Unit 2 Section A Iron and the effects of exercise I. Background Knowledge 1. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise This is a multidisciplinary journal featuring original investigations, clinical studi comprehensive reviews on current topics in sports medicine and exercise science. With multidisciplinary journal, exercise physiologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, team physicians and athletic trainers get a vital exchange of information from basic and applied science, medicine education and allied health fields 2. Digestive system The digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Inside this tube is a lining called the mucosa In the mouth stomach. and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food 3. Iron for health Are you iron deficient? Lack of iron is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, even in the western world where most of our dietary problems are from eating too much rather than eating too little Women are particularly at risk. The average iron intake of a woman in the U.S.A. is only 12.3 mg, well below the recommended daily allowance of 15 mg(the amount recommended for How would you know? If you are: tired, have reduced ability to exercise, have poor stamina, get frequent infections, or are lethargic, it may be that you could be iron deficient. There are two main causes: Not eating enough iron rich foods, for example, those on restrictive diets and vegetarians. 2 Increased demand for iron, for example to replace blood loss(eg. from menstruation) or in times of growth(such as adolescence)or physical activity Iron is a mineral found in every cell of the body. It is vital for good health and for our mental and physical well being. It has three roles To carry oxygen around the body. Every cell in the body needs oxygen. Think of your blood stream as a highway and iron(in the hemoglobin of red blood cells) as the vehicle that carries oxygen from your lungs to wherever it's needed. It's easy to see why iron vital for life Ensuring a healthy immune system. The cells which fight infection and defend the body against foreign organisms depend on adequate stores of iron. So if your iron stores are low your body is prone to more frequent infections Making Energy. Iron is essential in the chemical reactions that produce energy from food So if your iron levels are low then you body may not be able to use all the energy vailable to it Not all Iron Is the Same
1 Unit 2 Section A Iron and the Effects of Exercise I. Background Knowledge 1. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: This is a multidisciplinary journal featuring original investigations, clinical studies, and comprehensive reviews on current topics in sports medicine and exercise science. With this multidisciplinary journal, exercise physiologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, team physicians and athletic trainers get a vital exchange of information from basic and applied science, medicine, education, and allied health fields. 2. Digestive system: The digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Inside this tube is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. 3. Iron for Health Are you iron deficient? Lack of iron is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, even in the western world where most of our dietary problems are from eating too much rather than eating too little. Women are particularly at risk. The average iron intake of a woman in the U.S.A. is only 12.3 mg, well below the recommended daily allowance of 15 mg (the amount recommended for health). How would you know? If you are: tired, have reduced ability to exercise, have poor stamina, get frequent infections, or are lethargic, it may be that you could be iron deficient. There are two main causes: 1. Not eating enough iron rich foods, for example, those on restrictive diets and vegetarians. 2. Increased demand for iron, for example to replace blood loss (eg. from menstruation) or in times of growth (such as adolescence) or physical activity. Iron is a mineral found in every cell of the body. It is vital for good health and for our mental and physical well being. It has three roles. To carry oxygen around the body. Every cell in the body needs oxygen. Think of your blood stream as a highway and iron (in the hemoglobin of red blood cells) as the vehicle that carries oxygen from your lungs to wherever it's needed. It's easy to see why iron is vital for life. Ensuring a healthy immune system. The cells which fight infection and defend the body against foreign organisms depend on adequate stores of iron. So if your iron stores are low your body is prone to more frequent infections. Making Energy. Iron is essential in the chemical reactions that produce energy from food. So if your iron levels are low then you body may not be able to use all the energy available to it. Not all Iron Is the Same
