Unit One Section A Time-Conscious americans I. Background information 1.Time Orientation Americans place considerable value on punctuality. Because they tend to organize their activities by means of schedules, they may seem harried, always running from one thing to the next and unable to relax and enjoy themselves. Since Americans are so time conscious, the pace of life may seem very hectic( 5k B]). Being on time is regarded as very important, and in the U.S.most people make an effort to arrive on time. Not all Americans are punctual, but almost everyone is conscious of time. Different types of activities have different conventions. One should arrive at the exact time specified for meals, and for appointments with professors, doctors, and other professionals. You can arrive any time between the hours specified for parties, receptions, and cocktail parties. Plan to arrive a few minutes before the specified time for public meetings, plays, concerts, movies, sports events, classes, church services, and weddings. If you are unable to keep an appointment, it is expected that you inform the other party that you will be late or unable to arrive 2. Hourglass a glass container holding fine sand for measuring time, which is narrow in the middle like a figure 8 so that the sand inside can run slowly from the top half to the bottom taking exactly one 沙漏:一种装上细沙以用来测量时间的玻璃容器,其颈部细小,形状象一个8字,使得上半部 的沙子能缓慢地流到下半部中,其时间正好是一个小时。 3. Proverbs of time Read the following proverbs. Have you ever learnt them? What are the Chinese versions for them? 1). Time works wonders.时间创造奇迹 2) Time tries truth.时间检验真理 3) Time is the best healer.时间是治愈创伤的良药 4). Time and tide wait for no man.时间不等人。(时不我待。) 5). All time is no time when it is past.机不可失,时不再来 6) An inch of time can not be bought by an inch of gold.寸金难买寸光阴 II. Text Analysis Understanding the organization of the text Main idea of the text Americans value time and save time carefully. In their eyes, time is regarded as precious resource a person who tends to waste his own time or that of others is never accepted in American culture Consequently, Americans try every means to save time in their daily life business and work so as to make every minute count. Besides, to solve a problem or fulfill a job with speed in U.S. A is taken s a sign of skillfulness or being competent. Structure Part One-( paras. 1-2) Americans value time and save time carefully. Time is regarded as _ precious resources Part Two-(paras. 3-7)
Unit One Section A Time-Conscious Americans I. Background information 1.Time Orientation Americans place considerable value on punctuality. Because they tend to organize their activities by means of schedules, they may seem harried, always running from one thing to the next and unable to relax and enjoy themselves. Since Americans are so time conscious, the pace of life may seem very hectic(紧张的). Being on time is regarded as very important, and in the U.S. most people make an effort to arrive on time. Not all Americans are punctual, but almost everyone is conscious of time. Different types of activities have different conventions. One should arrive at the exact time specified for meals, and for appointments with professors, doctors, and other professionals. You can arrive any time between the hours specified for parties, receptions, and cocktail parties. Plan to arrive a few minutes before the specified time for public meetings, plays, concerts, movies, sports events, classes, church services, and weddings. If you are unable to keep an appointment, it is expected that you inform the other party that you will be late or unable to arrive. 2. Hourglass A glass container holding fine sand for measuring time, which is narrow in the middle like a figure 8 so that the sand inside can run slowly from the top half to the bottom taking exactly one hour. 沙漏：一种装上细沙以用来测量时间的玻璃容器，其颈部细小，形状象一个8字，使得上半部 的沙子能缓慢地流到下半部中，其时间正好是一个小时。 3. Proverbs of time Read the following proverbs. Have you ever learnt them? What are the Chinese versions for them? 1). Time works wonders. 时间创造奇迹。 2). Time tries truth. 时间检验真理。 3). Time is the best healer. 时间是治愈创伤的良药。 4). Time and tide wait for no man. 时间不等人。（时不我待。） 5). All time is no time when it is past. 机不可失，时不再来。 6).An inch of time can not be bought by an inch of gold. 寸金难买寸光阴。 II. Text Analysis Understanding the organization of the text Main idea of the text Americans value time and save time carefully. In their eyes, time is regarded as precious resource. A person who tends to waste his own time or that of others is never accepted in American culture. Consequently, Americans try every means to save time in their daily life, business and work so as to make every minute count. Besides, to solve a problem or fulfill a job with speed in U.S.A is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent. Structure Part One―( paras. 1―2) Americans value time and save time carefully. Time is regarded as precious resources. Part Two―(paras.3―7)
