slowly, smiling. (L. 45) • … I receive my thank you … (L. 46) • Step 3: I am deeply touched by her. • I begin to cry quietly. There is a swell of emotion within me for this stranger… (L. 50) • … it was a privilege she has allowed me, and I would do it again, gladly. (L. 53) • …and instead shared it with me. (L. 55) • … and I am glad I was there for her. (L. 56) • Yes, they were long and graceful fingers. (L. 60) 2>. General-specific (总分法) The author states an impress first and then presents the details. With this method, the author successfully introduces the reader into the scene she depicts. Thus, the reader feels the same thing and breathes the same breath as the author does. She lies motionless: the head seems unusually large on a skeleton body; the skin is dark yellow and hangs loosely around exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide; the right arm lies straight out at the side, taped cruelly to a board to secure a needle so that fluid may drip in; the left arm is across the sunken chest, which rises and falls with the uneven breaths. (Para. 3) 3>. Detailed description (细节描写法) The detailed descriptions are centered around the conditions of “the ward” and “the patient” as well as around the help the doctor gave to the patient. This device produces the result that the reader feels to be on the spot as the author is, and that the writer’s mental activities can find echoes in the reader. The conditions of the ward: The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medical equipment, which is flashing its red light as if in warning. The smell hits my nose, and I close my eyes as I remember the smell of decay from past experiences. In my mouth, I have a sour, vinegar taste coming from the pit of my stomach. The conditions of the patient: 1) Refer to Para. 3. 2) In Para. 5: They are cold. Naked, except for a light hospital gown, she is very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine. The yellow skin rolls freely over the bones. 3) In Para. 8: Without warning, her shallow breathing stops, and within a few moments, the faint pulse is also gone. One single tear flows from her eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow. The help given to the patient I bend close to her… I put my finger over…and allow a few drops…and ease her thirst. (Para. 4) Picking her up in my arms like a child, I turn her on her side. … I remove the lid from a jar of skin cream and put some… Carefully, to avoid injuring her, I rub cream into the yellow skin,… (Para. 5) 3.The passage can be divided into 6 parts ,the main idea of each part and devices for developing it Part I (Para 1-4)
I attend to a dying patient, who is very thin. Even, she has no enough strength to swallow some water 第I部分作者使用了叙述-描写法( Narration- description Part II(Para. 5) The patient is seriously ill, too weak for anything Dominant impression Mrs, Clark is too weak for anything. I. She is too weak to make any request and i have to offer my service without asking 2. She is so very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine 3. I rub cream into the yellow skin, which rolls freely over the bones, feeling perfectly the outline of each bone in the back 4. I notice that her legs are ice cold too, and not until I run my hands up over her knees do feel any of the life-giving warmth of blood Part Ill(Paras. 6-7) Driven by my thoughts, I exchange with the patient, who is able to utter only broken sentences. Though, i begin to see what a kind and considerate grandmother she is Devices for developing it? 第Ⅲl部分作者使用了描写法( Description) This is focused on the author's mental activities Graceful. I wonder briefly if she has any family, and then I see that there are neither flowers nor pictures of rainbows and butterflies drawn by children, nor cards. There is no hint in the room anywhere that this is a person who is loved. (Para. 6) feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath. Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two human beings .Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank you and her eyes slowly close. Para7) Part IV(Para. 8) The patient dies. And the author seems to have a better understanding of the patient. Mrs Clark spares her family from seeing her die and the author feels it a privilege to be there with e patient 第ⅣⅤ部分作者使用了描写法( Description This is also focused on the author 's mental activities The most impressive sentence One single tear flows from her left eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow Analysis: this is the last teardrop of the lady. What is it for? Is it a tear of joy? a tear of gratitude? Or a tear of pity? The mental activities of the author. There is a swell of emotion within me Her suffering is done, yet so is the life. Slowly,.. I become aware that I don't mind Mrs Clark spared her family an episode that No one should die alone
I attend to a dying patient, who is very thin. Even, she has no enough strength to swallow some water. 第 I 部分作者使用了叙述- 描写法 (Narration-description) Part II (Para. 5) The patient is seriously ill, too weak for anything. Dominant impression: Mrs. Clark is too weak for anything. 1. She is too weak to make any request and I have to offer my service without asking. 2. She is so very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine. 3. I rub cream into the yellow skin, which rolls freely over the bones, feeling perfectly the outline of each bone in the back. 4. I notice that her legs are ice cold too, and not until I run my hands up over her knees do I feel any of the life-giving warmth of blood. Part III (Paras. 6-7) Driven by my thoughts, I exchange with the patient, who is able to utter only broken sentences. Though, I begin to see what a kind and considerate grandmother she is. Devices for developing it ? 第 III 部分作者使用了描写法(Description) This is focused on the author’s mental activities. Graceful. I wonder briefly if she has any family, and then I see that there are neither flowers, nor pictures of rainbows and butterflies drawn by children, nor cards. There is no hint in the room anywhere that this is a person who is loved. (Para. 6) I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath. Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two human beings …Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank you and her eyes slowly close. (Para7) Part IV (Para. 8) The patient dies. And the author seems to have a better understanding of the patient. Mrs. Clark spares her family from seeing her die and the author feels it a privilege to be there with the patient. • Devices for developing it ? • 第 IV 部分作者使用了描写法 (Description) This is also focused on the author’s mental activities. The most impressive sentence: One single tear flows from her left eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow. Analysis: this is the last teardrop of the lady. What is it for? Is it a tear of joy? A tear of gratitude? Or a tear of pity? • The mental activities of the author: • There is a swell of emotion within me… • Her suffering is done, yet so is the life. • Slowly, …, I become aware that I don’t mind… • Mrs. Clark spared her family an episode that … • No one should die alone, …
It is only two days after Mrs. Clarks death that the author comes to learn more about her from e newspaper. Devices for developing it? 第Ⅴ部分作者使用了事实陈述法( Statement of facts) Here, the author simply states some facts about Mrs Clark She was the mother of seven, grandmother of eighteen, an active member of her church, a leader of volunteer associations in her community, a concert piano player, and a piano teacher for over thirty years This is not to stack facts but serves to strengthen the impression the author gains in Para. 8 Mrs. Clark is graceful in heart and mind. Thus, readers see the whole picture of a graceful Part IV(Para. 10) Mrs. Clark is really graceful Devices for developing it? 