The are two different type of iron in food haem iron, found in red meat seafood and po nd non-haem iron found in breads, fruits, breakfast cereals, vegetable, legumes(e.g. baked beans) Haem iron foods are rich in iron and contain iron in the form that is easily absorbed by the body. Red the vegetables can boost the absorption of non-haem iron by up to four times. Vitamin C also has a similar positive effect on the absorption of iron In other words, the key to an iron rich diet is to eat a combination of iron rich foods high both haem and non-haem iron II. Text Analysis Main idea of the tex Exercise may lead to more loss of iron in females, which in turn produces serious effects on their health. According to sports medicine experts, active women should pay more attention to iron deficiency in their bodies and take correct measures to remedy it before it really becomes a problem. 1. Problem- Analysis- Solution(问题解决法) The whole essay is written in a typical problem-analysis-solution-evaluation pattern Problen Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. ( Para. 1) Provision of evidence for the problem: 1)Their study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week showed evidence of iron loss; 2) Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back 3) The new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels(Paras. 2-3) Analysis of general causes for it 1)Too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in; 2) Women's monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss; 3)Many women increase their risk of iron loss by rejecting red meat; 4) Women are liable to experience a deficiency as a result of restricting their diet in weight control Para. 4) Analysis of specific causes for it: (I)The average woman takes in only 2/3 of the recommended daily allowance for iron, which would easily cause iron deficiency if they take some exercises. ( Para. 5) (2)Some iron is lost in sweat, and intense endurance exercises may cause irondeficiency through bleeding of the digestive system and bleeding of the blood vessels in the feet. (Para. 6) Analysis of effects of iron deficiency: (1) Fatig whe ugh iron their blood to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. (2) ak, tired and out of breath -and their exercise performance is severely compromised; and they are in trouble. Paras. 7-8) (1)It is important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (2) Both women and men are at risk of iron deficiency as a result of a high
2 The are two different type of iron in food: haem iron, found in red meat seafood and poultry, and non-haem iron found in breads, fruits, breakfast cereals, vegetable, legumes (e.g. baked beans), nuts and eggs. Haem iron foods are rich in iron and contain iron in the form that is easily absorbed by the body. Red meat also has a special effect on iron absorption. The meat when eaten together with the vegetables can boost the absorption of non-haem iron by up to four times. Vitamin C also has a similar positive effect on the absorption of iron. In other words, the key to an iron rich diet is to eat a combination of iron rich foods high in both haem and non-haem iron. II. Text Analysis Main idea of the text Exercise may lead to more loss of iron in females, which in turn produces serious effects on their health. According to sports medicine experts, active women should pay more attention to iron deficiency in their bodies and take correct measures to remedy it before it really becomes a problem. 1. Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) The whole essay is written in a typical problem-analysis-solution-evaluation pattern. Problem: Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. (Para. 1) Provision of evidence for the problem: 1) Their study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week showed evidence of iron loss; 2) Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back; 3) The new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels. (Paras. 2 - 3) Analysis of general causes for it: 1) Too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in; 2) Women’s monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss; 3) Many women increase their risk of iron loss by rejecting red meat; 4) Women are liable to experience a deficiency as a result of restricting their diet in weight control. (Para. 4) Analysis of specific causes for it: (1) The average woman takes in only 2/3 of the recommended daily allowance for iron, which would easily cause iron deficiency if they take some exercises. (Para. 5) (2) Some iron is lost in sweat, and intense endurance exercises may cause iron deficiency through bleeding of the digestive system and bleeding of the blood vessels in the feet. (Para. 6) Analysis of effects of iron deficiency: (1) Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear when not enough iron is present in their blood to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. (2) When their iron reserves go to zero, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — and their exercise performance is severely compromised; and they are in trouble. (Paras. 7 - 8) Analysis of importance of checking iron reserves: (1) It is important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (2) Both women and men are at risk of iron deficiency as a result of a high