Americans try every means to save time. They save time in their daily life, business and work as well. They also create a series of devices to improve efficiency Part Three (paras. 8) Saving time is regarded as a sign of skillfulness or being competent. II. Language points Phrases result(L 2) Acting before thinking always results in failing.( cause, lead to)没有经过思考的行动总是导 致失败 The accident resulted from his careless driving.( be caused by)事故是由于他的粗心驾驶造成 的 The accident the death of two people 事故导致两人死亡。 The childs illness eating unclean food 孩子的生病是因吃了不干净的事物引起的。( result from) a love marriage,however, does not necessarily much sharing of interests and responsibilities (CET-4 96.1) a take over b result in c. hold on d keep to Key:b然而有爱情的婚姻未必会使夫妇利益共享,责任共担 2. nothing but. (L5) Dont have him for a friend: he is nothing but a criminal.(只有,只不过) 不要跟他做朋友,他只不过是个罪犯 屋里除了一张桌子以外什么也没有 There is nothing in the room but a table.(除了以外没有什么) 注意: nothing but前或之间出现实意动词do一词时,but后要跟上不带to的不定式 但是, nothing but前且之间没有出现实意动词do一词时,but后要跟上带to的不 定式 t: They could do nothing but go home on foot. 他们只能步行回家 They could say nothing but to keep silent. 他们无话可说,只能保持沉默 3. charge(L7) How much do you charge for a washing car? (v. ask an amount as a pricey 你们洗一部车要多少钱 单人房每夜要收费200元
Americans try every means to save time. They save time in their daily life , business and work as well. They also create a series of devices to improve efficiency. Part Three (paras. 8) Saving time is regarded as a sign of skillfulness or being competent. III. Language Points Phrases 1. result (L.2) Acting before thinking always results in failing. （cause, lead to）没有经过思考的行动总是导 致失败。 The accident resulted from his careless driving. (be caused by)事故是由于他的粗心驾驶造成 的。 The accident________ the death of two people 事故导致两人死亡。 (resulted in) The child’s illness ________eating unclean food. 孩子的生病是因吃了不干净的事物引起的。 ( result from ) A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _____ much sharing of interests and responsibilities. (CET-4 96.1) a. take over b. result in c. hold on d. keep to Key: b 然而有爱情的婚姻未必会使夫妇利益共享，责任共担。 2. nothing but… (L.5) Don’t have him for a friend: he is nothing but a criminal. ( 只有，只不过) 不要跟他做朋友，他只不过是个罪犯。 屋里除了一张桌子以外什么也没有。 There is nothing in the room but a table. （除了……以外没有什么） 注意：nothing but 前或之间出现实意动词 do 一词时，but 后要跟上不带 to 的不定式； 但是，nothing but 前且之间没有出现实意动词do一词时，but 后要跟上带to 的不 定式。 如：They could do nothing but go home on foot. 他们只能步行回家。 They could say nothing but to keep silent. 他们无话可说，只能保持沉默。 3. charge (L.7) How much do you charge for a washing car? （v. ask an amount as a price收费） 你们洗一部车要多少钱？ 单人房每夜要收费200元
只要你预先付款,我们不收你送货费。 As long as you have paid advance, we wont charge you for the delivery. 4. count (L. 11) She's the only person that really counts around here. (v be important 她是这周围唯一有影响力的人 For them, what counts is nothing but money. 对他们来说,重要的只有钱 温故知新: What matters is this whoever she was. aunt Esther Gubbins was right. Unit 6-A. Book 1) 5. beyond (L.20) Understanding this article is beyond my capacity(prep.超出,出乎,为…所不能及) 我看不懂这篇文章。 Do you know the English expression of the following 出乎某人的预料 beyond one' s expectation 非我力所能及: beyond my ability 做梦都想不到: bevond one' s dream 够不着 beyond ones reach 不能再修复 beyond repair 6. assess(L. 27) The annual income of school teachers in this place was assessed at $900. (v to estimate the value of sth.评价估价) 这地方的学校教师的收入为900美元 要评价新法令的效果现在还为时过早。 It is too early to assess the effects of the new law 词语辨析: assess v.常用表示对收入,财产等进行“估价”(常作为课税或罚款等的根据) estimate v.指一种猜测性的“估价、估计”,强调其估计结果可能是错误的; evaluate v.强调评定人或物的价值 All the experts presented found it very difficult to assess the value of the antique 所有在场的专家都觉很难对这件古玩进行估价 It was difficult to estimate how many people had beer 很难估计有多少人在地震中受伤(Un4A, Book I Every term students are given the opportunity to evaluate their instructors qU 7
We charge 200 dollars for a single room one night. 只要你预先付款，我们不收你送货费。 As long as you have paid advance, we won’t charge you for the delivery. 4. count (L.11) She’s the only person that really counts around here. （v. be important） 她是这周围唯一有影响力的人。 For them, what counts is nothing but money. 对他们来说，重要的只有钱。 温故知新： What matters is this: whoever she was, Aunt Esther Gubbins was right.（Unit 6―A, Book I） 5. beyond (L.20) Understanding this article is beyond my capacity. (prep. 超出，出乎，为……所不能及) 我看不懂这篇文章。 Do you know the English expression of the following: 出乎某人的预料 beyond one’s expectation 非我力所能及： beyond my ability 做梦都想不到： beyond one’s dream 够不着 beyond one’s reach 不能再修复 beyond repair 6. assess (L.27) The annual income of school teachers in this place was assessed at＄900. （v. to estimate the value of sth..评价,估价） 这地方的学校教师的收入为900美元。 要评价新法令的效果现在还为时过早。 It is too early to assess the effects of the new law. 词语辨析： assess v. 常用表示对收入，财产等进行“估价”（常作为课税或罚款等的根据）； estimate v. 指一种猜测性的“估价、估计”，强调其估计结果可能是错误的； evaluate v. 强调评定人或物的价值 All the experts presented found it very difficult to assess the value of the antique. 所有在场的专家都觉很难对这件古玩进行估价。 It was difficult to estimate how many people had been wounded in the earthquake. 很难估计有多少人在地震中受伤(Unit4-A, Book I). Every term students are given the opportunity to evaluate their instructors. (Unit 8-B, Book 1) 7. generally (L.29)