第Ⅵ部分作者使用了描写法( Description This part consists of only one sentence. ""Yes, they were long and graceful fingers. " Literally the author praises the graceful fingers; in fact, she speaks highly of the patient I. Language points 1. preceding a. coming or going before in time, order在前的,在先的,前面的 The paintings are a development of ideas she explored in the preceding decade.这些画是她十年以来探索思想的发展 In conclusion, I hope the preceding arguments have convinced you of the need for action.总之,我希望前面的论证能让你信服行动的必要性 precede:v.1) come or go just in front of处在前面,领先 He came into the room preceded by a small dog.他走进房间,一只小狗 走在他前面 Now that you have read that sentence, reread the one that precedes. Eh 4E 你已经读到了那句话,那么再把它前面的一句读一遍 2) be earlier than处在之前,先于,在先 Thousands of people traveled to America to escape hardship in the years that immediately preceded the First World War.成千上万的人在第一次 世界大战爆发之前的几年里来到美国,以逃离苦难。 The week that preceded May Day last year had seen days of heavy downpour(倾盆大雨) in that country and the people there were all prepared to fight floods.去年“五·一”节前的一周里,那个国家下了好 几天倾盆大雨,那儿的人们都在准备抗洪 2. secure vt.1. make firm or tight; fasten关紧,固定 The gate won't stay open, so we'll have to secure it to the post 大门不能一直开着,所以我们不得不将它固定在柱子上 Secure all the doors and windows before leaving. 离开之前把所有的门窗关紧
Part V (Para.9) It is only two days after Mrs. Clark’s death that the author comes to learn more about her from the newspaper. Devices for developing it ? 第 V 部分作者使用了事实陈述法 (Statement of facts) Here, the author simply states some facts about Mrs. Clark: She was the mother of seven, grandmother of eighteen, an active member of her church, a leader of volunteer associations in her community, a concert piano player, and a piano teacher for over thirty years. This is not to stack facts but serves to strengthen the impression the author gains in Para. 8: Mrs. Clark is graceful in heart and mind. Thus, readers see the whole picture of a graceful lady. Part IV (Para. 10) Mrs. Clark is really graceful. • Devices for developing it ? • 第 VI 部分作者使用了描写法 (Description) This part consists of only one sentence. “Yes, they were long and graceful fingers.” Literally, the author praises the graceful fingers; in fact, she speaks highly of the patient. III. Language Points 1. preceding a. coming or going before in time, order 在前的，在先的，前面的 The paintings are a development of ideas she explored in the preceding decade. 这些画是她十年以来探索思想的发展。 In conclusion, I hope the preceding arguments have convinced you of the need for action. 总之，我希望前面的论证能让你信服行动的必要性。 precede: v. 1) come or go just in front of 处在前面，领先 He came into the room preceded by a small dog. 他走进房间，一只小狗 走在他前面。 Now that you have read that sentence, reread the one that precedes. 现在 你已经读到了那句话，那么再把它前面的一句读一遍。 2) be earlier than 处在…之前，先于，在先 Thousands of people traveled to America to escape hardship in the years that immediately preceded the First World War. 成千上万的人在第一次 世界大战爆发之前的几年里来到美国，以逃离苦难。 The week that preceded May Day last year had seen days of heavy downpour ( 倾 盆 大 雨 ) in that country and the people there were all prepared to fight floods. 去年“五 ∙ 一”节前的一周里，那个国家下了好 几天倾盆大雨，那儿的人们都在准备抗洪。 2. secure vt. 1. make firm or tight; fasten 关紧，固定 The gate won't stay open, so we'll have to secure it to the post. 大门不能一直开着，所以我们不得不将它固定在柱子上。 Secure all the doors and windows before leaving. 离开之前把所有的门窗关紧
