Unit 10 Section a I Background Information 1. World War lI also called the Second World War, was a conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939-1945. The principal parties were the Axis powers( #tC E) ermany, Italy, and Japan- and the Allies( a H E)-France, Great Britain, the United States the Soviet Union and China. The war was in many respects a continuation of the conflicts left unsettled by World War I. The 40-50 million deaths in World War II make it the bloodiest conflict as well as the largest war in history 2. Columbia Broadcasting System(CBS) in the late 1920s. William Paley put money into the Columbia Broadcasting System, which was then a small, struggling radio network, in 1928. In 1974 it adopted the name CBS, Inc. In 1995 CBS, Inc. was bought by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which changed the name in 1997 to the CBs Corporation. The main offices are in New York City 3. Home Guard is usually a military organization of citizens with limited military training for emergency service, usually for local defense. During World War ll the Home Guard was established in the U.K. Marshal Goering was born in Bavaria. Trained for an army career, Goering received his assignment in 1912 and served with distinction during World War I. Later, Goering met Adolf Hitler and joined the small National Socialist German Workers'(Nazi) Party in 1922. Since then, Goering worked tirelessly as Hitler's most loyal supporter. He was Reich official for air fighters and head of the newly developed Luftwaffe( German air force). He had, at one time been responsible for the Gestapo and the concentration camp Goering was the most popular of the Nazi leaders, not only with the German people but also with the representatives and agents of foreign powers. But he was shamed when the luftwaffe failed to win the battle of Britain or prevent the Allied bombing of Germany. After Hitler's suicide. he surrendered himself to the americans. he was sentenced to be hanged but instead he drank some poison and died in his prison room at Nurnberg the night he was given his death sentence. To find out more about him, check out his biography at 4. Royal Air Force(RAF is the youngest of the three British armed services, charged with the air defense of the United Kingdom and fulfillment of international defense commitments. At the beginning of World War II in September 1939, the first-line strength of the RAF in the United Kingdom was about 2,000 airplanes. The raf fighter pilots, however, distinguished themselves during the Battle of Britain in the early stages of the war against the many more German Luftwaffe 5. The Allied Nations The main countries involved in World War II were the Axis powers-Germany Japan-and the Allies(the Allied Nations)-France, Great Britain, the United States Union and China. The war ended with the victory being won by the allied nations in For more information about the Axis and the Allies, check out the web sites listed in Entry I of this Section
Unit 10 Section A I. Background Information 1. World War II, also called the Second World War, was a conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939-1945. The principal parties were the Axis powers( 轴 心 国 ) - Germany, Italy, and Japan - and the Allies(同盟国) - France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The war was in many respects a continuation of the conflicts left unsettled by World War I. The 40-50 million deaths in World War II make it the bloodiest conflict as well as the largest war in history. 2. Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) in the late 1920s. William Paley put money into the Columbia Broadcasting System, which was then a small, struggling radio network, in 1928. In 1974 it adopted the name CBS, Inc. In 1995 CBS, Inc. was bought by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which changed the name in 1997 to the CBS Corporation. The main offices are in New York City. 3. Home Guard is usually a military organization of citizens with limited military training for emergency service, usually for local defense. During World War II the Home Guard was established in the U.K. Marshal Goering was born in Bavaria. Trained for an army career, Goering received his assignment in 1912 and served with distinction during World War I. Later, Goering met Adolf Hitler and joined the small National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party in 1922. Since then, Goering worked tirelessly as Hitler’s most loyal supporter. He was Reich official for air fighters and head of the newly developed Luftwaffe (German air force). He had, at one time, been responsible for the Gestapo and the concentration camps. Goering was the most popular of the Nazi leaders, not only with the German people but also with the representatives and agents of foreign powers. But he was shamed when the Luftwaffe failed to win the battle of Britain or prevent the Allied bombing of Germany. After Hitler’s suicide, he surrendered himself to the Americans. He was sentenced to be hanged, but instead he drank some poison and died in his prison room at Nurnberg the night he was given his death sentence. To find out more about him, check out his biography at 4. Royal Air Force (RAF) is the youngest of the three British armed services, charged with the air defense of the United Kingdom and fulfillment of international defense commitments. At the beginning of World War II in September 1939, the first-line strength of the RAF in the United Kingdom was about 2,000 airplanes. The RAF fighter pilots, however, distinguished themselves during the Battle of Britain in the early stages of the war against the many more German Luftwaffe. 5. The Allied Nations The main countries involved in World War II were the Axis powers - Germany, Italy, and Japan - and the Allies (the Allied Nations) - France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The war ended with the victory being won by the allied nations in 1945. For more information about the Axis and the Allies, check out the web sites listed in Entry 1 of this Section