Generally, the student go to the library three times a week. (ad. usually) 这学生一般每周去图书馆三次 人们普遍认为吸烟有害健康 that smoking is bad for health. (ad by most people, widely) It is generally agreed / believed 8. consequently (L 32 The bank refused to help the company; consequently it went out of business. (ad. as a result 银行拒绝帮助这家公司,公司因此倒闭了 The documents are not ready. Consequently we cannot sign them 文件还没准备好,所以我们无法签署 given (L. 35) Given their inexperience, they've done a good job. prep considering 考虑到他们缺乏经验,他们算做得不错了。 they've done a good job. Given that they are inexperienced 假如天气好,我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海 Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai Monday evening.( If provided.) Notice that"given"is followed by a noun phrase, while"given that"is followed by a finite 10. increasingly(L. 40) The increasingly dull nature of many industrial jobs has led to the alienation of many workers (ad. more and more) 许多工业工作越来越单调刻板,导致很多工人离心离德的倾向。 People are increasingly aware of the importance of being healthy 人们越来越意识到健康的重要性 Due to the change the weather, we gave up our plan. ( because of) 由于天气变化,我们放弃了计划 e areas their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated due to b. in spite of Key:a有些地区由于气候恶劣很少有人居住 12. whereas(L 47 They want a house, whereas/while we would rather live in a flat(conj. but, while 他们想住一所房子,可我们宁愿住在一套公寓房里 Their country has plenty of 他们国家石油丰富,而我们国家则一点也没有。 (whereas/ while ours has none) 有的大学生想毕业后立刻挣大钱,而有的学生却想读研究生
Generally, the student go to the library three times a week. (ad. usually) 这学生一般每周去图书馆三次。 人们普遍认为吸烟有害健康。 ________________that smoking is bad for health. (ad. by most people, widely) It is generally agreed／believed 8. consequently (L.32) The bank refused to help the company; consequently it went out of business. （ad. as a result） 银行拒绝帮助这家公司，公司因此倒闭了。 The documents are not ready. Consequently we cannot sign them. 文件还没准备好，所以我们无法签署。 9. given（L.35）Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. ( prep. considering ) 考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们算做得不错了。 ______________, they’ve done a good job. Given that they are inexperienced 假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。 Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai Monday evening. ( If provided…) Notice that “given” is followed by a noun phrase, while “given that” is followed by a finite clause. 10. increasingly (L.40) The increasingly dull nature of many industrial jobs has led to the alienation of many workers. ( ad. more and more) 许多工业工作越来越单调刻板,导致很多工人离心离德的倾向。 People are increasingly aware of the importance of being healthy. 人们越来越意识到健康的重要性。 11. due to (L.46) Due to the change the weather, we gave up our plan. (because of) 由于天气变化，我们放弃了计划。 Some areas, _____their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated. a. due to b. in spite of c. but for d. with regard to Key: a 有些地区由于气候恶劣很少有人居住。 12. whereas (L.47) They want a house, whereas/while we would rather live in a flat. (conj. but, while) 他们想住一所房子, 可我们宁愿住在一套公寓房里。 Their country has plenty of oil, ______________. 他们国家石油丰富, 而我们国家则一点也没有。 (whereas/ while ours has none) 有的大学生想毕业后立刻挣大钱，而有的学生却想读研究生
Some students want to make big money right after graduation from university, wheras some other students want to go to graduate schools competent (L.52) Although he received little education, he is competent for the work.(a.有能力的,胜任的) 虽然他没受什么教育,但他仍胜任这项工作。 词语辨析: competent,只用作褒义,主语通常是人,表示“胜任的,有能力的”,常用于 be competent for” able也只用作褒义,主语通常也必须是有生命的人或动物,表示“有才能的,能够的”,常 用于“ be able to capable则可以表示褒义与贬义,不仅可用于有生命的人或动物,还可以用于无生命的 事物,表示“(褒义)有…能力的;(贬义)能干得出…的,敢于的”,常用于 be capable He was one of those who are of playing all kinds of tricks. capable Although he received little education, he is to do the work. able When Chinese football team has won several games, people began to think that this Yugoslavian 14. fulfill (L53) He has fulfilled the orders that I gave him. (v. carry out, complete) 他完成了我给他的命令。 They fulfilled their work ahead of time as we did ours 同我们一样,他们也提前完成了任务 15. fall behind: 1) become bit by bit further behind 2)(with) fail to finish at the proper time fall behind in science 在科学方面落后 fall behind one' s competitors落后于竞争对手 fall behind with the rent拖欠房租 16. account for 1)give a satisfactory explanation about(how sth. is used) 2)be the cause or origin of Jenny had to account to her husband for every penny she spent 珍妮不得不向丈夫说明每一个便士是怎么花的 North Sea oil accounts for a high proportion of our trade earnings 北海石油占我国贸易收入的很大一部分 17. race through: do sth in a hurry The government raced the new law through all its stages so as to complete it before the election 18. abrupt ad. an abrupt attitude无礼的态度 an abrupt change of policy突然改变政策 an abrupt drop in oil prices油价突降 当我询问她的新工作时,她对我态度非常粗鲁 When I asked her about her new job, she was quite abrupt with me 19. whereas conj. but, in contrast: while We thought she did not like us, whereas in fact she was very shy 我们以为她不喜欢我们,然而事实是因为她很害羞 They want a house whereas/while we would rather live in a flat 他们想住一所房子,可我们宁愿住在一套公寓房里