2. make safe, protect使安全,保护 The wall was built to secure the village from attack 建造这堵墙是为了保护村庄不受攻击 th difficulty得到,获得 They ve secured the government's support for the project. 他们已取得了政府对这一规划的支持 I've secured us two front seats for the show 我为我们弄到了两个前排座位,观看表演 a.1.safe; protected against danger or risk安全的 Are we secure from attack here?我们这里很安全,受不到攻击吧 2. firm or tight enough for safety牢固的 Make the window secure before leaving the house 离开前要关紧窗户。 3. having no doubt, fear or anxiety无忧的,安心的 The young man felt secure about his future 这个年轻人对自己的前途无忧无虑 安全,确信,保证 3. moisture n.[U] tiny drops of water on a surface, in the air,etc.潮湿,湿气 moisture content含水量 moisture determination含水量测定 Rainfall affects the moisture content of the atmosphere 下雨对大气中的含水量有影响。 沙漠里的空气几乎不含水分。 moist a.潮湿的,多雨的,汨汪汪的,充满潮气的 4. gown n.C] a woman's dress女长服;罩衣 a ball-gown舞会礼服 wedding gowns婚礼礼服 A hospital gown is worn by people receiving medical treatment in hospital.医院罩衣是人们在医院接受治疗时穿的 The students had to wear gowns at graduation ceremony 毕业典礼上学生必须穿礼服 5. famine n [U, C] a serious lack of food causing illness and death WLsL There is a severe famine in many parts of Africa 非洲很多地方有严重的饥荒。 The long drought(干旱) was followed by famine.久旱之后是饥荒。 Parts of india have often suffered from famine 印度有些地方经常遭受饥荒 feminine a.妇女的,柔弱的 feminism n.男女平权论,女权运动 6. being n.1.[C] a person or thing that exists生物,人 He was a very gentle being who was much loved by all those who knew him.他是个十分随和的人,认识他的人都很喜欢他。 These are the strange beings from outer space 这些是来自外层空间的奇特生物 2. [U] the state of existing存在
2. make safe; protect 使安全，保护 The wall was built to secure the village from attack. 建造这堵墙是为了保护村庄不受攻击。 3. get, sometimes with difficulty 得到，获得 They've secured the government's support for the project. 他们已取得了政府对这一规划的支持。 I've secured us two front seats for the show. 我为我们弄到了两个前排座位，观看表演。 a. 1. safe; protected against danger or risk 安全的 Are we secure from attack here? 我们这里很安全，受不到攻击吧？ 2. firm or tight enough for safety 牢固的 Make the window secure before leaving the house. 离开前要关紧窗户。 3. having no doubt, fear or anxiety 无忧的，安心的 The young man felt secure about his future. 这个年轻人对自己的前途无忧无虑。 security n. 安全，确信，保证 3. moisture n. [U] tiny drops of water on a surface, in the air, etc. 潮湿，湿气 moisture content 含水量 moisture determination 含水量测定 Rainfall affects the moisture content of the atmosphere. 下雨对大气中的含水量有影响。 The desert air contains hardly any moisture. 沙漠里的空气几乎不含水分。 moist a. 潮湿的，多雨的，泪汪汪的，充满潮气的 4. gown n. [C] a woman's dress 女长服；罩衣 a ball-gown 舞会礼服 wedding gowns 婚礼礼服 A hospital gown is worn by people receiving medical treatment in hospital. 医院罩衣是人们在医院接受治疗时穿的。 The students had to wear gowns at graduation ceremony. 毕业典礼上学生必须穿礼服。 5. famine n. [U, C] a serious lack of food causing illness and death 饥荒 There is a severe famine in many parts of Africa. 非洲很多地方有严重的饥荒。 The long drought (干旱) was followed by famine. 久旱之后是饥荒。 Parts of India have often suffered from famine. 印度有些地方经常遭受饥荒。 feminine a. 妇女的，柔弱的 feminism n. 男女平权论，女权运动 6. being n. 1. [C] a person or thing that exists 生物，人 He was a very gentle being who was much loved by all those who knew him. 他是个十分随和的人，认识他的人都很喜欢他。 These are the strange beings from outer space. 这些是来自外层空间的奇特生物。 2. [U] the state of existing 存在
We don' t know exactly how life first came into being 我们不知道生命究竟是如何诞生的 This rule was brought into being because the old law was abused 由于旧的法律遭到滥用,这条规则便应运而生。 interval n. 1. [C] a period between two events or times, or the space tween two points间隔,间距 There's often a long interval between an author completing a book and its appearing in the shops 从作者完成一本书到这本书出现在书店里通常有很长一段间隔。 Tomorrow it will be mostly cloudy, with a few sunny intervals 明天大部分时间是阴,有时转晴 2.C] a brief period between the parts of performance幕间休息,中场休息 He scored his first goal of the match three minutes after the interval. Ht 休息才过3分钟,他就射入了他本场比赛的第一个进球。 During the interval, we were taken to the coffee bar 在幕间休息时,我们被领到咖啡厅 8. privilege n.[C,U特权,优惠 As a teenager, she felt that living in Manhattan was a privilege she was lucky to have 当她十几岁时,感到住在曼哈顿是她幸运地拥有的一个特权。 The children of the rich and powerful experience privilege from birth. A 钱有势人家的孩子从出生起就受到特别对待。 Part Two: Text Analysis 1. hit: vt affect very badly The increase in ticket prices has hit spectator sports badly.票价上涨极大地影响了观众多 的体育运动 a powerful earthquake hit the city.这个城市遭受了一次强烈的地震 The smell of frying ham hit me as I opened the door.