level of active physical exercise. ( 3) It is advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves.(Para. 9) Solution to the problen (1)If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by difying your diet or by taking supplements..(Para. 10) (2)Select breads and cereals with the words'iron-added'on the label.(Para. 11) (3) Eat the foods with plentiful Vitamin C to enhance the amount of iron absorbed. (Para. 11) (4)Cook in iron pans, as food can derive iron from the pan during the cooking process. Para. Il) (5)Avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals, since substances in these drinks can interfere witl iron being absorbed into the body. Para. I1) Evaluation Active women need to be a lot more careful about their food choices. If you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem. (Para. 12) 2. Quotation:(引言法) To support his argument, the author quotes as hard evidence the remarks respectively from the associate professor of Purdue University, Roseanne M. Lyle( Paras. 2, 3 and 12), another expert at Purdue(Para. 5), one of the Purdue study designers, John L. Beard(Paras. 8 and 9), and the sports diet expert Nancy Clark(Para. 11) Illustration(举证法) Spe (1 )Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies.(Para. I (2)We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,"says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (3)Her study of 62 formally inactive women who began exercising three times a wee months was published in the journal Medicine Science in Sports Exercise(Para. 2) Main idea of each part and devices for developing it Part I(Para. 1-3 Main idea Exercise, even moderate exercise, may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women Devices for developing it: Illustration(举证法) Specific evidence (1)Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. Para. 1) (2)"We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss, "says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue ()Her study of 62 formally inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine Science in Sports Exercise( Para. 2) Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back, she notes. "But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels. (Para. 3)
3 level of active physical exercise. (3) It is advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves. (Para. 9) Solution to the problem: (1) If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements… (Para. 10) (2) Select breads and cereals with the words ‘iron-added’ on the label… (Para. 11) (3) Eat the foods with plentiful Vitamin C to enhance the amount of iron absorbed. (Para. 11) (4) Cook in iron pans, as food can derive iron from the pan during the cooking process. ( Para. 11) (5) Avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals, since substances in these drinks can interfere with iron being absorbed into the body. ( Para. 11) Evaluation: “Active women need to be a lot more careful about their food choices. If you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem.” (Para. 12) 2. Quotation: (引言法) To support his argument, the author quotes as hard evidence the remarks respectively from the associate professor of Purdue University, Roseanne M. Lyle (Paras. 2, 3 and 12), another expert at Purdue (Para. 5), one of the Purdue study designers, John L. Beard (Paras. 8 and 9), and the sports diet expert Nancy Clark (Para. 11). Illustration (举证法): Specific evidence: (1)Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. (Para. 1) (2) “We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,” says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (3) Her study of 62 formally inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. (Para. 2) Main idea of each part and devices for developing it Part I (Para. 1 – 3) Main idea: Exercise, even moderate exercise, may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. Devices for developing it: Illustration (举证法) Specific evidence: (1) Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. (Para. 1) (2) “We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,” says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (3) Her study of 62 formally inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. (Para. 2) “Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back,” she notes. “But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels.”(Para. 3)
General Conclusion: Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women Quotation(引言法)& Contrast(对比法) Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back, she notes. "But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels. "(Para. 3) Part ll(Para. 4-6) Main ldea This part is about the causes for both iron deficiency among women in general and more serious deficiency among active women Devices for developing it Cause and effect(因果法) Effect(Para. 4) Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively General causes for the effect (1) They ignore the amount of iron they take in; (2)Women's monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss;(3)Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, hich contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. (4)Women often experience a deficiency as a result of their effort to control weight. Para. 4) Effect: (Para. 4) But the ratio(of iron deficiency in women) is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athlete Specific causes for the effect Additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency. ( Para. 5)(2)Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system. (3) Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where mall blood vessels in the feet leak blood Part Ill (Paras 7-9) Main idea The author makes clear both the effects of iron deficiency on people's health and the importance of checking iron reserves to active people Devices for developing it General-specific(总分法) General statement:(Para. 7) There are three stages of iron deficiency Specific statements:(Para. 7) (1)The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no (2)Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working (3)In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath- and exercise