Some students want to make big money right after graduation from university, wheras some other students want to go to graduate schools. 13. competent (L.52) Although he received little education, he is competent for the work.. ( a. 有能力的，胜任的) 虽然他没受什么教育，但他仍胜任这项工作。 词语辨析： competent，只用作褒义，主语通常是人，表示“胜任的，有能力的”，常用于“be competent for” able也只用作褒义，主语通常也必须是有生命的人或动物，表示“有才能的, 能够的”，常 用于“be able to” capable 则可以表示褒义与贬义，不仅可用于有生命的人或动物，还可以用于无生命的 事物，表示（“ 褒义）有…能力的；（贬义）能干得出…的，敢于…的”，常用于“be capable of” He was one of those who are ______of playing all kinds of tricks. capable Although he received little education, he is______ to do the work.. able When Chinese football team has won several games, people began to think that this Yugoslavian coach is _________. competent 14. fulfill (L.53) He has fulfilled the orders that I gave him. (v. carry out, complete) 他完成了我给他的命令。 They fulfilled their work ahead of time as we did ours. 同我们一样，他们也提前完成了任务。 15. fall behind: 1) become bit by bit further behind 2) (with) fail to finish at the proper time fall behind in science 在科学方面落后 fall behind one’s competitors 落后于竞争对手 fall behind with the rent 拖欠房租 16. account for 1) give a satisfactory explanation about (how sth. is used) 2) be the cause or origin of Jenny had to account to her husband for every penny she spent. 珍妮不得不向丈夫说明每一个便士是怎么花的。 North Sea oil accounts for a high proportion of our trade earnings. 北海石油占我国贸易收入的很大一部分 17. race through: do sth. in a hurry The government raced the new law through all its stages so as to complete it before the election 18. abrupt adj. an abrupt attitude 无礼的态度 an abrupt change of policy 突然改变政策 an abrupt drop in oil prices 油价突降 当我询问她的新工作时, 她对我态度非常粗鲁。 When I asked her about her new job, she was quite abrupt with me. 19. whereas conj. but, in contrast: while We thought she did not like us, whereas in fact she was very shy. 我们以为她不喜欢我们，然而事实是因为她很害羞。 They want a house, whereas/while we would rather live in a flat. 他们想住一所房子, 可我们宁愿住在一套公寓房里
20. be worthy of: merit, deserve He is worthy of our praise/help.他值得我们表扬/帮助 acts worthy of punishment应该受到惩罚的行为 mpare: worth, worthy, worthwhile worth It is worth(doing) sth worthy Sth is worthy of n /being done/to be done worthwhile It is worthwhile doing/to do sth The matter is worth consideration/considering The matter is worthy of consideration/being/to be considered It is worthwhile considering/to consider the matter 21 commit to( researching, experimenting and exploring)投身于(研究、实验和探索 People of all walks of life have committed themselves to the fight against SARS 各行各业的人们都已投身于抗击非典的战役中 Sen entence patterns 1)RF: Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor L3-4)时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一,另一个则是劳力。 句型提炼:名词/名词短语+Ving/Ved.,主句…(分词独立主格结构做状语) (1)表示时间 The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom (2)表示原因 The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully (3)表示条件 Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow (4)表示伴随状况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all 应用:任务完成以后,他休了3个月的假。 he had three months ' leave (The duty completed 老师走了以后,同学们有继续讨论。 The teacher the students resumed their discussion being left b. having left c left d. had left 2)RRA: Time is treated as if it were something almost real. (1.5) 人们似乎是把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对付 RRF:... it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect. (L. 49) 在他们看来,这件事就好象是无足轻重的,不值得给予适当的重视 句型提炼:…si/ as though+sub+ved(had+v-ed)+obj.(asf引导的方式状语从句
20. be worthy of: merit, deserve He is worthy of our praise/help. 他值得我们表扬/帮助。 acts worthy of punishment 应该受到惩罚的行为 Compare: worth, worthy, worthwhile worth It is worth (doing) sth. worthy Sth. is worthy of + n. /being done /to be done worthwhile It is worthwhile doing/to do sth. The matter is worth consideration/considering. The matter is worthy of consideration/being/to be considered. It is worthwhile considering/to consider the matter. 21. commit to （researching, experimenting and exploring）投身于（研究、实验和探索） People of all walks of life have committed themselves to the fight against SARS. 各行各业的人们都已投身于抗击非典的战役中 Sentence patterns 1) 原句： Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. (L3-4) 时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是劳力。 句型提炼: 名词/名词短语+V-ing /V-ed……, 主句...… （分词独立主格结构做状语 ） (1) 表示时间 The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. (2) 表示原因 The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. (3) 表示条件 Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow. (4) 表示伴随状况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 应用：任务完成以后，他休了3个月的假。 _________________, he had three months’ leave. (The duty completed) 老师走了以后，同学们有继续讨论。 The teacher ____________, the students resumed their discussion. a. being left b. having left c. left d. had left Key: b 2) 原句：Time is treated as if it were something almost real. （L.5） 人们似乎是把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对付。 原句：…it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect. (L. 49) 在他们看来，这件事就好象是无足轻重的，不值得给予适当的重视。 句型提炼: …as if / as though + subj.+v-ed(had+v-ed)+obj. (as if 引导的方式状语从句