我一开门就闻到一股煎火腿的香味 2. the pit of ones stomach胸口,心窝 The ache in the pit of her stomach is no worse than the one in her heart她胸口的疼痛比不 上她心头的疼痛 I got a sick feeling in the pit of my stomach when the news of the attack was announced. 3 进攻的消息宣布时,我感到胸口很难受。 3. reach for: stretch one' s hand in order to touch or take伸出手以触到或拿到 The shopkeeper reached for a packet of tea.店主伸手去拿一袋茶叶。 I reach for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest.我伸手去触摸那放在胸口的细 长手指 4. hang around: (also hang about/round)(cause to)swing from or round(f)E 上挂着,(使)围在…上 By the clouds which hang around the mountain the locals can foretell a storm.根据环绕着 山峰的云的情形,当地人能预知暴风雨的到来 She likes to hang a necklace around her neck, but i don't.她总喜欢戴条项链,但我不喜欢。 5. so that: with the aim that, in order that为的是,以便
We don't know exactly how life first came into being. 我们不知道生命究竟是如何诞生的。 This rule was brought into being because the old law was abused. 由于旧的法律遭到滥用，这条规则便应运而生。 7. interval n. 1. [C] a period between two events or times, or the space between two points 间隔，间距 There's often a long interval between an author completing a book and its appearing in the shops. 从作者完成一本书到这本书出现在书店里通常有很长一段间隔。 Tomorrow it will be mostly cloudy, with a few sunny intervals. 明天大部分时间是阴，有时转晴。 2. [C] a brief period between the parts of performance 幕间休息，中场休息 He scored his first goal of the match three minutes after the interval. 中场 休息才过 3 分钟，他就射入了他本场比赛的第一个进球。 During the interval, we were taken to the coffee bar. 在幕间休息时，我们被领到咖啡厅。 8. privilege n. [C, U] 特权，优惠 As a teenager, she felt that living in Manhattan was a privilege she was lucky to have. 当她十几岁时，感到住在曼哈顿是她幸运地拥有的一个特权。 The children of the rich and powerful experience privilege from birth. 有 钱有势人家的孩子从出生起就受到特别对待。 Part Two: Text Analysis 1. hit: vt. affect very badly The increase in ticket prices has hit spectator sports badly. 票价上涨极大地影响了观众多 的体育运动。 A powerful earthquake hit the city. 这个城市遭受了一次强烈的地震。 The smell of frying ham hit me as I opened the door. 我一开门就闻到一股煎火腿的香味。 2. the pit of one's stomach:胸口，心窝 The ache in the pit of her stomach is no worse than the one in her heart. 她胸口的疼痛比不 上她心头的疼痛。 I got a sick feeling in the pit of my stomach when the news of the attack was announced. 当 进攻的消息宣布时，我感到胸口很难受。 3. reach for: stretch one's hand in order to touch or take 伸出手以触到或拿到 The shopkeeper reached for a packet of tea. 店主伸手去拿一袋茶叶。 I reach for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest. 我伸手去触摸那放在胸口的细 长手指。 4. hang around: (also hang about/round) (cause to) swing from or round(使)在…… 上挂着， （使）围在……上 By the clouds which hang around the mountain the locals can foretell a storm. 根据环绕着 山峰的云的情形，当地人能预知暴风雨的到来。 She likes to hang a necklace around her neck, but I don't. 她总喜欢戴条项链，但我不喜欢。 5. so that: with the aim that; in order that 为的是，以便
She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 6 o'clock 她努力干,以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪。 Leave the keys out so that I remember to take them with me 把钥匙放在外面,以便我能记着随身携带 6. feel for: search with the hands, the feet, a stick,etc.(用手、足、棍等)摸索,寻找 He felt in his pocket for the key.他用手在口袋里摸钥匙。 Blinded by the soap, he had to feel for his glasses他被肥皂弄得睁不开眼,只好用手摸索 着找眼镜 7. ease: vi. 1)take away(pain or worry); relieve; lessen ike Take this medicine and it will ease the pain.把这药吃下去,它能镇痛。 The pilot's calm manner eased the passengers'fears.飞行员镇定自 若的举止消减了乘客们的恐惧。 2) make more comfortable使..舒服,放松 I eased her mind by telling her that the children were safe.我告诉 她孩子们很安全,以此来宽慰她 Her son's coming back from the army safe and sound eased Mrs Green of her worry and anxiety.儿子从部队平安归来消除了格林太太的担心和焦虑 n. 1)the state of being comfortable and without worry or anxiety; leisure; peace of mind安逸,轻松 The retired couple lived a life of ease.这对退休夫妇过着悠闲自在的生活。 Lucy is a rich woman now and leads a life of ease.如今露茜成了有钱人,过着 悠闲自在的生活。 2)the ability to do sth. without difficulty; easiness; effortlessness readiness熟练,情谊,容易 Our team won the game with ease.我们队轻松拿下了这场比赛 He writes with ease.他文笔流畅。 