4 General Conclusion: Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. Quotation (引言法) & Contrast (对比法) : “Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back,” she notes. “But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels.”(Para. 3) Part II (Para. 4 – 6) Main Idea This part is about the causes for both iron deficiency among women in general and more serious deficiency among active women. Devices for developing it Cause and effect (因果法) Effect (Para. 4) Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. General causes for the effect: (1) They ignore the amount of iron they take in; (2) Women’s monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss; (3) Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron.(4)Women often experience a deficiency as a result of their effort to control weight. (Para. 4) Effect: (Para. 4) But the ratio (of iron deficiency in women) is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. Specific causes for the effect: Additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency.(Para. 5) (2) Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system.(3) Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where mall blood vessels in the feet leak blood. (Para. 6) Part III (Paras. 7 - 9) Main idea The author makes clear both the effects of iron deficiency on people’s health and the importance of checking iron reserves to active people. Devices for developing it General-specific (总分法) General statement: (Para. 7) There are three stages of iron deficiency. Specific statements: (Para. 7) (1) The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. (2) Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. (3) In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — and exercise
performance is severely compromised Refutation(批驳法) (1)"People think that if theyre not at the third stage, nothing is wrong, but thats not true, " says John L. Beard, who helped design the Purdue study. ""You're not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero,. "(2)... most people don't know they have a deficiency, because the amount of iron in blood are not sufficient,.. Instead, it's important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (3)While active child-bearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores., men are not safe, especially if hey don' t eat meat and have a high level of physical activity (Paras. 8&9) Part IV(Paras. 10-12) Main idea The author gives his advice on how to remedy iron deficiency Devices for developing it Exemplification(举例法) 1. The author gives his advice through a list of examples: (Para. 10) (1)The best sources of iron are meat, chicken, and fish. (2)Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetable 2. The author quotes an example from Clark's advice on cooking in iron pans: (Para. l1) The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase the level going up nearly 30 times III. Language points 1. endurance: n. the ability to continue with unpleasant or difficult situation, experience, or activity over a long period of time endurance test耐力测试 beyond/ past endurance超出可以忍受的限度 The exercise obviously will improve strength and endurance显然,这种锻炼会增强体力和耐 力 Long distance races are won by the runners with the greatest endurance.长跑比赛的获胜者是 最有耐力的运动员 2. moderate: a. of middle degree, power, or rate; neither large nor small, neither high nor low Ten years of working in the company enabled him to afford a house of moderate size.在公司工 作了不得10年,他得以有能力购买一栋中等大小的房子 At the time of the accident,. the car was traveling at a moderate speed.事故发生时,该车正以中 速行驶 3. evidence: n. sth, such as a fact, sign, or object that gives proof for reasons to believe or agree with sth There is a lot of evidence that stress is partly responsible for disease.有很多证据表明,压力是 致病的部分原因 To date there is no evidence to support this theory.至今尚无证据支持这一理论 Can you show me any evidence for your statement?你能不能给我看看你这种说法的证据? When the police arrived he had already destroyed the evidence that showed he was guilty. L 察来时他已销毁了罪证 t. 1)eat or drink; 2)u
5 performance is severely compromised. Refutation (批驳法) (1) “People think that if they’re not at the third stage, nothing is wrong, but that’s not true,” says John L. Beard , who helped design the Purdue study. “You’re not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero, …” (2) …most people don’t know they have a deficiency, because the amount of iron in blood are not sufficient, … Instead, it’s important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (3) While active, child-bearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores…, men are not safe, especially if they don’t eat meat and have a high level of physical activity. (Paras. 8 & 9) Part IV (Paras.10-12) Main idea The author gives his advice on how to remedy iron deficiency. Devices for developing it Exemplification (举例法) 1. The author gives his advice through a list of examples: (Para. 10) 10) (1) The best sources of iron are meat, chicken, and fish. (2) Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables. 2. The author quotes an example from Clark’s advice on cooking in iron pans: (Para. 11) “The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase, the level going up nearly 30 times.” III. Language Points 1. endurance: n. the ability to continue with unpleasant or difficult situation, experience, or activity over a long period of time endurance test 耐力测试 beyond / past endurance 超出可以忍受的限度 The exercise obviously will improve strength and endurance.