一般用虚拟语气)应用: 他操作起机器来好象是个熟练的工人一样 He operated the machine as if he had been a skilled worke 我还记得整件事就好象是发生在昨天一样 I remember the whole thing as if it were yesterday 3)RF: Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over extended small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner.(L27-28-lkiR 来,美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评估他们的客人的, 更不用说他们会在增进相互信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭 句型提炼:否定主句, much less.更别提 ER: People in the desert are always short of water to drink (much less to bathe in) 沙漠地区的人们连喝的水也总是不够,更别提洗澡了 Indeed, almost every scientist now finds it impossible to read all the works connected with his own subject, (更不用说大量阅读自己学科以外的 东西了 )much less to read a lot outside of it )原句 significance of the matter at hand. In some countries no maior business is conducted 就我们而言,电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很少有或 完全没有关系。在有些国家里,没有当面接触就做不成大生意,需要面对面的交 句型提炼 to sth done without sth.else.就某人而言,某事与另一事很少/完全没有关系;然而对于 另一人,没有另一事什么事都做不成。 应用 对于美国人而言,缺乏面对面的接触和生意的成败无关;但对中国人而言,没有经 常性的边吃边面谈什么生意都做不成。 To the American people, lack of personal contact has no relation to the success or failure in their business; whereas, to the Chinese people, no business can be conducted without frequent face-to-face chats over meals 就过去的人来说,生活跟电没有多大的关系,然而对现在的人而言,没有电什么也做不 To people in the past, electricity has little relation to their living; whereas, to people in the modern society, nothing can be done without electricity
一般用虚拟语气)应用: 他操作起机器来好象是个熟练的工人一样。 He operated the machine as if he had been a skilled worker. 我还记得整件事就好象是发生在昨天一样。 I remember the whole thing as if it were yesterday. 3) 原句： Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over extended small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner… (L27-28)一般说 来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评估他们的客人的， 更不用说他们会在增进相互信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭….. 句型提炼: 否定主句，much less… 更别提…… 应用:People in the desert are always short of water to drink,______________. (much less to bathe in) 沙漠地区的人们连喝的水也总是不够，更别提洗澡了。 Indeed, almost every scientist now finds it impossible to read all the works connected with his own subject, ______________________(更不用说大量阅读自己学科以外 的 东西了)much less to read a lot outside of it. 4）原句：To us the impersonality of electronic communication has little or no relation to the significance of the matter at hand. In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation. (L. 37) 就我们而言，电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很少有或 完全没有关系。在有些国家里，没有当面接触就做不成大生意, 需要面对面的交 谈。 句型提炼： To sb., sth. has little / no relation to sth. else; whereas / while, to sb. else, nothing can be done without sth. else. 就某人而言，某事与另一事很少／完全没有关系； 然而对于 另一人，没有另一事什么事都做不成。 应用： 对于美国人而言，缺乏面对面的接触和生意的成败无关; 但对中国人而言，没有经 常性的边吃边面谈什么生意都做不成。 To the American people, lack of personal contact has no relation to the success or failure in their business; whereas, to the Chinese people, no business can be conducted without frequent face-to-face chats over meals. 就过去的人来说，生活跟电没有多大的关系，然而对现在的人而言，没有电什么也做不 成。 To people in the past, electricity has little relation to their living; whereas, to people in the modern society, nothing can be done without electricity
Difficult Points 1). no one stands still. (Para. 1) Meaning: No one keeps motionless, everyone moves and advances stand: v. keep or stay in a particular position or state For this sense, " stand"is followed by adjectives or adjective-like phrases The room stands idle.这房间闲置着 They stood ready to move at short notice 他们己准备好,接到通知随时 Stand firm--don't let them tell you what to do 要坚定,不要让他们对你指手画脚 They stand opposed to the new law.他们反对这项新法律 In the above sentences "stand"is used as a linking verb still: a not moving, motionless, calm, quiet Keep still while I do up your shoe.站着别动,我给你系鞋带。 The sea was calm and still大海风平浪静。 Still waters run deep.(谚)流静水深,人静心深。 This word can also be used as a verb with a related meaning The food stilled the baby's cries.婴儿吃了东西就不哭了。 2)Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. Para 1) Notice here in this sentence we have a special type of adverbial clause: " the other being labor' The structure is: subject +-ing(or: -ed)verb. This type of clause can also be put at the beginning of the whole sentence No further discussions arising, the meeting was brought to an end 没有作进一步的讨论,会议就告结束了 Lunch finished, all the guests returned to the sitting room 吃完午饭,所有客人都回到了起居室 This type of clause can be rewritten by adding the preposition"with Time is one of the two elements that American save carefully, with the other being labor. with lunch finished. all the guests returned to the sitting room 3)Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect.(Para. 8) Meaning: If a certain amount of time is not allowed to pass, it will give the impression, in their co opinion, that the task being considered is not important or not properly respected elapse: vi( fml. )(of time) pass Three months have elapsed since he left home.自他离家后三个月已经过去了。 Four years have elapsed since he left college and still he hadn't found a job 大学毕业已四年过去了,可他还没有找到工作。 IV. Writing l. The writing skills used in the passage. (1). Deduction organization (2 ) Exemplification (3). Comparison contrast (4) Cause effect Deduction organization General state "Time is one of the two elements that americans save carefully, the other being labor Specific statements 1)(Para. 3)In the US everyone seems to be in a rush in daily life, e.g. shopping, eating out, walking, driving a car, etc 2)(Para. 4) Americans start talking business directly without opening exchanges