8. turn towards change position so as to face the particular direction #a Please turn towards me when you are speaking, so that I can hear what you are saying. itW 说话时转过来对着我,以便我能听清你说什么。 If you turn towards the right and look in the mirror, you will be able to see the mark. 1i 向右转照照镜子,你会看到那道痕迹 make an attempt to do sth: make an effort to do sth.尝试,企图 They made no attempt to escape.他们未曾企图逃跑。 She made a few attempts to join in their conversation.在他们谈话时她插了几次话 10. bend to: bow to a specific direction俯向 Jim bent to the ground to pick up the pen.吉姆弯腰从地上拾起钢笔 He bent forward to the child to listen to what he was saying 他弯下腰来听孩子在说什么。 ll. go about doing sth: start to work at, set about着手处理,开始做 How do you go about building a boat?你们是如何着手建造一只小船的? How shall we go about the job?我们该怎样着手干这件工作 12. provide for: 1)make arrangements to deal with sth that might happen in the future为可能发生的事做安排 We did not provide for such a great increase in prices.我们没有想到价格
She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 6 o'clock. 她努力干，以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪。 Leave the keys out so that I remember to take them with me. 把钥匙放在外面，以便我能记着随身携带。 6. feel for: search with the hands, the feet, a stick, etc.（用手、足、棍等）摸索,寻找 He felt in his pocket for the key. 他用手在口袋里摸钥匙。 Blinded by the soap, he had to feel for his glasses. 他被肥皂弄得睁不开眼，只好用手摸索 着找眼镜。 7. ease: vi. 1) take away (pain or worry); relieve; lessen 减轻 Take this medicine and it will ease the pain. 把这药吃下去，它能镇痛。 The pilot's calm manner eased the passengers' fears. 飞行员镇定自 若的举止消减了乘客们的恐惧。 2) make more comfortable 使…舒服，放松 I eased her mind by telling her that the children were safe. 我告诉 她孩子们很安全，以此来宽慰她。 Her son's coming back from the army safe and sound eased Mrs. Green of her worry and anxiety. 儿子从部队平安归来消除了格林太太的担心和焦虑。 n. 1) the state of being comfortable and without worry or anxiety; leisure; peace of mind 安逸，轻松 The retired couple lived a life of ease. 这对退休夫妇过着悠闲自在的生活。 Lucy is a rich woman now and leads a life of ease. 如今露茜成了有钱人，过着 悠闲自在的生活。 2) the ability to do sth. without difficulty; easiness; effortlessness; readiness 熟练，情谊，容易 Our team won the game with ease. 我们队轻松拿下了这场比赛。 He writes with ease. 他文笔流畅。 8. turn towards: change position so as to face the particular direction 转向 Please turn towards me when you are speaking, so that I can hear what you are saying. 请你 说话时转过来对着我，以便我能听清你说什么。 If you turn towards the right and look in the mirror, you will be able to see the mark. 假如你 向右转照照镜子，你会看到那道痕迹。 9. make an attempt to do sth.: make an effort to do sth. 尝试，企图 They made no attempt to escape. 他们未曾企图逃跑。 She made a few attempts to join in their conversation.在他们谈话时,她插了几次话。 10. bend to: bow to a specific direction 俯向 Jim bent to the ground to pick up the pen. 吉姆弯腰从地上拾起钢笔。 He bent forward to the child to listen to what he was saying. 他弯下腰来听孩子在说什么。 11. go about doing sth.: start to work at; set about 着手处理，开始做 How do you go about building a boat? 你们是如何着手建造一只小船的？ How shall we go about the job? 我们该怎样着手干这件工作？ 12. provide for: 1) make arrangements to deal with sth. that might happen in the future 为可能发生的事做安排 We did not provide for such a great increase in prices. 我们没有想到价格
的增幅会这么大,所以没有充分的准备。 How can people provide for unexpected events?人们如何准备应付意料不 到的事件呢 2)support someone by giving them money and the things that they need supply with the necessary things of life He has five children and a wife to provide for.他要养活妻子和五个孩子 Our nursery provides for all the needs of very young children.我们的托儿 所提供幼儿所需的一切 13. pick sth. up: take hold of and lift sb举起,抱起 He picked up the child and put her on his shoulders他把小孩举起放在自己的肩上。 I picked a small child up under each arm and ran to the other end of the garden 我一手抱起一个小孩跑到花园的另一头 4. pull up: pull sth. forward把…拉过来,把…拉向前 Pull up the chair and join the conversation.把椅子拉过来,跟我们一起谈谈, The boat was pulled up on the shore.小船被拉上了岸 15. except for: used to introduce the only things, people, or ideas that prevent your main statement from being completely true The classroom was silent, except for the busy scratching of pens on paper教室里静悄悄的 只听见钢笔快速地在纸上书写的沙沙声 His composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes.他的这篇作文写得很好,只是 有几处拼写错误。 16. neither.(nor.): conj. used before the first of two or more choices which are expressed by noun phrases, verb phrases, etc, separated by"nor", meaning"not either Lily' s husband neither smokes nor drinks.莉莉的丈夫既不抽烟也不喝酒 In a position like this one can neither stand up nor lie down.处在这样的位置,一个人既不 能站直,又无法躺倒 17. an ounce of sth. a very small amount of sth She hasn' t an ounce of common sense.她一点常识都没有 There is not an ounce of truth in his stories.他说的没有一点是真的 sense: v The doctors can often sense uneasiness in the patients whom they treat医生们通常能觉察 到他们所治疗的病人心中的不安 He sensed that she did not want to talk to him.他感觉到她不愿和他交谈。 19. match: vt. go with; correspond to I tried hard, but still my pace couldn, t match his.我很努力,可我的步伐还是不能与他保持 You have to match your spending with your income.你要量入为出 20. curl: v become curved or rounded in shape They' ve got toes, which curl round like this.他们的脚趾就像这样弯曲着。 Her white hands were curled around the cup.她白晳的双手握着杯子。 21. at intervals (of): happening regularly after equal periods of time or appearing Trains will run from Shanghai to Nanjing at 20-minute intervals from 10 am to8 pm. M Eit 到南京的火车,从上午10点到晚上8点每隔20分钟发一班
的增幅会这么大，所以没有充分的准备。 How can people provide for unexpected events? 人们如何准备应付意料不 到的事件呢？ 2) support someone by giving them money and the things that they need; supply with the necessary things of life He has five children and a wife to provide for. 他要养活妻子和五个孩子。 Our nursery provides for all the needs of very young children. 我们的托儿 所提供幼儿所需的一切。 13. pick sth. up: take hold of and lift sb.举起，抱起 He picked up the child and put her on his shoulders.他把小孩举起放在自己的肩上。 I picked a small child up under each arm and ran to the other end of the garden. 我一手抱起一个小孩跑到花园的另一头。 14. pull up: pull sth. forward 把... ...拉过来，把... ...拉向前 Pull up the chair and join the conversation. 把椅子拉过来，跟我们一起谈谈。 The boat was pulled up on the shore. 小船被拉上了岸。 15. except for: used to introduce the only things, people, or ideas that prevent your main statement from being completely true The classroom was silent, except for the busy scratching of pens on paper.教室里静悄悄的， 只听见钢笔快速地在纸上书写的沙沙声。 His composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes. 他的这篇作文写得很好，只是 有几处拼写错误。 16. neither…(nor…): conj. used before the first of two or more choices which are expressed by noun phrases, verb phrases, etc., separated by "nor", meaning "not either" Lily's husband neither smokes nor drinks. 莉莉的丈夫既不抽烟也不喝酒。 In a position like this one can neither stand up nor lie down. 处在这样的位置，一个人既不 能站直，又无法躺倒。 17. an ounce of sth.: a very small amount of sth. She hasn't an ounce of common sense. 她一点常识都没有。 There is not an ounce of truth in his stories. 他说的没有一点是真的。 18. sense: v. become aware of The doctors can often sense uneasiness in the patients whom they treat. 医生们通常能觉察 到他们所治疗的病人心中的不安。 He sensed that she did not want to talk to him. 他感觉到她不愿和他交谈。 19. match: vt. go with; correspond to I tried hard, but still my pace couldn't match his. 我很努力，可我的步伐还是不能与他保持 一致。 You have to match your spending with your income. 你要量入为出。 20. curl: v. become curved or rounded in shape They've got toes, which curl round like this. 他们的脚趾就像这样弯曲着。 Her white hands were curled around the cup. 她白皙的双手握着杯子。 21. at intervals (of): happening regularly after equal periods of time or appearing at equal distances (of) Trains will run from Shanghai to Nanjing at 20-minute intervals from 10 am to 8 pm. 从上海 到南京的火车, 从上午 10 点到晚上 8 点每隔 20 分钟发一班