II. Text Analysis Main idea of the text: Through the medium of Murrows deep and steady voice, the writer happened to London under the waves of Nazi bombers. According to Hitler's logic impossible for any city to endure under such heavy raids, for he had dealt effectively with Rotterdam and Warsaw as he did with London. But London, with her people pulling together and putting up a stiff resistance, endured and continued to be there Structure: Part I(Para. 1-2 Idea: Night after night, in the hot summer and early fall of 1940, Murrow, as a reporter of the CBS, told of Englands battle for survival under German bombs, with his voice conveying a feeling of belief that London would be there Devices for developing it: Description(描写法) The author gives a vivid description of Murrows voice in order to show his belief that londot uld not be destroyed, no matter what it had to endure Para. 1..a deep, steady voice came over... from.. to.,, telling of Englands battle for survival under the waves of German bombers. This strong and steady voice,., belonged to Edward R. Murrow Para. 2: "This is London, "said Murrow, while the bombs fell and flames spread on the streets of the city. His voice had a tone of sorrow for., and a tone of confidence, too-a feeling of belief that London would be there Part II (Para.3-9) Idea: In Hitler's eyes, it seemed impossible for any city to endure with the crash of his bombs everywhere and the whole city in war flames, as he had captured Warsaw and Rotterdam this way. But the city of london endured and carried on the business of life as usual Devices for developing i: Deduction(演绎法) Comparison and Contrast(对比法) Deduction(演绎法) In his article, the author often starts with a general statement and then supports his statement with specific details. Now fill in the blanks with the information derived from Paras. 6 and 7 A general statement: The hardships of london really started in the first week of Sept, when Hitler was at last convinced that the english did not intend to give Details of hardships for London: 1. Sept. 7, 1940, nearly 400 German bombers hammered the city with bombs 2. Marshal Goering boasted. "This is the historic hour when our air force for the first time delivered its bombs right into the enemy's heart 3. Fires burned, houses fell, gas pipes burst, and dark smoke rose from the streets 4. All the people of the city felt the effect of the bombs 5. Radar sirens wailed, ambulances rushed from one place of agony to another, and fire fighters faced the flames hour after hour Now have a look at Para. 9 to find out how the general statement is supported by specific details. and then fill in the blanks A general statement: But the city endured
II. Text Analysis Main idea of the text: Through the medium of Murrow’s deep and steady voice, the writer reports about what happened to London under the waves of Nazi bombers. According to Hitler’s logic, it seemed impossible for any city to endure under such heavy raids, for he had dealt effectively with Rotterdam and Warsaw as he did with London. But London, with her people pulling together and putting up a stiff resistance, endured and continued to be there. Structure: Part I (Para.1-2) Idea: Night after night, in the hot summer and early fall of 1940, Murrow, as a reporter of the CBS, told of England’s battle for survival under German bombs, with his voice conveying a feeling of belief that London would be there. Devices for developing it: Description (描写法) The author gives a vivid description of Murrow’s voice in order to show his belief that London would not be destroyed, no matter what it had to endure: Para.1… a deep, steady voice came over… from… to…, telling of England’s battle for survival under the waves of German bombers. This strong and steady voice,…, belonged to Edward R. Murrow,… Para. 2: “This is London,”said Murrow, while the bombs fell and flames spread on the streets of the city. His voice had a tone of sorrow for…, and a tone of confidence, too—a feeling of belief that London would be there… Part II (Para.3-9) Idea: In Hitler’s eyes, it seemed impossible for any city to endure with the crash of his bombs everywhere and the whole city in war flames, as he had captured Warsaw and Rotterdam this way. But the city of London endured and carried on the business of life as usual. Devices for developing it: Deduction (演绎法) Comparison and Contrast (对比法) 1. Deduction (演绎法) In his article, the author often starts with a general statement and then supports his statement with specific details. Now fill in the blanks with the information derived from Paras. 6 and 7 A general statement: The hardships of London really started in the first week of Sept., when Hitler was at last convinced that the English did not intend to give Details of hardships for London: 1. Sept. 7, 1940, nearly 400 German bombers hammered the city with bombs 2. Marshal Goering boasted, “This is the historic hour when our air force for the first time delivered its bombs right into the enemy’s heart.” 3. Fires burned, houses fell, gas pipes burst, and dark smoke rose from the streets. 4. All the people of the city felt the effect of the bombs. 5. Radar sirens wailed，ambulances rushed from one place of agony to another, and fire fighters faced the flames hour after hour. Now have a look at Para. 9 to find out how the general statement is supported by specific details, and then fill in the blanks. A general statement: But the city endured
Details of how the city endured: 1. Trains brought commuters in from the suburbs 2. Buses bumped along the streets 3. The fires were brought under control 4. Bottles of dairy milk arrived in door ways, and women took them in, as though the war were a thousand miles away 5. Newspapers appeared and people bought them, hurrying to work and reading reports of the Comparison and Contrast(对比法) The author employs the technique of comparison and contrast between and within paragraphs Details of how the technique is employed in this part Para. 3: The German bombers cast dark shadows over the white cliffs of Dover, while Englands Home Guard prepared to fight on the beaches, on the cliffs, and in the hills, until the last Englishman died or the invaders were driven off Paras. 4&5: Hitler believed that when London became a burned city like.... England would surrender, But the English were more fortunate than . They had the english Channel as a barrier against the Nazi ground forces, and they had raf to battle the nazis in the sky Paras. 