显然, 这种锻炼会增强体力和耐 力 Long distance races are won by the runners with the greatest endurance. 长跑比赛的获胜者是 最有耐力的运动员. 2. moderate: a. of middle degree, power, or rate; neither large nor small, neither high nor low Ten years of working in the company enabled him to afford a house of moderate size. 在公司工 作了不得 10 年, 他得以有能力购买一栋中等大小的房子. At the time of the accident, the car was traveling at a moderate speed. 事故发生时,该车正以中 速行驶. 3. evidence: n. sth., such as a fact, sign, or object that gives proof for reasons to believe or agree with sth. There is a lot of evidence that stress is partly responsible for disease. 有很多证据表明, 压力是 致病的部分原因. To date there is no evidence to support this theory. 至今尚无证据支持这一理论. Can you show me any evidence for your statement? 你能不能给我看看你这种说法的证据? When the police arrived he had already destroyed the evidence that showed he was guilty. 警 察来时,他已销毁了罪证. 4. consume: vt. 1) eat or drink; 2) use; use up
He would consume nearly two pounds of milk per day.他一天能喝将近两磅牛奶. They are serving chocolate ice-creams for the children to consume in the kitchen.他们给小孩 子巧克力冰淇淋,让他们在厨房吃 Some of the new air conditioners consume 70 percent less electricity than the old models. iE 新型空调中有的比旧型的少耗电70% 5. supplement: n 1)a pill or a special kind of food that one eats in order to improve one's health or diet a multiple vitamin and mineral supplement复维他命令和矿物质补剂 I take supplements regularly and do exercises every day.我经常服用补剂并每天锻炼 2)an additional written part, at the end of a book or as a separate part of a newspaper, magazine, a special supplement to a monthly financial magazine;一份金融月刊的确特别增刊 the supplement to the Encyclopedia Britannica《大英百科全书》的增补本 They are doing extra jobs outside their regular ones to supplement their income.除了常规的工 作外,他们还干些零活,以补充收入 I suggest supplementing your diet with vitamin E and A.我建议在你的食物中补充维他命E 和维他命A 6. bounce back: return to the normal and healthy state of feeling or activity We lost two or three early games in the World Cup, but we bounced back.在世界杯比赛中我 们先输了几场,但后来又贏回来了 He is young enough to bounce back from this disappointment.他很年轻,能够从这次挫折中恢 复过来 7 respectively ad. Each separately in the order mentioned She gave a glass of beer to the man and a toy rabbit to the boy, respectively.她分别给了男人 杯啤酒给了男孩一个玩具兔子 Their sons, Ben and Jonathan, were three and six respectively.他们的两个儿子,本和乔纳森, 分别为三岁和六岁 They finished first and second respectively.他们分别获得了第一和第二名 8. ratio: n a figure showing the number of times one quantity contains another The ratio of 10 to5is2to1.10与5之比为2比1 The bottom char shows the ratio of personal debt to personal income.底端的图表显示了不得 个人债务与个人收入的比例 The adult to child ratio is 1比6大人与小孩之比是1比6 9. up to: as far as, to and including Up to 10 men can sleep in this tent.这个帐篷里可以睡觉10个人 Everyone works, from the boy who sweeps the floor up to the President.每个人都工作,下至扫 地的男孩上到总统 Everyone works, from the President down to the boy who sweeps the floor.每个人都工作,上 至总统下到扫地的男孩 10. take in: allow air, drink or food to enter ones body, usu. by breathing or swallowing The wounded soldier was so weak that he could hardly take in even liquid这名伤员身体太弱 甚至不能喝流体食物
6 He would consume nearly two pounds of milk per day. 他一天能喝将近两磅牛奶. They are serving chocolate ice-creams for the children to consume in the kitchen. 他们给小孩 子巧克力冰淇淋, 让他们在厨房吃. Some of the new air conditioners consume 70 percent less electricity than the old models. 这些 新型空调中有的比旧型的少耗电 70%. 5. supplement: n. 1) a pill or a special kind of food that one eats in order to improve one’s health or diet a multiple vitamin and mineral supplement 复维他命令和矿物质补剂. I take supplements regularly and do exercises every day. 我经常服用补剂并每天锻炼. 2) an additional written part, at the end of a book or as a separate part of a newspaper, magazine, etc. a special supplement to a monthly financial magazine ;一份金融月刊的确特别增刊. the supplement to the Encyclopedia Britannica 《大英百科全书》的增补本. vt. Make addition to They are doing extra jobs outside their regular ones to supplement their income. 除了常规的工 作外,他们还干些零活,以补充收入. I suggest supplementing your diet with vitamin E and A. 我建议在你的食物中补充维他命 E 和维他命 A. 6. bounce back: return to the normal and healthy state of feeling or activity We lost two or three early games in the World Cup, but we bounced back. 在世界杯比赛中我 们先输了几场,但后来又赢回来了. He is young enough to bounce back from this disappointment. 他很年轻,能够从这次挫折中恢 复过来. 7. respectively: ad. Each separately in the order mentioned She gave a glass of beer to the man and a toy rabbit to the boy, respectively. 她分别给了男人 一杯啤酒,给了男孩一个玩具兔子. Their sons, Ben and Jonathan, were three and six respectively. 他们的两个儿子,本和乔纳森, 分别为三岁和六岁. They finished first and second respectively. 他们分别获得了第一和第二名. 8. ratio: n. a figure showing the number of times one quantity contains another The ratio of 10 to 5 is 2 to 1. 10 与 5 之比为 2 比 1. The bottom char shows the ratio of personal debt to personal income. 底端的图表显示了不得 个人债务与个人收入的比例. The adult to child ratio is 1 比 6.大人与小孩之比是 1 比 6.. 9. up to: as far as, to and including Up to 10 men can sleep in this tent. 这个帐篷里可以睡觉 10 个人. Everyone works, from the boy who sweeps the floor up to the President. 每个人都工作,下至扫 地的男孩上到总统. Compare: Everyone works, from the President down to the boy who sweeps the floor. 每个人都工作, 上 至总统下到扫地的男孩. 10. take in: allow air, drink or food to enter one’s body, usu. by breathing or swallowing The wounded soldier was so weak that he could hardly take in even liquid.这名伤员身体太弱, 甚至不能喝流体食物