Dif icult Points 1)... no one stands still. (Para.1) Meaning: No one keeps motionless, everyone moves and advances. stand: v. keep or stay in a particular position or state For this sense, "stand" is followed by adjectives or adjective-like phrases. The room stands idle. 这房间闲置着。 They stood ready to move at short notice. 他们已准备好, 接到通知随时可搬。 Stand firm -- don't let them tell you what to do. 要坚定, 不要让他们对你指手画脚。 They stand opposed to the new law. 他们反对这项新法律。 In the above sentences, "stand" is used as a linking verb. still: a. not moving, motionless, calm, quiet Keep still while I do up your shoe. 站着别动，我给你系鞋带。 The sea was calm and still. 大海风平浪静。 Still waters run deep. （谚）流静水深，人静心深。 This word can also be used as a verb with a related meaning. The food stilled the baby's cries. 婴儿吃了东西就不哭了。 2) Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.(Para.1) Notice here in this sentence we have a special type of adverbial clause: "the other being labor". The structure is: subject + -ing (or: -ed) verb. This type of clause can also be put at the beginning of the whole sentence. No further discussions arising, the meeting was brought to an end. 没有作进一步的讨论, 会议就告结束了。 Lunch finished, all the guests returned to the sitting room. 吃完午饭, 所有客人都回到了起居室。 This type of clause can be rewritten by adding the preposition "with": Time is one of the two elements that American save carefully, with the other being labor. With lunch finished, all the guests returned to the sitting room. 3) Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect. (Para.8) Meaning: If a certain amount of time is not allowed to pass, it will give the impression, in their opinion, that the task being considered is not important or not properly respected. elapse: vi.( fml.) (of time) pass Three months have elapsed since he left home. 自他离家后三个月已经过去了。 Four years have elapsed since he left college and still he hadn't found a job. 大学毕业已四年过去了, 可他还没有找到工作。 IV. Writing 1. The writing skills used in the passage. (1). Deduction organization (2 ). Exemplification (3 ). Comparison & contrast (4) . Cause & effect Deduction organization General statement: “Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.” Specific statements: 1)(Para. 3)In the US everyone seems to be in a rush in daily life, e.g. shopping, eating out, walking, driving a car, etc. 2) (Para. 4) Americans start talking business directly without opening exchanges
3)(Paras. 5-7)Americans work hard at the task of saving time by producing a steady flow of labor-saving devices, e.g. faxes, phone calls, emails, etc Conclusion (Para. 8)It is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem or fulfill a job with speed in the US Exemplification (Illustration Typical sentences 1)(Para. 3)City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going .Racing through daytime meals is part of life . You also find drivers will be abrupt and people will push ast you 2)(Para. 4)Many new arrivals to the States will miss the opening exchanges of a business call for example. They will miss the ritual interaction.. They may miss leisurely business chats parison and contrast In order to make it clear that Americans are time-conscious, the text compares the different conventions of other countries ("new arrivals")with the Americans'attitude towards time 1)(Para. 4)"Many new arrivals.. will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country. Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings 2)( Para. 6)"In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact, requiring a face-to-face conversation. In America, too, a final agreement will be normally signed in person However, people are meeting increasingly on television screens, 3)(Para. 8)"Some new arrivals will come from cultures where it is considered impolite to work too quickly. In the US, however, it is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem or fulfill a job successfully, with speed Cause and effect Typical sentences 1)(Para. 3)".Dont take it personally. This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else"wasting"it beyond a certain appropriate 2)(Para. 4)"... Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly. Time is, therefore, always ticking in our inner ea 3)(Para. 5) Consequently, we work hard at the task of savin time.We, therefore, save most ersonal visiting for after-work hours or for social weekend gatherings 2. A paragraph of a general statement supported by specific details and reasons Paragraph structure: " General statement---Details( How? )---Detail (Why?) Lets take paragraph 3 of passage A as an example Practice: ow write a short paragraph on"The importance of Rain", which starts with a general statement (iE)that is supported by specific details and the reason. your paragraph should be in no less Reference model We must not forget about the ways rain benefits us. At first, the rain fills rivers, and streams, in which fishes are living. The rain also supplies the water we draw from our faucets and fountains, which provide our drinking water. Rain is especially important to plants They will wither and die if they cannot take in the nourishment of water and the minerals in the soil. This is because all living things cannot live without water V Reading Skill The particular reading skill introduced for this unit is reading for the main idea in a paragraph