8&9: It seemed impossible for any city to take as much punishment as mentioned in Para. 7 and continue to endure. It seemed impossible for the people of the city to do their daily jobs, to work and eat and sleep and carry on the business of life, with the crash of bombs all around them and planes spitting fire in the skies above. But the city endured. Trains brought commuters in from the suburbs. Buses bumped along the streets. The fires were brought under control Part III (Para. 10-1D) Idea: When Murrow reported about the battle, his voice sounded heroic and conveyed the truth of the city's existence. For he knew all the people of the city had integrated their resolution into their own duties Devices for developing it: Deduction(演绎法) Main idea: When he said"This is London", he simply voiced the quiet truth of the city's Evidence: Murrow knew that Britains fate depended upon the resolution of all the people those watching for fire on the roofs( Para. 11); the handful of pilots who reached the limits of exhaustion and went beyond those limits still fighting( Para. 12); those who could not smash the enemy planes but dug quickly to rescue their friends buried underneath the wreckage; and those who had to take whatever the enemy threw at them and still stood firm Part IV(Para 12-20 Idea: In his broadcast on Oct. 1, 1940, Murrow declared: "Mark it down that whichever politics system best provides for the defense and decency of the little man will win. His projection of the battle proved to be accurate Devices for developing it: Quotation(引盲法) The author adopts quotations from Murrow to present his own viewpoints In a broadcast on October 1, 1940, Murrow declared:"Mark it down that these people both brave and patient, that all are equal under the bomb, that this is a war of speed
Details of how the city endured: 1. Trains brought commuters in from the suburbs 2. Buses bumped along the streets 3. The fires were brought under control 4. Bottles of dairy milk arrived in door ways, and women took them in, as though the war were a thousand miles away 5.Newspapers appeared and people bought them, hurrying to work and reading reports of the battle raging over London Comparison and Contrast (对比法) The author employs the technique of comparison and contrast between and within paragraphs: Details of how the technique is employed in this part: Para. 3: The German bombers cast dark shadows over the white cliffs of Dover, while England’s Home Guard prepared to fight on the beaches, on the cliffs, and in the hills, until the last Englishman died or the invaders were driven off. Paras.4&5: Hitler believed that when London became a burned city like…, England would surrender. But the English were more fortunate than…. They had the English Channel as a barrier against the Nazi ground forces, and they had RAF to battle the Nazis in the sky. Paras.8&9: It seemed impossible for any city to take as much punishment as mentioned in Para. 7 and continue to endure. It seemed impossible for the people of the city to do their daily jobs, to work and eat and sleep and carry on the business of life, with the crash of bombs all around them and planes spitting fire in the skies above. But the city endured. Trains brought commuters in from the suburbs. Buses bumped along the streets. The fires were brought under control … Part III (Para.10-11) Idea: When Murrow reported about the battle, his voice sounded heroic and conveyed the truth of the city’s existence. For he knew all the people of the city had integrated their resolution into their own duties. Devices for developing it: Deduction (演绎法) Main idea: When he said “This is London”, he simply voiced the quiet truth of the city’s existence. (Para. 10) Evidence: Murrow knew that Britain’s fate depended upon the resolution of all the people ---those watching for fire on the roofs(Para. 11); the handful of pilots who reached the limits of exhaustion and went beyond those limits still fighting(Para. 12); those who could not smash the enemy planes but dug quickly to rescue their friends buried underneath the wreckage ; and those who had to take whatever the enemy threw at them and still stood firm (Paras13). Part IV (Para12-20) Idea: In his broadcast on Oct. 1, 1940, Murrow declared: “Mark it down that whichever political system best provides for the defense and decency of the little man will win.” His projection of the battle proved to be accurate. Devices for developing it: Quotation (引言法) The author adopts quotations from Murrow to present his own viewpoints: In a broadcast on October 1, 1940, Murrow declared: “Mark it down that these people are both brave and patient, that all are equal under the bomb, that this is a war of speed and
organization, and that whichever political system best provides for the defense and decency of the little man will win. " (Para. 14) II. Lai ints 1. bomb n [ C] a weapon that explodes and is used to kill or hurt people or to damage buildings 炸弹,爆炸装置 During the Second World War, the British dropped a huge number of bombs on Dresden. -i 期间英国将大量的炸弹投向德累斯顿城。 a bomb had been planted near the police station.有人在警察局附近安放了一枚炸弹。 vt attack sb./sth. with bombs; drop bombs on轰炸,投弹 London was heavily bombed during the Second World War.二战期间伦敦遭到猛烈轰炸 The building was completely bombed out这座大楼被彻底炸毁了。 2. survival n.1.四] state of continuing to live or exist, surviving幸存,残存 the survival of the fittest适者生存 The doctors told my wife that I had a50/50 chance of survival.医生告诉我妻子说我有50% 的机会活下来 2. [C] a person, thing, custom, belief, etc. that has survived from an earlier time 残存的人(物、风俗、信仰) That fashion is a survival from the1980s那种时装是20世纪80年代的遗风 3. sorrow n. 1.[U] feeling of sadness caused by loss, disappointment, regret, or grief E, L 哀,悔恨 The sorrow she felt over the death of her husband was almost too much to bear.她简直难以承 受这失夫之痛 2. C] a particular cause of sorrow悲伤的原因,不幸 The sorrows of her earlier years gave way to joy in later life.她早年的伤心已为晚年的快乐 所取代。 4. endure v.bear(pain, suffering,etc.) calmly for a long time经受,忍受,容忍 We had to endure a nine- hour delay at the airport.我们不得不在机场忍受航班9个小时的延 误 He endured three years in prison for his political beliefs.他因政治信仰遭受了三年监禁 5. raid n.1.[C] a sudden surprise attack by armed forces突袭,袭击 The air force has carried out a low-level bombing raid.空军实施了一次低空轰炸袭击 We made a raid on the enemy.我们对敌人发起了突袭 2.(C] a sudden surprise attack in order to steal or do harm(为偷袭或伤害别人而进 行的)突袭,抢劫 A security guard was killed in the bank raid.在这次银行抢劫案中有一名警卫被杀害了 Two robbers staged a dawn raid on a restaurant in Western Street.两名抢劫犯凌晨对西街的 一家饭店进行了抢劫 Ⅴt. make a raid on..突袭,袭击 The soldiers raided the enemy camp.这些战士袭击了敌人营地 The post office was raided late at night.深夜邮局遭到了袭击 6. channel n. 1. [C] a part of river or other body of water which allows ships to travel along passage for water or other fluids to flow along航道,海峡;沟渠