11. at risk: in danger The disease is spreading, and all children under five are at risk.疾病在蔓延,5岁以下的孩子都 有被传染的危险 12. plus Plus, nobody cares where we were last night.况且也没人在意我们昨晚在哪儿。 Pus, he was a father of three little children.此外,他还是三个幼小的孩子的父亲。 2) prep. With the addition of 3plus6is9.3加6等于 They will pay about$675 million plus interest.他们要支付大约6.75亿美元,外加利息 The cost is a pound plus 10 pence for postage.费用为1镑,外加10便士邮费 2)and also This work needs experience plus care.这工作不仅需要经验而且需要细心 13. keep within limits; keep to a certain limit As the campus is small, there is a need to restrict the number of students.由于校园小,有必要 限制学生人数 The first step to giving up smoke is to restrict oneself to two or three cigarettes a day. #i Bj 确第一步,是限制自己每天只吸两到三支烟 14. liable. a 1)likely, esp from habit or tendency He is liable to shout when angry.他一生气就高声喊叫 He is not the man who is liable to harm himself.哈达不是不那种可能伤害自己的人. 2)often suffering(from) She will not grow into a woman particularly liable to depression.她不会变成一个容易沮丧的 女人 The boy is liable to bad colds.这男孩容易患重感冒 15. allowance: n an amount of sth. Provided regularly or allowed in particular circumstances a basic grain allowance粮食基本定量 Most of our flights have a baggage allowance of20 kg per passenger.我们的大多数航班容许 每位旅客免费带20公斤行李。 16. tip sb. Over the edge: bring about a noticeable change; (cause to) develop into another status Because of not being able to cope with everyday life they were tipped over the edge into breakdown.因为不能应付日常生活,他们处于崩溃的边缘 17. digestive: a connected with or helping in the digesting of food digestive function消化功能 This oil is very good regulating digestive disorder:这重油对消化不良很有疗效 18. Phenomenon: n. a fact or event in nature (or society) as it appears or is experienced by the senses,esp. one that is unusual and/ or of scientific interest the phenomena of nature自然现象 Snow in Egypt is an almost unknown phenomenon.在埃及,下雪几乎是一种不为人知的现 象 19 vessel: n 1)a tube(such as a vein) that carries blood or other liquid through the body, or conveys juice through a plant
7 11. at risk: in danger The disease is spreading, and all children under five are at risk. 疾病在蔓延,5 岁以下的孩子都 有被传染的危险. 12. plus: 1）conj. And; in addition Plus, nobody cares where we were last night. 况且也没人在意我们昨晚在哪儿。 Plus, he was a father of three little children. 此外，他还是三个幼小的孩子的父亲。 2）prep. With the addition of 3 plus 6 is 9. 3 加 6 等于 9。 They will pay about $675 million plus interest. 他们要支付大约 6.75 亿美元,外加利息. The cost is a pound plus 10 pence for postage. 费用为 1 镑,外加 10 便士邮费. 2) and also This work needs experience plus care. 这工作不仅需要经验,而且需要细心. 13. keep within limits; keep to a certain limit As the campus is small, there is a need to restrict the number of students. 由于校园小,有必要 限制学生人数. The first step to giving up smoke is to restrict oneself to two or three cigarettes a day. 戒严的 确第一步, 是限制自己每天只吸两到三支烟. 14. liable: a. 1) likely, esp. from habit or tendency He is liable to shout when angry. 他一生气就高声喊叫. He is not the man who is liable to harm himself. 哈达不是不那种可能伤害自己的人. 2) often suffering (from) She will not grow into a woman particularly liable to depression. 她不会变成一个容易沮丧的 女人. The boy is liable to bad colds. 这男孩容易患重感冒. 15. allowance: n. an amount of sth. Provided regularly or allowed in particular circumstances a basic grain allowance 粮食基本定量 Most of our flights have a baggage allowance of 20kg per passenger. 我们的大多数航班容许 每位旅客免费带 20 公斤行李。 16. tip sb. Over the edge: bring about a noticeable change; (cause to) develop into another status Because of not being able to cope with everyday life they were tipped over the edge into breakdown. 因为不能应付日常生活，他们处于崩溃的边缘。 17. digestive: a. connected with or helping in the digesting of food digestive function 消化功能 This oil is very good regulating digestive disorder. 这重油对消化不良很有疗效。 18. Phenomenon: n. a fact or event in nature (or society) as it appears or is experienced by the senses, esp. one that is unusual and/ or of scientific interest the phenomena of nature 自然现象 Snow in Egypt is an almost unknown phenomenon. 在埃及，下雪几乎是一种不为人知的现 象。 19. vessel: n. 1) a tube (such as a vein) that carries blood or other liquid through the body, or conveys juice through a plant
Blood vessels are the narrow tubes through which your blood flows.血管是供血液流通的细 管 2)a ship or large boat a naval vessel海军战舰 The port of Shanghai is filled with vessels of various kinds.上海港停满了各种各样的船 1)on usual occasions, in usual conditions Typically,, he would come in late and then say he was sorry.他总是来的晚,然后说对不起 It typically takes a day or two, depending on size.通常要一两天,视大小而定。 2)representing a particular type of person or thing 2/1 e greeted me with typically American hospitality他以美国人特有的热情迎接我 Fatigue is a feeling of extreme physical or mental tiredness疲劳是感到身体或脑极度疲倦。 She continued to have severe stomachaches and fatigue.她仍然胃痛得厉害,感到非常疲倦。 22. out of breath unable to breathe easily and rhythmically as one normally does When he finally got on the train, he was out of breath.在他最后登上火车时,他已经是气喘 吁吁了 At the end of the race the writer was out of breath.获胜者跑到终点时已经上气不接下气 23. go to zero: be used up; be exhausted Their energy went to zero at the end of the game.比赛结束时,他们已经筋疲力尽 24. calculate vt 1)work out or find out(sth )by using numbers; compute From this table you can calculate the total profit we made this month.从这个表上,你可以 算出我们这个月得的总利润。 We calculate that the average size of farms in this region is65 acres.我们计算出本地区农 场的平均面积是65英亩 2)work out by using one's judgment; estimate Did you calculate the cost?Yes, I calculated that it would cost$500.你估算了成本吗?是 的,我估算成本会是500美 24 sufficient: a. enough We don' t have food sufficient for everybody我们没有足够的食物分给每个人 There is no sufficient evidence to show that he suffers from iron deficiency.没有足够证据 表明他缺铁 Lighting levels should be sufficient for taking photos if you don' t have a flash.没有闪光灯 的话,照相时光线要充足 5 indicate: vt show: suggest A survey of retired people has indicated that most are independent and enjoying life. Xfi Ak 人员的调查表明,他们多数都生活自立,在安亨晚年 This indicates whether vitamins are suitable for children.这能表明维他命是否适合儿童 The vote today indicates a change in the foreign policy of the USA.今天的投票结果表明美 国的外交政策发生了变化 26. storage: n. the act of storing storage space储存空间