He is likely to need to rest at frequent intervals.他很可能需要隔一小会儿就休息一下 Trees are planted at intervals of three feet in this area.在这个地区每隔三英尺种着一棵树 spare: vt prevent from(suffering sth Mary stood up for me at the meeting, sparing me some embarrassment.玛丽在会上支持我,使我 免遭尴尬。 Miss Green wanted to talk with the sales manager about the monthly sales plan, but the manager asked her to spare him the details as he had to attend a meeting right away.格林小姐想和销售经 理谈谈月销售计划,但经理请她略去细节,因为他马上要去开会。 IV. Writing My Way of seeing Something 1.人们从不同的角度看待某一事物 2.我的看法是……(说明理由) (理由陈述类) 写作模式 写作模式(理由陈述类) 1) Something may be many things to many people. 2)Some may see it as.. while others may view it as…(人们的看法举例)3) As far as i am concerned, however, I would prefer to value it as…,(我的看法)(Para.D 4)My insight into sth ( My outlook on sth. My understanding of sth )is bound up with three major factors.5) Primarily, sth. is so…,that.(理由D)6)…、(进一步阐述)T) Secondly, sth. is also..(理由I)8)..(进一步阐述)9) And most of all…,(理由I)10).(进一步阐述) 11)I have(not)much freedom/option in this matter, but I have never found any othe way of seeing sth. more reasonable and acceptable than mine. 12)Thus, I will leave no stone unturned during the course of…. in order to pave the way for…(Para.Ⅲ)(划线 部分可替换) 参考范文 My Way of Seeing Life 1.人们从不同的角度看待人生 2.我所推崇的看法是……(说明理由) My Way of Seeing Life 1)Life may be many things to many people. 2) Some may see it as building up as much material wealth as possible while others may view it as enjoying to the fullest the pleasures each day offers. 3)As far as I am concerned, however, I would prefer to value it as my sole chance to enrich myself with knowledge first, then to serve the society with all my heart, and finally to 4) My outlook on life is bound up with three major factors. 5)Primarily, life is so wondrous tha I am eager to explore it. 6) Set your heart on a mystery and you can find something new, attach more of your mind to a challenge and you can get a sense of success, all of which, however, depends on how much knowledge you have equipped yourself with first. 7) Secondly, life is also
He is likely to need to rest at frequent intervals. 他很可能需要隔一小会儿就休息一下。 Trees are planted at intervals of three feet in this area. 在这个地区每隔三英尺种着一棵树。 spare: vt. prevent from (suffering sth.) Mary stood up for me at the meeting, sparing me some embarrassment. 玛丽在会上支持我，使我 免遭尴尬。 Miss Green wanted to talk with the sales manager about the monthly sales plan, but the manager asked her to spare him the details as he had to attend a meeting right away. 格林小姐想和销售经 理谈谈月销售计划，但经理请她略去细节，因为他马上要去开会。 IV. Writing My Way of Seeing Something 1. 人们从不同的角度看待某一事物 2. 我的看法是······(说明理由) (理由陈述类) 写作模式 写作模式（理由陈述类） 1) Something may be many things to many people. 2) Some may see it as …while others may view it as …(人们的看法举例) 3) As far as I am concerned, however, I would prefer to value it as … (我的看法) (Para. I) 4) My insight into sth.(My outlook on sth. / My understanding of sth.) is bound up with three major factors. 5) Primarily, sth. is so …that …(理由 I) 6) …(进一步阐述) 7) Secondly, sth. is also … (理由 II) 8) ... (进一步阐述) 9) And most of all, …(理由 III) 10) …(进一步阐述) (Para. II) • 11) I have (not) much freedom / option in this matter, but I have never found any other way of seeing sth. more reasonable and acceptable than mine. 12) Thus, I will leave no stone unturned during the course of … in order to pave the way for ... (Para. III) （划线 部分可替换） 参考范文 • My Way of Seeing Life 1. 人们从不同的角度看待人生 2. 我所推崇的看法是······(说明理由) My Way of Seeing Life 1) Life may be many things to many people. 2) Some may see it as building up as much material wealth as possible while others may view it as enjoying to the fullest the pleasures each day offers. 3) As far as I am concerned, however, I would prefer to value it as my sole chance to enrich myself with knowledge first, then to serve the society with all my heart, and finally to leave the world without any regrets. 4) My outlook on life is bound up with three major factors. 5) Primarily, life is so wondrous that I am eager to explore it. 6) Set your heart on a mystery and you can find something new; attach more of your mind to a challenge and you can get a sense of success, all of which, however, depends on how much knowledge you have equipped yourself with first. 7) Secondly, life is also