organization, and that whichever political system best provides for the defense and decency of the little man will win.” (Para. 14) III. Language points 1. bomb n. [C] a weapon that explodes and is used to kill or hurt people or to damage buildings 炸弹，爆炸装置 During the Second World War, the British dropped a huge number of bombs on Dresden. 二战 期间英国将大量的炸弹投向德累斯顿城。 A bomb had been planted near the police station. 有人在警察局附近安放了一枚炸弹。 vt. attack sb. / sth. with bombs; drop bombs on 轰炸，投弹 London was heavily bombed during the Second World War. 二战期间伦敦遭到猛烈轰炸。 The building was completely bombed out. 这座大楼被彻底炸毁了。 2. survival n. 1. [U] state of continuing to live or exist; surviving 幸存，残存 the survival of the fittest 适者生存 The doctors told my wife that I had a 50/50 chance of survival. 医生告诉我妻子说我有 50% 的机会活下来。 2.[C] a person, thing, custom, belief, etc. that has survived from an earlier time 残存的人（物、风俗、信仰） That fashion is a survival from the 1980s.那种时装是 20 世纪 80 年代的遗风。 3. sorrow n. 1. [U] feeling of sadness caused by loss, disappointment, regret, or grief 悲伤，悲 哀，悔恨 The sorrow she felt over the death of her husband was almost too much to bear. 她简直难以承 受这失夫之痛。 2. [C] a particular cause of sorrow 悲伤的原因，不幸 The sorrows of her earlier years gave way to joy in later life. 她早年的伤心已为晚年的快乐 所取代。 4. endure v. bear (pain, suffering, etc.) calmly for a long time 经受，忍受，容忍 We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport. 我们不得不在机场忍受航班 9 个小时的延 误。 He endured three years in prison for his political beliefs. 他因政治信仰遭受了三年监禁。 5. raid n. 1. [C] a sudden surprise attack by armed forces 突袭，袭击 The air force has carried out a low-level bombing raid. 空军实施了一次低空轰炸袭击。 We made a raid on the enemy. 我们对敌人发起了突袭。 2. [C] a sudden surprise attack in order to steal or do harm （为偷袭或伤害别人而进 行的）突袭，抢劫 A security guard was killed in the bank raid. 在这次银行抢劫案中有一名警卫被杀害了。 Two robbers staged a dawn raid on a restaurant in Western Street. 两名抢劫犯凌晨对西街的 一家饭店进行了抢劫。 vt. make a raid on … 突袭，袭击 The soldiers raided the enemy camp. 这些战士袭击了敌人营地。 The post office was raided late at night. 深夜邮局遭到了袭击。 6. channel n. 1. [C] a part of river or other body of water which allows ships to travel along; a passage for water or other fluids to flow along 航道,海峡；沟渠
the English Channel英吉利海峡 We tried digging a channel to lower the water level but that didn t work.我们试着挖了一道沟 渠以降低水位,可是没用 2.[C]( the shows broadcast on) a particular television station电视频道 Shall we watch the news on channel4?我们看4频道的新闻好吗? She turned to the sports channel to watch the football match.她调到体育频道看足球赛 3.C] a way of giving, directing or communicating sth.途径,渠道 One difficulty in the present situation of the two countries is the lack of a proper channel of communication.两国关系现状的一个难题是缺乏适当的沟通渠道。 In his work, he found a channel for all his energy.他在工作中找到了释放自己精力的渠道 7. cast vt.1.put, cause or direct( a look,. thought, feeling or opinion)投射(目光),将(思想、 感情)加于 Some doubt has been cast on the future of the business有人表示了对公司前景的疑虑 Her arrival cast a shadow over the party.她的到来给晚会投下了不愉快的阴影 throw with force投,掷,抛 He cast the line to the middle of the river.他将钩鱼线抛到了河的中央。 n.1.[C] all the actors in a play,etc.(影、剧)全体演员 After the final performance, the director held a party for the cast.在最后一次演出以后,导演 为全体演员举行了一个晚会 Part of the films success lies in the strength of the supporting cast.影片的成功部分在于强大 的配角演员阵容。 投,掷,抛 The fisherman made another cast with the fishing net渔夫又撒了一次网。 8. invade v. 1. enter (a country or territory) with armed forces in order to attack, damage or occupy侵略(一国或领土),侵犯 Alexander the great invaded India with a large army.亚历山大大帝率大军入侵印度 Gatherings of armed forces near the border looked like they planned to invade within the next few days.部队在边境附近的集结表明入侵已是今后几天的事了。 2. enter(a place or situation in which you are not wanted or not expected to be) 闯入,侵扰 Famous people often find their privacy is invaded by the press名人们常常发现其个人隐私 受到新闻界的侵犯 The motorbikes invaded the calm of the summer afternoon.摩托车的噪声惊扰了夏日午后的 宁静, 9. invader n.C] a person or thing that invades侵略者,侵犯者,入侵者 The mountains were once the hiding place for locals escaping the endless stream of foreign invaders这些山曾是当地人躲避一批批外国入侵者的藏身之处。 Any new company is seen as an invader in an already competitive market任何一家新的公司 都被看成是对原本已充满激烈竞争的市场的入侵 10. surrender v. 1. give up or give in to the power(esp of an enemy), as a sign of defeat ttpp 自首:屈服(于) They would rather die than surrender.他们宁死不降 He surrendered to despair and finally killed himself.他陷入绝望,终于自杀 2. give sth. to sb. else because you have been forced to do so or because it is
the English Channel 英吉利海峡 We tried digging a channel to lower the water level but that didn't work. 我们试着挖了一道沟 渠以降低水位，可是没用。 2. [C] (the shows broadcast on) a particular television station 电视频道 Shall we watch the news on Channel 4? 我们看 4 频道的新闻好吗？ She turned to the sports channel to watch the football match. 她调到体育频道看足球赛。 3. [C] a way of giving, directing or communicating sth. 途径，渠道 One difficulty in the present situation of the two countries is the lack of a proper channel of communication. 两国关系现状的一个难题是缺乏适当的沟通渠道。 In his work, he found a channel for all his energy. 他在工作中找到了释放自己精力的渠道。 7. cast vt. 1. put, cause or direct (a look, thought , feeling or opinion) 投射（目光），将（思想、 感情）加于 Some doubt has been cast on the future of the business. 有人表示了对公司前景的疑虑。 Her arrival cast a shadow over the party. 她的到来给晚会投下了不愉快的阴影。 2. throw with force 投，掷，抛 He cast the line to the middle of the river. 他将钩鱼线抛到了河的中央。 n. 1. [C] all the actors in a play, etc. （影、剧）全体演员 After the final performance, the director held a party for the cast. 在最后一次演出以后，导演 为全体演员举行了一个晚会。 Part of the film's success lies in the strength of the supporting cast. 影片的成功部分在于强大 的配角演员阵容。 2. [C] an act of throwing 投，掷，抛 The fisherman made another cast with the fishing net. 渔夫又撒了一次网。 