8 Blood vessels are the narrow tubes through which your blood flows. 血管是供血液流通的细 管。 2) a ship or large boat a naval vessel 海军战舰 The port of Shanghai is filled with vessels of various kinds. 上海港停满了各种各样的船 只。 20. typically: ad. 1) on usual occasions; in usual conditions Typically, he would come in late and then say he was sorry. 他总是来的晚，然后说对不起。 It typically takes a day or two, depending on size. 通常要一两天，视大小而定。 2) representing a particular type of person or thing He greeted me with typically American hospitality. 他以美国人特有的热情迎接我。 21. fatigue: n. great tiredness Fatigue is a feeling of extreme physical or mental tiredness. 疲劳是感到身体或脑极度疲倦。 She continued to have severe stomachaches and fatigue. 她仍然胃痛得厉害，感到非常疲倦。 22. out of breath: unable to breathe easily and rhythmically as one normally does When he finally got on the train, he was out of breath. 在他最后登上火车时，他已经是气喘 吁吁了。 At the end of the race the writer was out of breath. 获胜者跑到终点时已经上气不接下气。 23. go to zero: be used up; be exhausted Their energy went to zero at the end of the game. 比赛结束时，他们已经筋疲力尽。 24. calculate: vt. 1) work out or find out(sth.) by using numbers; compute From this table you can calculate the total profit we made this month. 从这个表上，你可以 算出我们这个月得的总利润。 We calculate that the average size of farms in this region is 65 acres. 我们计算出本地区农 场的平均面积是 65 英亩。 2) work out by using one’s judgment; estimate Did you calculate the cost? Yes, I calculated that it would cost $500. 你估算了成本吗？是 的， 我估算成本会是 500 美元。 24. sufficient: a. enough We don’t have food sufficient for everybody.我们没有足够的食物分给每个人。 There is no sufficient evidence to show that he suffers from iron deficiency. 没有足够证据 表明他缺铁。 Lighting levels should be sufficient for taking photos if you don’t have a flash. 没有闪光灯 的话，照相时光线要充足。 25. indicate: vt. show; suggest A survey of retired people has indicated that most are independent and enjoying life. 对退休 人员的调查表明，他们多数都生活自立，在安亨晚年。 This indicates whether vitamins are suitable for children. 这能表明维他命是否适合儿童。 The vote today indicates a change in the foreign policy of the USA. 今天的投票结果表明美 国的外交政策发生了变化。 26. storage: n. the act of storing storage space 储存空间
Some of the space will at first be used for storage.其中有些空间将首先用于储物。 His task is to ensure the fair use and storage of personal information held in computer. fBjE 务是确保合理使用和保存电脑中的个人信息 27 advisable: a. that is advised or thought best to do sensible: wise It' s advisable that you leave now.你最好现在就离开。 Because of the popularity of the region, it is advisable to book hotels in advance.该地区很有 名气,因此明智的做法是预先订好旅馆 28. yearly: a. &e ad. Every year; once in a year yearly income年收入 yearly output年产量 We paid a yearly visit to my uncle.我们每年去看一次我叔叔 This examination is held yearly.这种考试每年举行一次 29. modif 1)change sth slightly, esp to improve it These plans must be modified if they are to be used successfully.如果要使这些计划成功 实施,必须对它们进行修改。 The training program has been modified to the benefit of the students.这个训练计划己做了 修改,以使学生受益 2)(in grammar)(of a word, esp. an adjective or adverb) describe or limit the meaning of (another word) Which part does the word modify?这个词修饰哪一部分? Adjectives modify nouns.形容词一般修饰名词。 30. undo: vt 1)remove the effects of She knew it would be difficult to undo the damage that had been done.她知道很难消除已 经造成的损害 If he won, he would undo everything I have fought for.要是他赢了,他会毁掉我为之奋 斗的一切 2)unfasten; untie He undid the parcel他解开了包裹。 I undid two buttons of my white shirt.我解开了白衬衫上的两个扣子 The picture on the wall came undone.墙上的画掉下来了 31 shortcoming: n. weakness; fault Marriages usually break down as a result of the shortcomings of both partners.婚姻破裂通常 是男女双方的缺点所造成的。 He is a man and therefore has shortcomings.他是人,因此免不了有缺点 32. throw up: vomit; be sick The child has thrown up her dinner again.这孩子又把吃的饭吐了。 Jane can' t come;, shes been throwing up all morning简来不了啦;她吐了一个上午。 She said she had thrown up after reading reports of the trial.她说她读了关于审判的报道后 感到恶心。 33. select vt. choose as the best, most suitable, etc. from a group He selected three books from the offered list and bought them.他从提供的书单上挑了三本 书并买了下来。 The movie is being shot in selected cities.这部电影正在被选中的城市拍摄
9 Some of the space will at first be used for storage. 其中有些空间将首先用于储物。 His task is to ensure the fair use and storage of personal information held in computer. 他的任 务是确保合理使用和保存电脑中的个人信息。 27. advisable: a. that is advised or thought best to do; sensible; wise It’s advisable that you leave now. 你最好现在就离开。 Because of the popularity of the region, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 该地区很有 名气，因此明智的做法是预先订好旅馆。 28. yearly: a. & ad. Every year; once in a year yearly income 年收入 yearly output 年产量 We paid a yearly visit to my uncle. 我们每年去看一次我叔叔。 This examination is held yearly.这种考试每年举行一次。 29. modify: vt. 1) change sth. slightly, esp. to improve it These plans must be modified if they are to be used successfully. 如果要使这些计划成功 实施，必须对它们进行修改。 The training program has been modified to the benefit of the students. 这个训练计划已做了 修改，以使学生受益。 