3) (Paras. 5-7) Americans work hard at the task of saving time by producing a steady flow of labor-saving devices, e.g. faxes, phone calls, emails, etc. Conclusion : (Para.8) It is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem or fulfill a job with speed in the US. Exemplification (Illustration) Typical sentences: 1) (Para. 3) “City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going…Racing through daytime meals is part of life …You also find drivers will be abrupt and people will push past you.” 2) (Para. 4) “Many new arrivals to the States will miss the opening exchanges of a business call, for example. They will miss the ritual interaction… They may miss leisurely business chats…” comparison and contrast In order to make it clear that Americans are time-conscious, the text compares the different conventions of other countries (“new arrivals”) with the Americans’ attitude towards time. 1) (Para. 4) “Many new arrivals…will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country… Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings…” 2) (Para. 6) “In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact, requiring a face-to-face conversation. In America, too, a final agreement will be normally signed in person. However, people are meeting increasingly on television screens, …” 3) (Para. 8) “Some new arrivals will come from cultures where it is considered impolite to work too quickly… In the US, however, it is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem or fulfill a job successfully, with speed.” Cause and effect Typical sentences: 1) (Para. 3) “…Don’t take it personally. This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else “wasting” it beyond a certain appropriate point.” 2) (Para. 4) “…Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly. Time is, therefore, always ticking in our inner ear.” 3) (Para. 5) “Consequently, we work hard at the task of saving time…We, therefore, save most personal visiting for after-work hours or for social weekend gatherings.” 2. A paragraph of a general statement supported by specific details and reasons Paragraph structure: “General statement---Details (How?)---Detail (Why?)” Let’s take paragraph 3 of passage A as an example: Practice: Now write a short paragraph on “The importance of Rain”, which starts with a general statement (综述) that is supported by specific details and the reason. Your paragraph should be in no less than 80 words . Reference model: We must not forget about the ways rain benefits us. At first, the rain fills up our lakes, rivers, and streams, in which fishes are living. The rain also supplies the water we draw from our faucets and fountains, which provide our drinking water. Rain is especially important to plants. They will wither and die if they cannot take in the nourishment of water and the minerals in the soil. This is because all living things cannot live without water. V. Reading Skill The particular reading skill introduced for this unit is reading for the main idea in a paragraph
This skill is one of the most useful reading skills students can develop. Finding the main idea is necessary for the understanding of a piece of writing The main idea of a paragraph is usually stated by one of the sentences in the paragraph. The main idea sentence is commonly known as"a topic sentence"or""a topic statement". It may appear in one of several places in the paragraph. Most frequently the first sentence of a paragraph states the main idea, as is clear from the following example taken from Reading Passage A Consequently, we work hard at the task of saving time. We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices; we communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer-especially given our traffic-filled streets. We, therefore, save most personal visiting for after work hours or for social weekend gatherings. Para 5, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main idea: We work hard at the task of saving time However, the main idea sentence may also appear in other places: in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Look at two more examples taken from Reading Passage A 1. "We are slaves to nothing but the clock, it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a persons hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main Idea: It (= Time) is a precious resource In this paragraph the main idea appears in the middle of the paragraph 2. Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. (Para. I Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main Idea: Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor: In this paragraph the main idea appears at the end of this paragraph Please notice that sometimes there is no sentence in the paragraph which directly states the main idea. That doesn't mean that there isnt a main idea in the paragraph, only the main idea is implied In these cases you have to write a sentence to sum up the main idea of the paragraph For each of the following paragraphs, write down the main idea in your own words in the blank space. 1. Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds very exciting? Like many young people who leave home to study in another country, do you think you would have lots of desirable fun? Certainly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity of discovering fascinating things and a feeling of freedom. In spite of these advantages, however, there are also some challenges you will encounter. Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, you may have difficulty adjusting to a new culture and to those parts of the culture not familiar to you. This is culture shock. Evidently, at least four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment occur Para 1) Main idea: Studying in a different country is a new experience, but there are also some challenges 2. The first stage is called"the honeymoon". In this stage, you feel excitement about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous. You like everything, nd everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of life in a new culture seems as though it will have no ending.( Para. 2) Main idea: The first stage of culture-shock adjustment is"the honeymoon Section b Cultu ture sho I Background Information
This skill is one of the most useful reading skills students can develop. Finding the main idea is necessary for the understanding of a piece of writing. The main idea of a paragraph is usually stated by one of the sentences in the paragraph. The main idea sentence is commonly known as “a topic sentence” or “a topic statement”. It may appear in one of several places in the paragraph. Most frequently the first sentence of a paragraph states the main idea, as is clear from the following example taken from Reading Passage A: Consequently, we work hard at the task of saving time. We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices; we communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer—especially given our traffic-filled streets. We, therefore, save most personal visiting for after work hours or for social weekend gatherings. (Para.5, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main idea: We work hard at the task of saving time. However, the main idea sentence may also appear in other places: in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Look at two more examples taken from Reading Passage A: 1. “We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main Idea: It (= Time) is a precious resource. In this paragraph the main idea appears in the middle of the paragraph. 2. Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. (Para. 1, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main Idea: Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. In this paragraph the main idea appears at the end of this paragraph. Please notice that sometimes there is no sentence in the paragraph which directly states the main idea. That doesn’t mean that there isn’t a main idea in the paragraph, only the main idea is implied. In these cases you have to write a sentence to sum up the main idea of the paragraph. For each of the following paragraphs, write down the main idea in your own words in the blank space. 1. Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds very exciting? Like many young people who leave home to study in another country, do you think you would have lots of desirable fun? Certainly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity of discovering fascinating things and a feeling of freedom. In spite of these advantages, however, there are also some challenges you will encounter. Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, you may have difficulty adjusting to a new culture and to those parts of the culture not familiar to you. This is culture shock. Evidently, at least four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment occur. (Para.1) Main idea: Studying in a different country is a new experience, but there are also some challenges. 2. The first stage is called “the honeymoon”. In this stage, you feel excitement about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous. You like everything, and everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of life in a new culture seems as though it will have no ending. (Para. 2) Main idea : The first stage of culture-shock adjustment is “the honeymoon”. Section B Culture Shock I. Background Information