8. invade v. 1. enter (a country or territory) with armed forces in order to attack, damage or occupy 侵略（一国或领土），侵犯 Alexander the Great invaded India with a large army. 亚历山大大帝率大军入侵印度。 Gatherings of armed forces near the border looked like they planned to invade within the next few days. 部队在边境附近的集结表明入侵已是今后几天的事了。 2. enter (a place or situation in which you are not wanted or not expected to be) 闯入，侵扰 Famous people often find their privacy is invaded by the press. 名人们常常发现其个人隐私 受到新闻界的侵犯。 The motorbikes invaded the calm of the summer afternoon. 摩托车的噪声惊扰了夏日午后的 宁静。 9. invader n. [C] a person or thing that invades 侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 The mountains were once the hiding place for locals escaping the endless stream of foreign invaders.这些山曾是当地人躲避一批批外国入侵者的藏身之处。 Any new company is seen as an invader in an already competitive market. 任何一家新的公司 都被看成是对原本已充满激烈竞争的市场的入侵。 10. surrender v. 1. give up or give in to the power (esp. of an enemy), as a sign of defeat 投降， 自首；屈服（于） They would rather die than surrender. 他们宁死不降。 He surrendered to despair and finally killed himself. 他陷入绝望，终于自杀。 2. give sth. to sb. else because you have been forced to do so or because it is
necessary to do so交出,放弃 Neither side is willing to surrender any of their claims.双方都不愿放弃自己的要求。 They surrendered their guns to the police.他们把枪支交给了警察 11. hammer y. hit or beat repeatedly敲打,锤击 I could hear him hammering in the house next door.我能听见他在隔壁房间锤击的声音 Can you hold this nail in position while I hammer it into the door?我往门里钉钉子的时候,你 帮我把钉子摁住,好吗? n.C]锤子,榔头 To sound the fire alarm, break the glass with the hammer.发火警警报时就用锤子把玻璃敲 碎 Hammers are used for hitting nails into wood.锤子用来把钉子敲进木头里 2. wail v. make a long, high cry, usu. because of pain or sadness; make a sound similar to that of a person wailing嚎啕;发出尖叫声 The women gathered around and began to wail妇女们围拢在一起,开始嚎啕大哭。 The child was wailing loudly because she had hurt her foot.那女孩大声哭了起来,因为她的 脚伤着了 13. crash n.C](usu.sing)( (loud noise made by a) violent fall blow or break坠落(声),打击 或破裂(所发的响声) His words were drowned in a crash of thunder.他的话被一声雷响所淹没。 The flower bottle landed on the floor with a crash.花瓶砰的一声掉在了地板上 v.I. make a sudden loud noise发出巨响 Without warning, the door crashed open.门哗啦一声开了,之前什么也没觉察到 2 have an accident,.esp. one which damages a vehicle(使)猛撞,(使)撞毁 The plane crashed into the mountainside.飞机坠毁在山坡上 Her brother borrowed her motorbike and crashed it.她弟弟借了她的摩托车,却把它撞坏了 14. spit v.send( liquid or sth.else) out from the mouth吐(痰);吐(口水等) He was spitting blood after being hit in the mouth.他嘴部挨打后吐出了鲜血 In many countries it is considered rude to spit in public.在许多国家当众吐痰被认为是粗野 无礼的行为。 The boys were competing to see how far they could spit.男孩们在比赛谁的唾沫吐得远。 n She used a little spit on a cloth to wipe the mirror clean.她在布上吐了一点唾沫来擦净镜子。 15. commute vi. travel regularly a long distance between one's work and one's home, esp. by train因上班而经常来往于两地,通勤 She commutes from Oxford to London every day.她因上班而每日往返于牛津与伦敦之间。 It's really tiring commuting from Brighton to London every day.每天来往于伦敦与布赖顿之 间真是累人 n.C] the trip made in commuting通勤来往,上下班路程 It's an hour's commute to work.上班路上要花一个小时。 16. commuter n.C] a person who commutes往返于两地的人 The five o'clock train is always packed with commuters.五点钟的火车总是挤满了往返两地 上下班的人 It has been suggested that commuters should share their cars and give each other lifts. HAzE 议通勤者合用车辆,并让彼此搭顺路车
necessary to do so 交出，放弃 Neither side is willing to surrender any of their claims. 双方都不愿放弃自己的要求。 They surrendered their guns to the police. 他们把枪支交给了警察。 11. hammer v. hit or beat repeatedly 敲打，锤击 I could hear him hammering in the house next door. 我能听见他在隔壁房间锤击的声音。 Can you hold this nail in position while I hammer it into the door? 我往门里钉钉子的时候，你 帮我把钉子摁住，好吗？ n. [C] 锤子，榔头 To sound the fire alarm, break the glass with the hammer. 发火警警报时就用锤子把玻璃敲 碎。 Hammers are used for hitting nails into wood. 锤子用来把钉子敲进木头里。 12. wail v. make a long, high cry, usu. because of pain or sadness; make a sound similar to that of a person wailing 嚎啕；发出尖叫声 The women gathered around and began to wail. 妇女们围拢在一起，开始嚎啕大哭。 The child was wailing loudly because she had hurt her foot. 那女孩大声哭了起来，因为她的 脚伤着了。 13. crash n. [C] (usu. sing.) (loud noise made by a) violent fall, blow or break 坠落（声），打击 或破裂（所发的响声） His words were drowned in a crash of thunder. 他的话被一声雷响所淹没。 The flower bottle landed on the floor with a crash. 花瓶砰的一声掉在了地板上。 v. 1. make a sudden loud noise 发出巨响 Without warning, the door crashed open. 门哗啦一声开了，之前什么也没觉察到。 2. have an accident, esp. one which damages a vehicle (使)猛撞，（使）撞毁 The plane crashed into the mountainside. 飞机坠毁在山坡上。 Her brother borrowed her motorbike and crashed it. 她弟弟借了她的摩托车，却把它撞坏了。 14. spit v. send (liquid or sth. else) out from the mouth 吐（痰）；吐（口水等） He was spitting blood after being hit in the mouth. 他嘴部挨打后吐出了鲜血。 In many countries it is considered rude to spit in public. 在许多国家当众吐痰被认为是粗野 无礼的行为。 The boys were competing to see how far they could spit. 男孩们在比赛谁的唾沫吐得远。 n. [U] 口水，唾液 She used a little spit on a cloth to wipe the mirror clean. 她在布上吐了一点唾沫来擦净镜子。 15. commute vi. travel regularly a long distance between one's work and one's home, esp. by train 因上班而经常来往于两地，通勤 She commutes from Oxford to London every day. 她因上班而每日往返于牛津与伦敦之间。 It's really tiring commuting from Brighton to London every day. 每天来往于伦敦与布赖顿之 间真是累人。 n. [C] the trip made in commuting 通勤来往，上下班路程 It's an hour's commute to work. 上班路上要花一个小时。 16. commuter n. [C] a person who commutes 往返于两地的人 The five o'clock train is always packed with commuters. 五点钟的火车总是挤满了往返两地 上下班的人。 It has been suggested that commuters should share their cars and give each other lifts. 有人建 议通勤者合用车辆，并让彼此搭顺路车