2) (in grammar) (of a word, esp. an adjective or adverb) describe or limit the meaning of (another word) Which part does the word modify? 这个词修饰哪一部分？ Adjectives modify nouns. 形容词一般修饰名词。 30. undo: vt. 1) remove the effects of She knew it would be difficult to undo the damage that had been done. 她知道很难消除已 经造成的损害。 If he won, he would undo everything I have fought for. 要是他赢了，他会毁掉我为之奋 斗的一切。 2) unfasten; untie He undid the parcel. 他解开了包裹。 I undid two buttons of my white shirt. 我解开了白衬衫上的两个扣子。 The picture on the wall came undone. 墙上的画掉下来了。 31. shortcoming: n. weakness; fault Marriages usually break down as a result of the shortcomings of both partners. 婚姻破裂通常 是男女双方的缺点所造成的。 He is a man and therefore has shortcomings. 他是人，因此免不了有缺点。 32. throw up: vomit; be sick The child has thrown up her dinner again. 这孩子又把吃的饭吐了。 Jane can’t come; she’s been throwing up all morning. 简来不了啦；她吐了一个上午。 She said she had thrown up after reading reports of the trial. 她说她读了关于审判的报道后 感到恶心。 33. select vt. choose as the best, most suitable, etc. from a group He selected three books from the offered list and bought them. 他从提供的书单上挑了三本 书并买了下来。 The movie is being shot in selected cities. 这部电影正在被选中的城市拍摄
34 derive . from obtain from: come from He is one of those people who can derive pleasure from helping others.有些人从帮助他人中 得到快乐,他便是其中之一。 He derives much pleasure from books.他从书中获得了很多乐趣 The word“ derive” derives from latin. Derive一词源于拉丁语。 These defensive behavior patterns derive from our subconscious fears.这些防范的行为模式 源于我们潜意识里的恐惧 35. striking a. which draws the attention, esp. because of being attractive or unusual a striking idea一个好主意 a woman with striking good looking一个长的极漂亮的女人 He bears a striking resemblance to his father.他长得非常像他父亲。 36. go up: increase; become higher, as in level he temperature is going up; will the snow melt?温度在升高,雪会融化吗? The standard of performance has gone up since last year, as the players have gained more experience.由于演员更有经验了,所以自去年以来表演水平提高了。 My weight keeps going up although I try not to eat too much.虽然我尽量不多吃,我的体重还 是越来越重 37 interfere with: 1)get in the way of, prevent from working or happening Nothing must be allowed to interfere with our plans for the weekend.决不允许任何事情干 扰我们的周末计划 You mustnt allow your family duties to interfere with your work.你不可让家庭责任干扰 你的工作。 2)touch or cause damage to(sth. which is not one's concern) Somebody's been interfering with my papers again; I do whish everyone would leave them alone.又有人动我的稿子。我真的希望不要有人动它 This noise interferes with my work.这噪声妨碍我工作 Interfere in: meddle in: concern oneself with and usu take unwanted action about someone else's business Don' t interfere in matters that don' t concen you.不要介入那些与你无关的事。 I never interfere in his affair我从不干涉他的事。 To interfere in something is to take part in it without being wanted. But to interfere with something is to prevent it from happening. interfere in sth.是指别人未请而自己主动参与 interfere with sth.是指阻碍事情发生。 38. sum 1)give the main idea of sth. written or spoken; give a short account of sth You have only100 words in which to sum up his speech你总结他的讲话不能超过100个 字 I can best sum up the advantages of the system by describing some recent encouraging results 通过描述最近取得的令人鼓舞的成果,我能很好地概括该系统的长处 2)make a total of an amount These ten books sum up this year' s production.这10本书概括了今年的全部成果。 Your marks sum up to87.你(一共)得了87分
10 34. derive … from: obtain from; come from He is one of those people who can derive pleasure from helping others. 有些人从帮助他人中 得到快乐，他便是其中之一。 He derives much pleasure from books. 他从书中获得了很多乐趣。 The word “derive” derives from Latin. Derive 一词源于拉丁语。 These defensive behavior patterns derive from our subconscious fears. 这些防范的行为模式 源于我们潜意识里的恐惧。 35. striking a. which draws the attention, esp. because of being attractive or unusual a striking idea 一个好主意 a woman with striking good looking 一个长的极漂亮的女人 He bears a striking resemblance to his father. 他长得非常像他父亲。 36. go up: increase; become higher, as in level The temperature is going up; will the snow melt? 温度在升高，雪会融化吗？ The standard of performance has gone up since last year, as the players have gained more experience. 由于演员更有经验了，所以自去年以来表演水平提高了。 My weight keeps going up although I try not to eat too much. 虽然我尽量不多吃，我的体重还 是越来越重。 37. interfere with: 1) get in the way of; prevent from working or happening Nothing must be allowed to interfere with our plans for the weekend. 决不允许任何事情干 扰我们的周末计划。 You mustn’t allow your family duties to interfere with your work. 你不可让家庭责任干扰 你的工作。 2) touch or cause damage to (sth. which is not one’s concern) Somebody’s been interfering with my papers again; I do whish everyone would leave them alone. 又有人动我的稿子。我真的希望不要有人动它 This noise interferes with my work. 这噪声妨碍我工作。 Compare: Interfere in: meddle in; concern oneself with and usu. take unwanted action about someone else’s business Don’t interfere in matters that don’t concern you. 不要介入那些与你无关的事。 I never interfere in his affair. 我从不干涉他的事。 To interfere in something is to take part in it without being wanted. But to interfere with something is to prevent it from happening. interfere in sth. 是指别人未请而自己主动参与； interfere with sth. 是指阻碍事情发生。 38. sum up: 1) give the main idea of sth. written or spoken; give a short account of sth. You have only 100 words in which to sum up his speech.你总结他的讲话不能超过 100 个 字。 I can best sum up the advantages of the system by describing some recent encouraging results. 通过描述最近取得的令人鼓舞的成果，我能很好地概括该系统的长处。 2) make a total of an amount These ten books sum up this year’s production. 这 10 本书概括了今年的全部成果。 Your marks sum up to 87. 你（一共）得了 87 分