17. bump v. I. travel, usu. in a vehicle, in an uncomfortable way because the surface one is moving over is rough颠簸而行 We bumped along the track in our car holding on to our seats.我们尽力坐稳在车中的位子 上,沿着小路颠簸而行。 The old bus bumped along the mountain road.那辆旧公共汽车在山路上颠簸行驶。 2ht(sth) with force,esp. accidentally碰撞 When he was parking his car he bumped the car in front of him.他在停车时撞上了前面的车。 In the dark I bumped into a chair.在黑暗中我撞到一把椅子上。 n.C] a blow, knock or hit碰撞 She got a bump on the head when she fell off her bicycle, but thankfully she wasn't hurt. tM 自行车上摔下来时头被撞了一下,所幸没有受伤。 The passengers felt a violent bump as the plane landed.飞机着陆的时候,乘客们都感觉到猛 烈的撞击 18. resolution n.1.[U] the quality of being fim坚决,坚定,决心 His speech ended on a note of resolution.他用铿锵有力的话语结束了演讲 He showed great resolution in facing the robbers.他面对强盗显得非常刚毅。 2.U] solution解决,解答 Your information has made the resolution of this problem possible.你所提供的信息己使这个 问题的解决成为可能 We need quick resolution of this conflict我们需要很快解决这一争端 19. handful n a small number( of people or things)少数,少量 There's only a handful of people in the country who can do work as difficult as this在国内只有 少数人能完成如此困难的工作 She invited many friends to her party, but only a handful of them came.她请了许多朋友来参 加她的聚会,但只有少数几个人来了 2. [C] an amount of sth. that can be held in one hand-fe He took a handful of coins from his pocket.他从口袋里拿出一把硬币。 She picked up a handful of snow and threw it at me.她抓起一把雪朝我扔过来。 20. flock n.[C] a group of sheep, goats or birds, or a group of people一群(绵羊、山羊、鸟或 人) Police are warning motorists that a flock of sheep has escaped onto the road 警察在告诫驾车人说有一群绵羊跑到了路上。 Noisy flocks of visitors came into the buildings.一群群叫叫嚷嚷的参观者进入了大楼 vi. gather,move, come or go together in great numbers群集,成群结队而行 Hundreds of people are flocking to the football match.数以百计的人正蜂拥着去看足球赛。 Huge numbers of birds had flocked together by the lake.湖边聚集了为数众多的鸟儿 21. exhaust vt.1.make( a person or an animal) very tired使疲惫不堪 The long cycle ride exhausted her.长途骑自行车使她疲惫不堪 They exhausted themselves in a day of difficult climbing.经过一天艰难的攀登,他们筋疲力 2.use(sth) up completely用尽,耗尽 His bad behavior nearly exhausted her patience.他的不良行为几乎使她失去了耐心 We seem to have exhausted this subject of conversation.看来我们对这个话题已经没什么可 说的了
17. bump v. 1. travel, usu. in a vehicle, in an uncomfortable way because the surface one is moving over is rough 颠簸而行 We bumped along the track in our car holding on to our seats. 我们尽力坐稳在车中的位子 上，沿着小路颠簸而行。 The old bus bumped along the mountain road. 那辆旧公共汽车在山路上颠簸行驶。 2. hit (sth.) with force, esp. accidentally 碰撞 When he was parking his car he bumped the car in front of him. 他在停车时撞上了前面的车。 In the dark I bumped into a chair. 在黑暗中我撞到一把椅子上。 n. [C] a blow, knock or hit 碰撞 She got a bump on the head when she fell off her bicycle, but thankfully she wasn't hurt. 她从 自行车上摔下来时头被撞了一下，所幸没有受伤。 The passengers felt a violent bump as the plane landed. 飞机着陆的时候，乘客们都感觉到猛 烈的撞击。 18. resolution n. 1. [U] the quality of being firm 坚决，坚定，决心 His speech ended on a note of resolution. 他用铿锵有力的话语结束了演讲。 He showed great resolution in facing the robbers. 他面对强盗显得非常刚毅。 2. [U] solution 解决，解答 Your information has made the resolution of this problem possible. 你所提供的信息已使这个 问题的解决成为可能。 We need quick resolution of this conflict. 我们需要很快解决这一争端。 19. handful n. 1. [U] a small number (of people or things) 少数，少量 There's only a handful of people in the country who can do work as difficult as this 在国内只有 少数人能完成如此困难的工作。 She invited many friends to her party, but only a handful of them came. 她请了许多朋友来参 加她的聚会，但只有少数几个人来了。 2. [C] an amount of sth. that can be held in one hand 一把 He took a handful of coins from his pocket. 他从口袋里拿出一把硬币。 She picked up a handful of snow and threw it at me. 她抓起一把雪朝我扔过来。 20. flock n. [C] a group of sheep, goats or birds, or a group of people 一群（绵羊、山羊、鸟或 人） Police are warning motorists that a flock of sheep has escaped onto the road. 警察在告诫驾车人说有一群绵羊跑到了路上。 Noisy flocks of visitors came into the buildings. 一群群叫叫嚷嚷的参观者进入了大楼。 vi. gather, move, come or go together in great numbers 群集，成群结队而行 Hundreds of people are flocking to the football match. 数以百计的人正蜂拥着去看足球赛。 Huge numbers of birds had flocked together by the lake. 湖边聚集了为数众多的鸟儿。 21. exhaust vt. 1. make (a person or an animal) very tired 使疲惫不堪 The long cycle ride exhausted her. 长途骑自行车使她疲惫不堪。 They exhausted themselves in a day of difficult climbing. 经过一天艰难的攀登，他们筋疲力 尽。 2. use (sth.) up completely 用尽，耗尽 His bad behavior nearly exhausted her patience. 他的不良行为几乎使她失去了耐心。 We seem to have exhausted this subject of conversation. 看来我们对这个话题已经没什么可 说的了
22. smash v.l.( cause sth.to) be broken violently into pieces打碎,打破,粉碎 The lock was rusty, so we had to smash it to open the door.锁生锈了,我们不得不把门砸开。 He threatened to come and smash the place up if I didn 't pay him the money.他威胁说如果我 不把钱还给他的话,他就要来捣毁这个地方。 The car was traveling very fast when it smashed into the tree.汽车飞快行驶时猛撞到了树上。 Several boats were smashed against the rocks during the storm.风暴中有几条船撞上了礁石 n of smashing撞击(声),猛撞(声) The glass hit the floor with a smash.杯子啪得一声摔在了地上。 2. [C] a very successful song, play or film,etc.极为成功的歌曲、戏剧或电影等 The film got over $100 million, making her the first woman to direct a smash hit in Hollywood 该电影总共收入一亿多美元,使她成为第一个在好莱坞导演轰动之作的女性 Her first movie was an international smash.她的第一部影片在国际上取得了成功 23. rescue vt. save or bring away sb/sth. from danger救出,解救 You rescued me from an embarrassing situation.你使我摆脱了窘境。 The lifeboat rescued the sailors from the sinking boat救生船将水手们从正在下沉的船上营 救了出来 n.[C,U] rescuing or being rescued营救,解救 Lifeboats accomplish many rescues every month.救生船每月都要进行多次救援行动 We sat together on the cliff, waiting for rescue.我们一起坐在悬崖上,等待救援 24. underneath prep. under or below在下面,在底下,向下面 The road goes right underneath the city.这条路正好通到城市下面 They found a bomb underneath the car.他们在车底下发现了一枚炸弹 d. under or below在下面,在底下,向下面 She seems shy but she's actually a very warm- hearted person underneath.她看上去很腼腆,但 实际上是一个非常热心的人。 When the painting was restored, a much older picture was discovered underneath.在修复这幅 油画时,发现了在其下面还有一幅年代更早的 25. wreck vt destroy or ruin(sth.)破坏或毁灭,使遇难,使失事 They were wrecked off the coast of Africa.他们在非洲沿海海面上失事了 Their lives have been wrecked by the death of their daughter.他们的生活已被他们女儿的死 毁掉了。 n.[C] a vehicle or ship that has been destroyed or badly damaged受到严重破坏 的车辆或船,残骸 The wreck of the plane could be clearly seen on the hillside.可以很清楚地看到山坡上的飞机 残骸。 Two wrecks block the entrance to the harbor.两艘遇难船的残骸堵塞了港口的入口处 26. whichever pron.1.any(one) of the set that任何一个 Take whichever hat suits you best.挑选最适合你的帽子。 Either Thursday or Friday- choose whichever day is best for you.星期四或者星期五-选择最 适合你的那天吧 We can go to the seven o'clock performance or the eight- whichever suits you best.我们可以 去看7点钟或8点钟的演出-选择最适合你的一场吧 Which bar would you prefer to meet in?"" Whichever- it doesn't matter to me."你愿意在哪
22. smash v. 1. (cause sth. to) be broken violently into pieces 打碎，打破，粉碎 The lock was rusty, so we had to smash it to open the door. 锁生锈了，我们不得不把门砸开。 He threatened to come and smash the place up if I didn't pay him the money. 他威胁说如果我 不把钱还给他的话，他就要来捣毁这个地方。 2. hit (sb./sth.) very hard 猛撞，猛击 The car was traveling very fast when it smashed into the tree. 汽车飞快行驶时猛撞到了树上。 Several boats were smashed against the rocks during the storm. 风暴中有几条船撞上了礁石。 n. 1. [C] an act or sound of smashing 撞击（声），猛撞（声） The glass hit the floor with a smash. 杯子啪得一声摔在了地上。 2. [C] a very successful song, play or film, etc.极为成功的歌曲、戏剧或电影等 The film got over $100 million, making her the first woman to direct a smash hit in Hollywood. 该电影总共收入一亿多美元，使她成为第一个在好莱坞导演轰动之作的女性。 Her first movie was an international smash. 她的第一部影片在国际上取得了成功。 23. rescue vt. save or bring away sb./sth. from danger 救出，解救 You rescued me from an embarrassing situation. 你使我摆脱了窘境。 The lifeboat rescued the sailors from the sinking boat. 救生船将水手们从正在下沉的船上营 救了出来。 n. [C, U] rescuing or being rescued 营救，解救 Lifeboats accomplish many rescues every month. 救生船每月都要进行多次救援行动。 We sat together on the cliff, waiting for rescue. 我们一起坐在悬崖上，等待救援。 24. underneath prep. under or below 在下面，在底下，向下面 The road goes right underneath the city. 这条路正好通到城市下面。 They found a bomb underneath the car. 他们在车底下发现了一枚炸弹。 ad. under or below 在下面，在底下，向下面 She seems shy but she's actually a very warm-hearted person underneath. 她看上去很腼腆，但 实际上是一个非常热心的人。 When the painting was restored, a much older picture was discovered underneath.在修复这幅 油画时，发现了在其下面还有一幅年代更早的画。 25. wreck vt. destroy or ruin (sth.)破坏或毁灭，使遇难，使失事 They were wrecked off the coast of Africa. 他们在非洲沿海海面上失事了。 Their lives have been wrecked by the death of their daughter. 他们的生活已被他们女儿的死 毁掉了。 n. [C] a vehicle or ship that has been destroyed or badly damaged 受到严重破坏 的车辆或船，残骸 The wreck of the plane could be clearly seen on the hillside. 可以很清楚地看到山坡上的飞机 残骸。 Two wrecks block the entrance to the harbor. 两艘遇难船的残骸堵塞了港口的入口处。 26. whichever pron. 1. any (one) of the set that 任何一个 Take whichever hat suits you best. 挑选最适合你的帽子。 Either Thursday or Friday--choose whichever day is best for you. 星期四或者星期五--选择最 适合你的那天吧。 We can go to the seven o'clock performance or the eight -whichever suits you best. 我们可以 去看 7 点钟或 8 点钟的演出--选择最适合你的一场吧。 "Which bar would you prefer to meet in?" "Whichever--it doesn't matter to me." "你愿意在哪
个酒吧里见面?哪一个都行-我无所谓。 2. no matter which无论,不管 Whichever you buy, there is a six-month promise it will work well.无论你买哪一个,都有6 个月的保质期 Whichever we choose, there' ll be disadvantages.无论我们作任何选择,都会有不利之处 IV Writing Paragraph writing Insight Derived from Data in Tables/Graphs 通过对图表中数据或信息的观察和分析,阐明其内涵或规律性的东西实现图文并茂。 (图表说明) 写作模式(图表说明) 1)A closer/ deeper/ careful study of the data/information, as shown in the table/graph/ diagram,can help derive from them/ it much food for thought. (E H G)2) According to my own lights, one insight/ truth gleaned from the changes is that..(图表说明D)3), as confirmed in the table,(进一步阐明)4) Another insight/ truth obtained from the data is that.(图表说明 I)5)., as is known to all.(进一步阐明)6) And perhaps the most established insight/tuth deduced from the changes is that.(图表说明Ⅲ)7). lies not merely with. but also with (进一步阐明)8) As the experts point out.. will be literally descriptive/ characteristic of.(结 尾句) (划线部分可替换) Changes in the decisive Factors of wars wars WWI Modern Wars Factors Manpower 76% 49% 35% Conventional Weapons% High-Tech Weapons 18% 47% 通过对表格中数据的分析阐明战争决定因素变化的内含 1) A closer study of the changes in decisive factors of wars, as shown in the table, can help derive from them much food for thought. 2)According to my own lights, one truth gleaned from the changes is that the manpower holds much less sway of the modern wars than it used to3)In the wwl, as confirmed in the table the outcome of a warfare would be weighted in favor of the side whose manpower was superior to that of the other side; but in modern wars, the dominating position of manpower is greatly weakened with the development of high-tech weapons. 4) Another truth obtained from the data is that conventional weapons have given way to high-tech weapons in holding the balance between superiority and inferiority in a modern war. 5)In the Gulf War of 1991, as is known to all, Iraq, though superior in the number of conventional weapons to USA and its allies, sustained a defeat in the end. 6)And perhaps the most established truth deduced from the changes is that any nation, big or small, will be subject to war if she is heedless of the modernization of her military forces. 7)This modernization lies not merely with the increase of high-tech content in effective weapons but also with the adjustment of the military personnels abilities to the demand of modern wars
个酒吧里见面？""哪一个都行--我无所谓。" 2. no matter which 无论，不管 Whichever you buy, there is a six-month promise it will work well. 无论你买哪一个，都有 6 个月的保质期。 Whichever we choose, there'll be disadvantages. 无论我们作任何选择，都会有不利之处。 IV. Writing Paragraph Writing Insight Derived from Data in Tables / Graphs 通过对图表中数据或信息的观察和分析, 阐明其内涵或规律性的东西,实现图文并茂。 （图表说明） 写作模式（图表说明） 1) A closer / deeper / careful study of the data / information, as shown in the table / graph / diagram, can help derive from them / it much food for thought. (段首句) 2) According to my own lights, one insight / truth gleaned from the changes is that… (图表说明 I) 3)…, as confirmed in the table,…. (进一步阐明) 4) Another insight / truth obtained from the data is that…. (图表说明 II) 5)…, as is known to all, .… (进一步阐明) 6) And perhaps the most established insight / truth deduced from the changes is that…. (图表说明 III) 7)… lies not merely with… but also with…. (进一步阐明) 8) As the experts point out,… will be literally descriptive / characteristic of…. (结 尾句) （划线部分可替换） Changes in the Decisive Factors of Wars wars Factors WWI WWII Modern Wars Manpower 76% 49% 35% Conventional Weapons 20% 33% 18% High-Tech Weapons 4% 18% 47% 通过对表格中数据的分析,阐明战争决定因素变化的内含 1) A closer study of the changes in decisive factors of wars, as shown in the table, can help derive from them much food for thought. 2) According to my own lights, one truth gleaned from the changes is that the manpower holds much less sway of the modern wars than it used to. 3) In the WWI, as confirmed in the table, the outcome of a warfare would be weighted in favor of the side whose manpower was superior to that of the other side; but in modern wars, the dominating position of manpower is greatly weakened with the development of high-tech weapons. 4) Another truth obtained from the data is that conventional weapons have given way to high-tech weapons in holding the balance between superiority and inferiority in a modern war. 5) In the Gulf War of 1991, as is known to all, Iraq, though superior in the number of conventional weapons to USA and its allies, sustained a defeat in the end. 6) And perhaps the most established truth deduced from the changes is that any nation, big or small, will be subject to war if she is heedless of the modernization of her military forces. 7) This modernization lies not merely with the increase of high-tech content in effective weapons but also with the adjustment of the military personnel’s abilities to the demand of modern wars
8)As the experts point out, future wars will be literally descriptive of national strength in the frontiers of science and technology V Reading skills Understanding Figurative Language s we learned in Unit 5, to make language clearer, more interesting, and more vivid, we often use expressions which are not literally true. We make comparisons in speaking and writing Figurative language -- language that compares - paints a picture for the reader. Figurative language can be confusing if it is understood literally. The ability to recognize and interpret figurative language may help us fully understand a writer's meaning. Look at the following two examples taken from Reading Passage A 1.. Night after night, in the hot summer and early fall of 1940, a deep, steady voice came over the Atlantic Ocean from England to America, telling of England 's battle for survival under the waves of German bombers.(Para. 1) 2. On September 7, 1940, nearly four hundred German bombers hammered the city with bombs in broad daylight. ( Para. 6) In the first example above, the coming of German bombers is compared to the coming of waves, thus emphasizing the idea of huge numbers of german bombers continuously flying to England In the second example above, the bombing of the city by german bombers is compared to the se of a hammer, thus emphasizing the idea of repeated hitting by those bombers There are many different ways of using figurative language. Listed here are just a few of a) Similes(明喻,直喻, figurative expressions which directly compare one thing to another by using the words as or like b) Metaphors(BE AT), in which comparisons are only suggested, without using as, like and the like c)Personification (fA), figurative expressions which give human qualities to non-human The particular reading skill we reviewed in this unit is"understanding figurative language e language clearer, mol use expressions which are not literally true. We make comparisons in speaking and writing Figurative language-language that compares- paints a picture for the reader Figurative language can be confusing if it is understood literally. The ability to recognize and understand figurative language may help us fully understand an author's point There are many different ways of using figurative language. Listed here are just a few of a) Similes(明喻,直喻) These are figurative expressions which directly compare one thing to another by using the words as or like. Here is one example taken from Reading Passage A of Unit The tobacco industry, coupled with Hollywood movies in which both male and female heroes smoked like chimneys.(Para. 3. Reading Passage A, Unit 5) b)Metaphors(HE A), in which comparisons are only implied, without using as, like and the like Look at the following two examples taken from Reading Passage A
8) As the experts point out, future wars will be literally descriptive of national strength in the frontiers of science and technology. V. Reading Skills Understanding Figurative Language As we learned in Unit 5, to make language clearer, more interesting, and more vivid, we often use expressions which are not literally true. We make comparisons in speaking and writing. Figurative language -- language that compares -- paints a picture for the reader. Figurative language can be confusing if it is understood literally. The ability to recognize and interpret figurative language may help us fully understand a writer’s meaning. Look at the following two examples taken from Reading Passage A: 1. .Night after night, in the hot summer and early fall of 1940, a deep, steady voice came over the Atlantic Ocean from England to America, telling of England’s battle for survival under the waves of German bombers. (Para. 1) 2. On September 7, 1940, nearly four hundred German bombers hammered the city with bombs in broad daylight. (Para. 6) In the first example above, the coming of German bombers is compared to the coming of sea waves, thus emphasizing the idea of huge numbers of German bombers continuously flying to England. In the second example above, the bombing of the city by German bombers is compared to the use of a hammer, thus emphasizing the idea of repeated hitting by those bombers. There are many different ways of using figurative language. Listed here are just a few of them: a) Similes (明喻, 直喻), figurative expressions which directly compare one thing to another by using the words as or like. b) Metaphors (暗喻), in which comparisons are only suggested, without using as, like and the like. c) Personification ( 拟 人 ), figurative expressions which give human qualities to non-human things. The particular reading skill we reviewed in this unit is “understanding figurative language”. As we have already learned so far, to make language clearer, more interesting, and more vivid, we use expressions which are not literally true. We make comparisons in speaking and writing. Figurative language - language that compares - paints a picture for the reader. Figurative language can be confusing if it is understood literally. The ability to recognize and understand figurative language may help us fully understand an author’s point. There are many different ways of using figurative language. Listed here are just a few of them: a) Similes (明喻, 直喻). These are figurative expressions which directly compare one thing to another by using the words as or like. Here is one example taken from Reading Passage A of Unit 5: The tobacco industry, coupled with Hollywood movies in which both male and female heroes smoked like chimneys ... (Para. 3, Reading Passage A, Unit 5) b) Metaphors (暗喻), in which comparisons are only implied, without using as, like and the like. Look at the following two examples taken from Reading Passage A: