Unit 2 Section A Environmental Protection throughout the World L Background information 1 Ecology(生态学) Ecology is the study of the relationship among plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balance among these relationships, In order to preserve the ecosystem there are some conservation projects to prevent exploitation, pollution, destruction, and to ensure the future use of the resource 2 New england(新西兰) New England is the most northeastern region of the U A., including the states of Connecticut(康涅狄格州, Maine(缅因州), Massachusetts(马萨诸塞州), New Hampshire(新 罕布什尔州), Rhode island(罗德岛州) t(佛蒙特州). It was so named by John Smith when he explored it in 1616. A New England have many identities. It's the arty and culturally rejuvenated city if Providence. It's the serenity(Hi ii )of the Caps Cod Nation Seashore. It's the skyscraping granite(4E A)peas of New Hampshire's White Mountains It's the booming biotech word of Boston. It's the jagged rocky(3 4 BJ)coast of Andrew Wyeth Maine 3.Isam(伊斯兰教) The religion of Islam is the acceptance of and obedience to the teachings of God which He revealed to His last prophet, Muhammad as preserved in the Koran(《可兰经》 and the Sunna (伊斯兰教规). It is centered in Mecca(麦加), and include the worship of gods represented by holy stones called the Kaaba(建于麦加的伊斯兰教寺院内的圣堂) 4. Mecca or Makkah(麦加) With a population of 200 000, Mecca is the chief holy city of Islam, capital of the Hejaz(X 志省,沙特阿拉伯省名), Saudi arabia, in a valley surrounded by hills,80km. from the Red Sea. It was the birthplace of Muhammad. Its economy depends upon pilgrims(#2E) 5. Grand Banks Grand Banks is a vast extension of the ocean off southeast Newfoundland(纽芬兰岛) in the North Atlantic, one of the worlds greatest cod-fishing grounds. Visit the website http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/heritage/Ngb/tolearnmoreaboutCanadasfishingindustry 6. Eny nental protection: Environment means the land, water, and air we live by Environment earth which is only planet and home for human race. None of us would doubt we will never survive unless live in harmony with nature. We are merely a small part of nature. However, driven by the idea of“ Man can conquer nature”(人定胜天), we have been acting like a master of nature though we ll never be, thus doing whatever for thousands of Bitter lessons from the history teach us that we are just a common member of the big family of nature and any bad treatment of nature will meet only with the revenge from her Aware of our actual position in nature, we have to understand environment in a new light that we protect ourselves through protecting the environment. We can find no better examples than the rainforest as we see from the video. The rainforest, abundant with plants and wild animals
Unit 2 Section A Environmental Protection throughout the World I.Background information 1.Ecology(生态学) Ecology is the study of the relationship among plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balance among these relationships, In order to preserve the ecosystem there are some conservation projects to prevent exploitation, pollution, destruction, and to ensure the future use of the resource. 2.New England(新西兰) New England is the most northeastern region of the U．Ｓ．Ａ．, including the states of Connectict (康涅狄格州), Maine (缅因州), Massachusetts (马萨诸塞州), New Hampshire (新 罕布什尔州), Rhode Island (罗德岛州) and Vermont (佛蒙特州). It was so named by John Smith when he explored it in 1616. A New England have many identities. It’s the arty and culturally rejuvenated city if Providence. It’s the serenity ( 静 谧 ) of the Caps Cod Nation Seashore. It’s the skyscraping granite (花岗岩)peas of New Hampshire’s White Mountains. It’s the booming biotech word of Boston. It’s the jagged rocky ( 多 岩 的 ) coast of Andrew Wyeth’s Maine. 3. Islam (伊斯兰教) The religion of Islam is the acceptance of and obedience to the teachings of God which He revealed to His last prophet, Muhammad as preserved in the Koran (《可兰经》and the Sunna (伊斯兰教规). It is centered in Mecca (麦加)， and include the worship of gods represented by holy stones called the Kaaba (建于麦加的伊斯兰教寺院内的圣堂). 4. Mecca or Makkah(麦加) With a population of 200 000, Mecca is the chief holy city of Islam, capital of the Hejaz (汉 志省，沙特阿拉伯省名)，Saudi Arabia, in a valley surrounded by hills, 80 km.. from the Red Sea. It was the birthplace of Muhammad. Its economy depends upon pilgrims(朝圣者). 5. Grand Banks Grand Banks is a vast extension of the ocean off southeast Newfoundland(纽芬兰岛) in the North Atlantic, one of the world’s greatest cod-fishing grounds. Visit the website http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Heritage/NGB/ to learn more about Canada’s fishing industry. 6. Environmental protection: Environment means the land, water, and air we live by. Environment is the earth, which is the only planet and home for human race. None of us would doubt we will never survive unless we live in harmony with nature. We are merely a small part of nature. However, driven by the idea of “Man can conquer nature”(人定胜天), we have been acting like a master of nature though we’ll never be, thus doing whatever we want for thousands of years. Bitter lessons from the history teach us that we are just a common member of the big family of nature and any bad treatment of nature will meet only with the revenge from her. Aware of our actual position in nature, we have to understand environment in a new light that we protect ourselves through protecting the environment. We can find no better examples than the rainforest as we see from the video. The rainforest, abundant with plants and wild animals
helps to maintain the earth’ s ecological balance as green mantles(绿色斗篷) and oxygen bars (E WE). Once such ecosystem is ruined, the wildlife, together with mankind, will stand no chance to survive on this planet. Thus while seeking to develop our economy, we should never neglect environmental protection. In fact, protecting the environment should be a top priority II. Text Analysis The writer of this article lists a few examples of countries undertaking new environmental initiatives. Most of the examples are presented in a problem-solution structure. Some of the a very common writing structure-a Main Idea and Devices for Developing it 1)Main Idea: As the world economy develops dramatically, the environmental damage has een becoming increasingly severe. Therefore, many countries in the world, which used to pay little attention to environmental protection, now begin to undertake diverse initiatives to reverse the current trend. The typical examples of such countries include Canada, Costa Rica, Brazil Eastern Europe, Ghana, and Indonesia 2)The method of organizing the text: With subtitles, the structure of the whole passage becomes quite clear. The "introduction, which serves as part one, introduces the main point which the author is going to illustrate. The following paragraphs, the body part of the whole passage, support the main point through several examples. So the whole passage is developed hrough exemplification 3)Devices for Developing the main idea Phenomenon-describing(现象法) Describing the phenomenon or concrete situation is a common method of starting a passage In this part, the author first describes the situation around the world most countries are careless about the environment, and the environmental damage has increased. Then the author naturally ntroduces the main point to be expanded in the next part: more countries have changed their attitudes and even taken actions to solve the environmental problems Exemplification(BJEiE): Illustrations of the main point through exemplification To illustrate the signs of change in some parts of the world, the author cites six typical examples of countries: Canada, Costa Rica, Brazil, Eastern Europe, Ghana, and Indonesia. The examples are effectively employed by following the problem-solution pattern Typical examples to illustrate the main point 1. Canada protects its fish supply by closing fish areas and setting strict limits. Para. 2-4) 2. Costa Rica issued new laws and created parks and nature preserves to protect its rain forests 3. Brazil has taken steps to protect the Amazon rain forests. ( Para. 6-8) 4. Eastern European countries have dealt with the water pollution. (Para. 9-10) 5. Ghana strengthened its agricultural base and developed a new source of income.(Para 11-12) 6. Indonesian government has taken measures to encourage birth control and provide enough
helps to maintain the earth’s ecological balance as green mantles (绿色斗篷) and oxygen bars ( 氧 吧 ). Once such ecosystem is ruined, the wildlife, together with mankind, will stand no chance to survive on this planet. Thus while seeking to develop our economy, we should never neglect environmental protection. In fact, protecting the environment should be a top priority. II. Text Analysis The writer of this article lists a few examples of countries undertaking new environmental initiatives. Most of the examples are presented in a problem-solution structure. Some of the examples are presented in a very common writing structure—a situation-problem-solution-result/evaluation. Main Idea and Devices for Developing it 1) Main Idea: As the world economy develops dramatically, the environmental damage has been becoming increasingly severe. Therefore, many countries in the world, which used to pay little attention to environmental protection, now begin to undertake diverse initiatives to reverse the current trend. The typical examples of such countries include Canada, Costa Rica, Brazil, Eastern Europe, Ghana, and Indonesia. 2) The method of organizing the text: With subtitles, the structure of the whole passage becomes quite clear. The “introduction”, which serves as part one, introduces the main point which the author is going to illustrate. The following paragraphs, the body part of the whole passage, support the main point through several examples. So the whole passage is developed through exemplification. 3) Devices for Developing the main idea: Phenomenon-describing (现象法): Describing the phenomenon or concrete situation is a common method of starting a passage : In this part, the author first describes the situation around the world: most countries are careless about the environment, and the environmental damage has increased. Then the author naturally introduces the main point to be expanded in the next part: more countries have changed their attitudes and even taken actions to solve the environmental problems. Exemplification (例证法): Illustrations of the main point through exemplification To illustrate the signs of change in some parts of the world, the author cites six typical examples of countries: Canada, Costa Rica, Brazil, Eastern Europe, Ghana, and Indonesia. The examples are effectively employed by following the problem- solution pattern. Typical examples to illustrate the main point: 1.Canada protects its fish supply by closing fish areas and setting strict limits. (Para. 2-4) 2.Costa Rica issued new laws and created parks and nature preserves to protect its rain forests. (Para. 5) 3. Brazil has taken steps to protect the Amazon rain forests.(Para. 6-8) 4. Eastern European countries have dealt with the water pollution. (Para. 9-10) 5. Ghana strengthened its agricultural base and developed a new source of income . (Para. 11-12) 6. Indonesian government has taken measures to encourage birth control and provide enough
food, shelter and employment. (Para. 13-14) Typical example presented by problem-solution pattern: Indonesia(Para. 13-14) Problem-solution pattern(问题解决法: Situation: Indonesians have traditionally favored large families, and their major religion, Islam, frowns upon birth control Problem: With 188 million people, the country is now struggling to provide enough food, shelter, and employment for its people Solution: The government has waged a massive ad campaign to encourage birth control, offering inducements such as free trips to Mecca Evaluation: With a large population base, the countries must still convert millions of more to the idea of birth control so as to reach its population targets Result: The government has succeeded in increasing use of birth control from 10 percent of the population 10 years ago to 49 percent today II. Language points 1.关心,关注 to concern oneself with(L.3) 今天的年青人不应该只关心个人目标的实现,而应该胸怀祖国,放眼世界。 The young people today should not just concern themselves with the pursuit of personal goals Instead, they should keep the entire motherland in mind and the whole world in view 许多家长只关注孩子的学业和身体,而对孩子的精神健康漠不关心 Many parents concern themselves with their childrens academic achievements and physical conditions regardless of their moral health 2.出现,涌现 to spring up(L.5) 改革开放的二十年间,一个个现代化的企业在中国大地上雨后春笋般涌现出来。 During the past twenty years of Chinas reform and opening-up, thousands of modernized enterprises have sprung up around China 3.采取举措 to undertake initiatives(L.6) 中央政府正在采取一些新举措,确保农民收入稳定。 The central government is making some fresh initiatives to ensure a steady income for the 4.把…降到低水平;使沦落到… to reduce sth. to a low level(L11) 高校扩招并不意味着要降低入学标准 Increasing university enrollments doesnt mean reducing the entrance requirements to a low level 5.作为回答,作为反应 in response(to)(L.12) 许多有志的年青人坚决响应党的号召,自愿到西部山区工作。 In firm response to the Party's call, many ambitious young people choose to work in the 对·作出严格限制 to set strict limits on(L.12) 教育部不再对参加高考者的年龄和婚姻状况作出严格的规定。 The Ministry of Education no longer sets strict limits on the age and marital status of those who ntend to participate in the college entrance examinations
food, shelter and employment. (Para. 13-14) Typical example presented by problem-solution pattern: Indonesia (Para. 13-14) Problem-solution pattern (问题-解决法): Situation: Indonesians have traditionally favored large families, and their major religion, Islam, frowns upon birth control. Problem: With 188 million people, the country is now struggling to provide enough food, shelter, and employment for its people. Solution: The government has waged a massive ad campaign to encourage birth control, offering inducements such as free trips to Mecca. Evaluation: With a large population base, the countries must still convert millions of more to the idea of birth control so as to reach its population targets. Result : The government has succeeded in increasing use of birth control from 10 percent of the population 10 years ago to 49 percent today. III. Language Points A. Expressions 1. 关心，关注 to concern oneself with (L. 3) 今天的年青人不应该只关心个人目标的实现，而应该胸怀祖国，放眼世界。 The young people today should not just concern themselves with the pursuit of personal goals. Instead, they should keep the entire motherland in mind and the whole world in view. 许多家长只关注孩子的学业和身体，而对孩子的精神健康漠不关心。 Many parents concern themselves with their children’s academic achievements and physical conditions, regardless of their moral health. 2. 出现，涌现 to spring up (L. 5) 改革开放的二十年间，一个个现代化的企业在中国大地上雨后春笋般涌现出来。 During the past twenty years of China’s reform and opening-up, thousands of modernized enterprises have sprung up around China. 3. 采取举措 to undertake initiatives (L. 6) 中央政府正在采取一些新举措，确保农民收入稳定。 The central government is making some fresh initiatives to ensure a steady income for the peasants. 4. 把······降到低水平; 使沦落到······ to reduce sth. to a low level (L. 11) 高校扩招并不意味着要降低入学标准。 Increasing university enrollments doesn’t mean reducing the entrance requirements to a low level. 5. 作为回答，作为反应 in response (to) (L. 12) 许多有志的年青人坚决响应党的号召，自愿到西部山区工作。 In firm response to the Party’s call , many ambitious young people choose to work in the western mountainous areas. 6. 对······作出严格限制 to set strict limits on (L. 12) 教育部不再对参加高考者的年龄和婚姻状况作出严格的规定。 The Ministry of Education no longer sets strict limits on the age and marital status of those who intend to participate in the college entrance examinations
7.采取措施(行动) to take measures(steps/ action) to do sth.(L.14) 在危险面前,与其坐以待毙,不如采取针锋相对的行动 In the face of dangers, it is better for one to take positive actions against them rather than wait passively for ones end 8.面对来自………的抗议 to face the protests from(L.18) 面对紧张的工作和生活带来的压力,越来越多的人喜欢到大自然中放松自己。 Facing the pressure from the stressful work and life, an increasing number of people prefer to get close to nature for relaxation 9.保持生态多样性 to preserve the ecological diversity(L.24) 正如自然界需要生物的多样性一样,一个开放的社会需要保持其文化的多元化 Just as nature requires the ecological diversity, an open society needs to preserve the diversity of its cultures 0.和,连同 together with(L.26) 贫穷和无知使过去的生活难以回首。而今天,繁荣和科学的进步给人们带来了新生活的希 Poverty, together with lack of knowledge, made a terrible dream of the life in past. But today prosperity, along with the progress of science, brings people the hope for new life 1l.致力于,努力做 to seek/ struggle to do sth.(L.30) 这家公司一直致力于开发中国西部地区丰富的自然资源。 This company has been seeking to exploit and develop the abundant natural resources in the western regions of China 12.改弦易辙 to reverse course(L.33) 一旦陷入困境,聪明的人不是一味地钻牛角尖,而是适时地另辟溪径以谋求出路。 Once stuck in a dilemma, a wise man does not head blindly for a dead end but reverses his course in time to find his way out 13.批准/同意……计划 to agree to a plan to do sth.(L.34) 政府批准了一项旨在提高全民整体健康水平的全民健身计划 The government has agreed to a nationwide body-building plan to improve the general physical condition of the whole nation 14.作为…典范 to serve as a model for(L.49) Lei Feng will forever serve as the role model for the whole society to follow in that his holy spirit has become the spiritual wealth of Chinese nation 雷锋将永远是我们整个社会学习的榜样,因为他的崇高精神已经成为中华民族的精神财 15.巩固/加强基础 to strengthen the base(L.57) 只有不断地巩固国防基础才能确保在未来局部高科技战争中的胜利。 Only by strengthening the base of national defense can we ensure the victory in the future regional hi-tech war 16.为 带来(开发)新财源 to bring(develop/ exploit) a new source of wealth to sb.(for sb.)(L.57) 我们彼此应开诚相见,都不要有所隐瞒,从而消除误解的根源。 We should be frank and open, and hide nothing from each other, thus removing the sources of 17.减缓速度 to slow the rate of doing sth.(L.58)
7. 采取措施（行动） to take measures (steps/ action) to do sth. (L. 14) 在危险面前，与其坐以待毙，不如采取针锋相对的行动。 In the face of dangers, it is better for one to take positive actions against them rather than wait passively for one’s end. 8. 面对来自······的抗议 to face the protests from (L. 18) 面对紧张的工作和生活带来的压力，越来越多的人喜欢到大自然中放松自己。 Facing the pressure from the stressful work and life, an increasing number of people prefer to get close to nature for relaxation. 9. 保持生态多样性 to preserve the ecological diversity (L. 24) 正如自然界需要生物的多样性一样，一个开放的社会需要保持其文化的多元化。 Just as nature requires the ecological diversity, an open society needs to preserve the diversity of its cultures. 10. 和，连同 together with (L. 26) 贫穷和无知使过去的生活难以回首。而今天，繁荣和科学的进步给人们带来了新生活的希 望。 Poverty, together with lack of knowledge, made a terrible dream of the life in past. But today, prosperity, along with the progress of science, brings people the hope for new life. 11. 致力于，努力做 to seek / struggle to do sth. (L. 30) 这家公司一直致力于开发中国西部地区丰富的自然资源。 This company has been seeking to exploit and develop the abundant natural resources in the western regions of China. 12. 改弦易辙 to reverse course (L. 33) 一旦陷入困境，聪明的人不是一味地钻牛角尖，而是适时地另辟溪径以谋求出路。 Once stuck in a dilemma, a wise man does not head blindly for a dead end but reverses his course in time to find his way out. 13. 批准/ 同意······计划 to agree to a plan to do sth. (L. 34) 政府批准了一项旨在提高全民整体健康水平的全民健身计划。 The government has agreed to a nationwide body-building plan to improve the general physical condition of the whole nation. 14. 作为······典范 to serve as a model for (L. 49) LeiFeng will forever serve as the role model for the whole society to follow in that his holy spirit has become the spiritual wealth of Chinese nation. 雷锋将永远是我们整个社会学习的榜样，因为他的崇高精神已经成为中华民族的精神财 富。 15. 巩固/ 加强基础 to strengthen the base (L. 57) 只有不断地巩固国防基础才能确保在未来局部高科技战争中的胜利。 Only by strengthening the base of national defense can we ensure the victory in the future regional hi-tech war. 16. 为 ··· 带来(开发)新财源 to bring (develop / exploit) a new source of wealth to sb. (for sb.) (L. 57) 我们彼此应开诚相见，都不要有所隐瞒，从而消除误解的根源。 We should be frank and open, and hide nothing from each other, thus removing the sources of misunderstanding. 17. 减缓速度 to slow the rate of doing sth. (L. 58)
在讲到要点时,老师有意放慢速度以便学生们有足够的时间做笔记。 When it came to the key points, the teacher slowed the rate of speaking on purpose so that the students had enough time to take notes 8.不赞成 to frown upon(L.62) 尽管上学打工或许有益处,但大多数父母不赞成他们的孩子这样做 lost parents frown upon their children doing part-time jobs though they may benefit from it 19.发起/开展运动 to wage(conduct/ launch) a campaign 学校开展了丰富多彩的活动来提高学生们的综合素质。 The university has conducted a diversity of activities to enhance the students'comprehensive alities 20.使某人转变思想,使某人接受 观念 to convert sh. to the idea of/that..(L.70) 就业市场上激烈的竞争使许多学生终于转变了思想,接受了这个观念:知识加能力才是唯 一的出路 The severe competition in the job market eventually converted many students to the idea that knowledge plus ability is the only way out 21.达到自己的目标 to reach one' s target(L.70) 无论做什么,我们都应该树立这样的信念:不达目的,决不罢休。 Whatever we do, we must establish such a belief: Never give up until we reach our targets B Patterns for you to use as models pical patterns for describing sb FR G]: The great majority of nations concern themselves with economic development, regardless of its effect on the global ecology 决大多数国家只顾经济发展,而不顾经济发展对全球生态环境的影响 (划线部分可替换) Sb. concerns himself with sth /doing sth, regardless of sth else 某人只顾某事/做某事,而不顾其他的事。 应用:a.许多家长只关注孩子的学业和身体,而对孩子的精神健康漠不关心 Many parents concern themselves with their childrens academic achievements and physical conditions, regardless of their moral health 应用:b.一些人只顾匆忙地穿过街道,而不顾路上穿梭的车辆。这时往往就会发生交通 事故 Traffic accidents often occur when people concern themselves with hurrying across streets regardless of the shuttling cars on the road 2. Transitional patterns for offering examples RRG]: The following are a few examples of countries undertaking new environmental initiatives 下面就是几个正在采取环境保护新举措的国家的例子 The following/ Here are a few /some/typical examples of sth. or sb doing sth 下面 就是几个/一些/典型的某事或某人做某事的例子。 句型提炼 应用:a.下面是几个在自己的事业中表现出了强烈兴趣并做出不懈努力的人们的典型例 子。强烈的兴趣和不懈努力是人类一切活动成功的关键因素 Here are some typical examples of people showing in their careers intense interest plus persistent effort, which is the key factor to the success in every human activity
在讲到要点时，老师有意放慢速度以便学生们有足够的时间做笔记。 When it came to the key points, the teacher slowed the rate of speaking on purpose so that the students had enough time to take notes. 18. 不赞成 to frown upon (L. 62) 尽管上学打工或许有益处，但大多数父母不赞成他们的孩子这样做。 Most parents frown upon their children doing part-time jobs though they may benefit from it. 19. 发起/ 开展运动 to wage (conduct / launch) a campaign 学校开展了丰富多彩的活动来提高学生们的综合素质。 The university has conducted a diversity of activities to enhance the students’ comprehensive qualities. 20. 使某人转变思想，使某人接受······观念 to convert sb. to the idea of / that … (L. 70) 就业市场上激烈的竞争使许多学生终于转变了思想，接受了这个观念：知识加能力才是唯 一的出路。 The severe competition in the job market eventually converted many students to the idea that knowledge plus ability is the only way out. 21. 达到自己的目标 to reach one’s target (L. 70) 无论做什么，我们都应该树立这样的信念：不达目的，决不罢休。 Whatever we do, we must establish such a belief: Never give up until we reach our targets. B. Patterns for you to use as models 1. Typical patterns for describing sb.’s preoccupation with sth.: 原句: The great majority of nations concern themselves with economic development, regardless of its effect on the global ecology. 决大多数国家只顾经济发展，而不顾经济发展对全球生态环境的影响。 （划线部分可替换） Sb. concerns himself with sth. / doing sth., regardless of sth. else. 某人只顾某事/做某事， 而不顾其他的事。 应用：a. 许多家长只关注孩子的学业和身体，而对孩子的精神健康漠不关心。 Many parents concern themselves with their children’s academic achievements and physical conditions, regardless of their moral health. 应用：b. 一些人只顾匆忙地穿过街道，而不顾路上穿梭的车辆。这时往往就会发生交通 事故。 Traffic accidents often occur when people concern themselves with hurrying across streets, regardless of the shuttling cars on the road. 2. Transitional patterns for offering examples： 原句: The following are a few examples of countries undertaking new environmental initiatives. 下面就是几个正在采取环境保护新举措的国家的例子。 The following / Here are a few / some / typical examples of sth. or sb. doing sth. 下面 就是几个/ 一些/ 典型的某事或某人做某事的例子。 句型提炼 应用：a. 下面是几个在自己的事业中表现出了强烈兴趣并做出不懈努力的人们的典型例 子。强烈的兴趣和不懈努力是人类一切活动成功的关键因素。 Here are some typical examples of people showing in their careers intense interest plus persistent effort, which is the key factor to the success in every human activity
应用:b.下面是几个人的例子,这些人常常把看上去可浪费的时间充分利用起来,使之 产生效率。 The following are a few examples of men who tend to make the normally wasted hours useful 3. Typical patterns for expressing doubts FR]: The government promises it will protect the region's native people, but questions remain as to its true level of commitments (L 37 巴西政府承诺将保护该地区的土著居民,但人们对这个承诺的可信度仍心存疑虑 句型提炼 Sb. promises(undertakes)/intends( decides )to do sth /that., but questions /doubts /worries remain as to 某人答应(承诺)/打算(决定)做某事/…但人们对 仍然心存疑虑/担 忧 (划线部分可替换) 应用:a.尽管那家公司已经与工人签定了劳动合同,并承诺保障他们的合法权益,但人 们仍然对公司的诚信度和可靠性忧心重重。 The company has already signed the labor contracts with the workers and promises to guarante their legal rights, but worries remain as to its honesty and reliability 应用:b.这个年轻人承诺自己要改邪归正,重新做人,但人们对他是否会信守诺言仍然 心存疑虑。 The young man undertakes to turn over a new leaf, but doubts remain as to whether he will keep his promise or not 4. Typical patterns for showing uncertainty RA]: Observers say the program has succeeded strengthening. and bringing. But it remains to be seen whether these measures will have enough impact to slow the rate of removing the forests (L.56) 观察家称该计划己成功地巩固了…而且还带来了…但要知道这些措施是否会产 生足够的影响来减缓砍伐森林的速度,尚须时日。 句型提炼 Sb. says/claims /argues that. . But it remains to be seen/done whether /which /what 从句) 某人称/宣称/认为…·但是要了解(知道)/做…,尚须时日。 应用:a.推销员宣称他们的笔记本电脑质量最好,然而对这种产品到底能用多久,我们 将拭目以待,因为我们相信真金不怕火炼 The salesman claims their laptop is of the best quality. But it remains to be seen whether this brand will last long or not, for we believe thatTrue gold fears no fire 应用:b.经过充分的准备,每个球队对在比赛中的胜利都充满了信心,然而最终花落谁 家尚待以后见分晓。 fter sufficient preparations, every team is confident of its success in the matches. But it remains to be seen which team will be the final winner TV Writing Paragraph Writing
应用：b. 下面是几个人的例子，这些人常常把看上去可浪费的时间充分利用起来，使之 产生效率。 The following are a few examples of men who tend to make the normally wasted hours useful and productive. 3. Typical patterns for expressing doubts 原句: The government promises it will protect the region’s native people, but questions remain as to its true level of commitments. (L. 37) 巴西政府承诺将保护该地区的土著居民，但人们对这个承诺的可信度仍心存疑虑。 句型提炼 Sb. promises (undertakes) /intends ( decides) to do sth. / that …, but questions / doubts / worries remain as to … 某人答应（承诺）/ 打算（决定）做某事/ ······，但人们对 ······ 仍然心存疑虑/ 担 忧。 （划线部分可替换） 应用：a. 尽管那家公司已经与工人签定了劳动合同，并承诺保障他们的合法权益，但人 们仍然对公司的诚信度和可靠性忧心重重。 The company has already signed the labor contracts with the workers and promises to guarantee their legal rights, but worries remain as to its honesty and reliability. 应用：b. 这个年轻人承诺自己要改邪归正，重新做人，但人们对他是否会信守诺言仍然 心存疑虑。 The young man undertakes to turn over a new leaf, but doubts remain as to whether he will keep his promise or not. 4. Typical patterns for showing uncertainty: 原句: Observers say the program has succeeded strengthening ... and bringing... But it remains to be seen whether these measures will have enough impact to slow the rate of removing the forests (L. 56) 观察家称该计划已成功地巩固了······而且还带来了······但要知道这些措施是否会产 生足够的影响来减缓砍伐森林的速度，尚须时日。 句型提炼 Sb. says / claims / argues that … But it remains to be seen / done whether / which / what … (从句) 某人称 /宣称/ 认为······ 但是要了解（知道）/ 做······, 尚须时日。 应用：a. 推销员宣称他们的笔记本电脑质量最好，然而对这种产品到底能用多久，我们 将拭目以待, 因为我们相信真金不怕火炼。 The salesman claims their laptop is of the best quality. But it remains to be seen whether this brand will last long or not, for we believe that “True gold fears no fire.” 应用：b. 经过充分的准备，每个球队对在比赛中的胜利都充满了信心，然而最终花落谁 家尚待以后见分晓。 After sufficient preparations, every team is confident of its success in the matches. But it remains to be seen which team will be the final winner. IV. Writing Paragraph Writing
On the lnteraction between bright and dark sides of somethins 对事物两方面之间的相互关系和作用进行知识性说明,使读者领悟好事也能变坏事或反之 亦然的道理。 知识性说明 写作模式(知识性说明一辨证关系说明) 1)There are two sides of any problem in the world, interrelated and interacting with each other, to which the problem of something is no exception. 2) Deeply stuck in the loop of something, somebody concerns himself naturally with. 3) He is too eager for success in something _ to have mind to consider beyond the orbit of something. 4)Through unyielding efforts, he succeeds, as many others once succeeded, in.. 5)With the passage of time, however, his gain t to.. 6) His profitable exploration of.. has resulted in.. 7)His favorite application of. has led to. .8)Thus it can be seen that the best course of reaction to any problem is to take account of both sides of it and attach to each its due weight before anything is done about (划线部分可替换) On the Interaction between Bright and dark sides of Economic Development 结合课文就经济发展得与失之间的相互关系和作用进行知识性说明 1)There are two sides of any problem in the world interrelated and interacting with each other, to which the problem of economic development is no exception. 2) Deeply stuck in the loop of economic development, many developing countries, including China, concern themselves naturally with how to find ways out and change it for the better 3) They are too eager for success in this field to have mind to consider the side-effects their olutions or efforts may produce beyond the orbit of economy. 4)Through unyielding efforts, they succeed, as many other countries once succeeded, in bettering their economic conditions and improving the living standards of their people. 5)With the passage of time, however, their gain turns out to be smaller than their loss or at least discounted to a large degree. 6)His profitable exploration of natural resources has resulted in soil erosion, desertification of farmland, and more disasters for wildlife. 7)His favorite application of findings in science has led to environmental pollution, greenhouse effect and unbalance of ecology. 8)Thus it can be seen that the best course of reaction to any problem is to take account of both sides of it and attach to each its due weight before anything is done about it V Reading skills Reading skills Finding out word meanings 1. Some sentences give the definition for a difficult word with the help of punctuation 2. Context sometimes gives examples to illustrate a difficult word rather than define it We can use the examples to figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word 3. Synonyms(a Xia) are words or phrases that are similar in meaning. A synonym is one type of context clue that hel IgS 4. Antonym(Xia)clues. Antonyms are words or phrases that have opposite meanings to other words or phrases. Antonym clues can help you understa 5. Sentences before or after a sentence that has a difficult word sometimes explain the meaning of
On the Interaction between Bright and Dark Sides of Something 对事物两方面之间的相互关系和作用进行知识性说明，使读者领悟好事也能变坏事或反之 亦然的道理。 知识性说明 写作模式（知识性说明—辨证关系说明） 1) There are two sides of any problem in the world, interrelated and interacting with each other, to which the problem of something is no exception. 2) Deeply stuck in the loop of something, somebody concerns himself naturally with… 3) He is too eager for success in something to have mind to consider beyond the orbit of something . 4) Through unyielding efforts, he succeeds, as many others once succeeded, in … 5) With the passage of time, however, his gain turns out to …6) His profitable exploration of… has resulted in…7) His favorite application of… has led to… 8) Thus it can be seen that the best course of reaction to any problem is to take account of both sides of it and attach to each its due weight before anything is done about it.(划线部分可替换 ) On the Interaction between Bright and Dark Sides of Economic Development 结合课文就经济发展得与失之间的相互关系和作用进行知识性说明 1) There are two sides of any problem in the world, interrelated and interacting with each other, to which the problem of economic development is no exception. 2) Deeply stuck in the loop of economic development, many developing countries, including China, concern themselves naturally with how to find ways out and change it for the better 3) They are too eager for success in this field to have mind to consider the side-effects their solutions or efforts may produce beyond the orbit of economy . 4) Through unyielding efforts, they succeed, as many other countries once succeeded, in bettering their economic conditions and improving the living standards of their people. 5) With the passage of time, however, their gain turns out to be smaller than their loss or at least discounted to a large degree. 6) His profitable exploration of natural resources has resulted in soil erosion, desertification of farmland, and more disasters for wildlife.7) His favorite application of findings in science has led to environmental pollution, greenhouse effect and unbalance of ecology.8) Thus it can be seen that the best course of reaction to any problem is to take account of both sides of it and attach to each its due weight before anything is done about it. V. Reading Skills Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Finding Out Word Meanings 1. Some sentences give the definition for a difficult word with the help of punctuation such as commas, dashes or parentheses 2. Context sometimes gives examples to illustrate a difficult word rather than define it. We can use the examples to figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word. 3. Synonyms (同义词) are words or phrases that are similar in meaning. A synonym is one type of context clue that helps you to determine the meanings of unfamiliar words. 4. Antonym (反义词) clues. Antonyms are words or phrases that have opposite meanings to other words or phrases. Antonym clues can help you understand new words. 5. Sentences before or after a sentence that has a difficult word sometimes explain the meaning of the word
6. Sometimes we can use our own experiences, or our knowledge about a certain topic, to find out the meaning of an unfamiliar word 7. Word part clues. We can often figure out an unfamiliar word because we know the prefix or suffix attached to the root word, or the two words that make up a compound word Here we have picked out some examples from Reading Passage A to explain how nis particular reading skill is used in practice Example Context clue: We can often figure out an unfamiliar word because we know the prefix or suffix attached to the root word Example: The great majority of nations concern themselves with economic develop regardless of its effect on the global ecology. (Para. 1, Passage A, Unit 1) Explanation: We can find out the meaning of the new word global, because we know that this adjective is formed by adding the suffix -al to the noun"globe Context clue: Sentences before or after a sentence containing a difficult word sometimes explain the meaning of the word Example: The nations of Eastern Europe. are considered the most polluted of all the worlds industrialized countries. Heavy metals from coal mining have contaminated much of the areas waters. Rivers, land, and forests are so contaminated that many are now biologically dead Para. 14, Passage A, Unit 1 Explanation: The sentences before and after the sentence which contains contaminated both help us to find out the meaning of the word, that is, polluted or made dirty Example 3 Context clue: Sentences before or after a sentence containing a difficult word sometimes explain the meaning of the word Example: Ghanas population has been growing by 3. 2 percent a year. This explosive growth has led to removal of forests in much of the country, and excessive use of existing farmland. (Para. Example: Ghanas population has been growing by 3. 2 percent a year. This explosive growth has led to removal of forests in much of the country, and excessive use of existing farmland. ( Para. 17 Passage A, Unit 1) Explanation: The first sentence says: Ghana's population has been growing by 3. 2 percent a year. This clearly explains that this explosive growth"in the second sentence means"rapid Example 4 Context clue: Sometimes we can use our own experiences, or our own knowledge about a certain topic, to find out the meaning of an unfamiliar word Example: Indonesians have traditionally favored large families, and their major religion, Islam, frowns on birth control. ( Para. 20, Passage A, Unit 1) Explanation: According to our knowledge about Islam(and what is said in the first part of the sentence), we know that frown on most probably means does not approve of. Example 5 Context clue: We can often figure out an unfamiliar word because we know the prefix or ffix attached to the root word xample: Observers say the program has succeeded in strengthening the country's
6. Sometimes we can use our own experiences, or our knowledge about a certain topic, to find out the meaning of an unfamiliar word. 7. Word part clues. We can often figure out an unfamiliar word because we know the prefix or suffix attached to the root word, or the two words that make up a compound word. Here we have picked out some examples from Reading Passage A to explain how this particular reading skill is used in practice. Example 1 Context clue: We can often figure out an unfamiliar word because we know the prefix or suffix attached to the root word. Example: The great majority of nations concern themselves with economic development, regardless of its effect on the global ecology. (Para.1, Passage A, Unit 1) Explanation: We can find out the meaning of the new word global, because we know that this adjective is formed by adding the suffix -al to the noun “globe”. Example 2 Context clue: Sentences before or after a sentence containing a difficult word sometimes explain the meaning of the word. Example: The nations of Eastern Europe ... are considered the most polluted of all the world’s industrialized countries. Heavy metals from coal mining have contaminated much of the area’s waters. Rivers, land, and forests are so contaminated that many are now biologically dead. (Para. 14, Passage A, Unit 1) Explanation: The sentences before and after the sentence which contains contaminated both help us to find out the meaning of the word, that is, polluted or made dirty. Example 3 Context clue: Sentences before or after a sentence containing a difficult word sometimes explain the meaning of the word. Example: Ghana’s population has been growing by 3.2 percent a year. This explosive growth has led to removal of forests in much of the country, and excessive use of existing farmland. (Para. Example: Ghana’s population has been growing by 3.2 percent a year. This explosive growth has led to removal of forests in much of the country, and excessive use of existing farmland. (Para. 17, Passage A, Unit 1) Explanation: The first sentence says: Ghana’s population has been growing by 3.2 percent a year. This clearly explains that “this explosive growth” in the second sentence means “rapid Example 4 Context clue: Sometimes we can use our own experiences, or our own knowledge about a certain topic, to find out the meaning of an unfamiliar word. Example: Indonesians have traditionally favored large families, and their major religion, Islam, frowns on birth control. (Para. 20, Passage A, Unit 1) Explanation: According to our knowledge about Islam (and what is said in the first part of the sentence), we know that frown on most probably means does not approve of. Example 5 Context clue: We can often figure out an unfamiliar word because we know the prefix or suffix attached to the root word. Example: Observers say the program has succeeded in strengthening the country’s
agricultural base and bringing a new source of wealth to villagers. Para. 18, Passage A, Unit 1) Explanation: This noun is formed by adding the suffix -er to the already familiar verb observe. so we can find out the meaning of the word someone who observes Section b Green Spaces in Cities . Background Knowledge 1. Founded in 1972, the Trust for Public Land (TPL) is the only national nonprofit organization of America, working only to protect land for human enjoyment and health TPL helps protect land for recreation and soul food and to improve the health and quality of life of ameri 2. Portland, a seaport in the U.S.A., is the largest city of Maine 3. Maine is a state on the northeastern coast of U.S.A. Augusta is its capital. It 19s very hilly, with the White Mountain lying in the west. Maine was visited by Cabot in 1498 and colonized by the English in the 17th and 18th century 4. Portland Parks and Recreation Department is a city government department. Parks and Recreation Department can be found at all levels of governments in the U.s., whose mission is usually to assure access to leisure opportunities, enhancing natural beauty and 5. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean, separating America from Asia and Australia. Its length is 15,000km. Its width from Panama to Malaya is 19, 000km With its coasts it makes up a great volcanIc area. 6. Phoenix, the capital and largest city of Arizona, U.S.A., is the center of an irrigated agricultural district as well as electrical and electronic engineering, farm machinery, rcraft, food processing, metallurgy, and tourism 7. Arizona is a state in the Southeastern U.S.A. Its capital is Phoenix. It is divided by mountains with a high plateau in the northeast and desert in the southwest. The U.S.A acquired most of the state from Mexico in 1848, and the rest as part of the Gadsden Purchase in 1854. It became the 48th state of the U.S.A. in 1912 8. Salt River in this text refers to the Salt River lying in the middle east of Arizona Another is located in the middle north of Kentucky. Still there is another one in the northeast of missouri 9. Baltimore is a port and import-export center of Maryland, U.S.A., on an inlet from the Chesapeake(砌萨皮克,美国佛吉尼亚洲东南部城市)Bay 10. Lying at the base of the San Francisco Peaks at a height of 7,000 feet above sea level Flagstaff offers four distinctive seasons of weather, great hiking and outdoor recreation opportunities, a rich and diverse art and culture community. The quality of life in Flagstaff is so near perfect that each year it is judged one of the top cities in which to 11. The San Francisco Peaks is the mountain that lies at the north of flagstaff. Arizona. It is the highest place in Flagstaff
agricultural base and bringing a new source of wealth to villagers. (Para. 18, Passage A, Unit 1) Explanation: This noun is formed by adding the suffix -er to the already familiar verb observe, so we can find out the meaning of the word: someone who observes. Section B Green Spaces in Cities I. Background Knowledge: 1. Founded in 1972, the Trust for Public Land (TPL) is the only national nonprofit organization of America, working only to protect land for human enjoyment and health. TPL helps protect land for recreation and soul food and to improve the health and quality of life of American communities. 2. Portland, a seaport in the U.S.A., is the largest city of Maine. 3. Maine is a state on the northeastern coast of U.S.A. Augusta is its capital. It i9s very hilly, with the White Mountain lying in the west. Maine was visited by Cabot in 1498, and colonized by the English in the 17 th and 18 th century. 4. Portland Parks and Recreation Department is a city government department. Parks and Recreation Department can be found at all levels of governments in the U.S., whose mission is usually to assure access to leisure opportunities, enhancing natural beauty and promoting tourism. 5. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean, separating America from Asia and Australia. Its length is 15,000km. Its width from Panama to Malaya is 19,000km With its coasts it makes up a great volcanic area. 6. Phoenix, the capital and largest city of Arizona, U.S.A., is the center of an irrigated agricultural district as well as electrical and electronic engineering, farm machinery, aircraft, food processing, metallurgy, and tourism. 7. Arizona is a state in the Southeastern U.S.A. Its capital is Phoenix. It is divided by mountains with a high plateau in the northeast and desert in the southwest. The U.S.A. acquired most of the state from Mexico in 1848, and the rest as part of the Gadsden Purchase in 1854. It became the 48 th state of the U.S.A. in 1912. 8. Salt River in this text refers to the Salt River lying in the middle east of Arizona. Another is located in the middle north of Kentucky. Still there is another one in the northeast of Missouri. 9. Baltimore is a port and import-export center of Maryland, U.S.A., on an inlet from the Chesapeake(砌萨皮克， 美国佛吉尼亚洲东南部城市) Bay. 10. Lying at the base of the San Francisco Peaks at a height of 7,000 feet above sea level, Flagstaff offers four distinctive seasons of weather, great hiking and outdoor recreation opportunities, a rich and diverse art and culture community. The quality of life in Flagstaff is so near perfect that each year it is judged one of the top cities in which to live. 11. The San Francisco Peaks is the mountain that lies at the north of Flagstaff, Arizona. It is the highest place in Flagstaff
Language points vacant: not filled or occupied, empty: not filled at present.未被占用的:空缺的 1) There are several vacant plots available for building on in this area 那个地区还有好几块空地皮可以用来造房子 2) The post of chairman has been vacant for some time 主席的职位已空缺一段时间 2. option: a choice: power or freedom of choice选择:选择权 1)The government has two options, to reduce spending or to increase taxes 政府只有两种选择,不是削减开支便是增加税收 2) We have no option but to leave the meeting 除了放弃这次会议,我们没有别的选择。 3. rare: Not often happening or seen, etc; not common and as a result sometimes valuable 稀有的,罕见的;珍稀的。 1) The news broadcasters of CCTV have rare wrong when reporting 中央电视台的新闻播报员在报道新闻时很少出错。 2) The museum is full of rare and precious treasures.博物馆里到处是稀有珍宝 4. on top of: in addition to除外 Another 700 jobs are being cut this year, on top of the 2000 that were lost last year 除了去年削减的2000个工作外,今年将再减少700个岗位 5. literally: exactly, in a way that follows exactly the original.照字面,确实地,简直。 1) Idioms usually cannot be translated literally into another language 成语通常不能用另一种语言逐字翻译 2)The views here are literally breathtaking 这里的景色确实美得令人吃惊 6.pave: vt cover( a surface). with flat stones or bricks or tar铺(路),铺砌。 One lane is closed while the workers are paving the road 路上的一条车道在工人铺路期间关闭了 7. amateur:adj. Taking part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job.业余的 n. a person who practices a sport or arts skill without receiving money for it.业余爱好者 1) The tournament is open to amateurs as well as professional 这次锦标赛不仅职业运动员可以参加,业余运动员也可以参加。 2) His brother is an amateur photographer.他弟弟是一个业余摄影师 8. work on: spend time and effort doing a task that needs to be done.致力于 They have been working on the bridge day and night for three month 他们三个月来日夜施工造桥。 9. coordinate: v organize the various people and things involved in an activity to work together, esp. to increase effectiveness协调 If we coordinate our efforts we should be able to solve the problem 如果我们齐心协力,就能解决这个问题 10. clean up: make a place clean by removing the dirt.清理。 This room needs cleaning up 这个房间需要彻底打扫 11. erect, vt. build, set up; establish; put up:建立,树起
II. Language Points 1. vacant: not filled or occupied, empty: not filled at present. 未被占用的： 空缺的。 1） There are several vacant plots available for building on in this area. 那个地区还有好几块空地皮可以用来造房子。 2） The post of chairman has been vacant for some time. 主席的职位已空缺一段时间。 2. option: a choice: power or freedom of choice 选择：选择权 1） The government has two options, to reduce spending or to increase taxes. 政府只有两种选择，不是削减开支便是增加税收。 2） We have no option but to leave the meeting. 除了放弃这次会议，我们没有别的选择。 3. rare: Not often happening or seen, etc.; not common and as a result sometimes valuable. 稀有的，罕见的；珍稀的。 1） The news broadcasters of CCTV have rare wrong when reporting. 中央电视台的新闻播报员在报道新闻时很少出错。 2） The museum is full of rare and precious treasures. 博物馆里到处是稀有珍宝。 4．on top of: in addition to 除…外 Another 700 jobs are being cut this year, on top of the 2000 that were lost last year. 除了去年削减的 2000 个工作外， 今年将再减少 700 个岗位。 5． literally: exactly, in a way that follows exactly the original. 照字面， 确实地，简直。 1）Idioms usually cannot be translated literally into another language. 成语通常不能用另一种语言逐字翻译。 2) The views here are literally breathtaking. 这里的景色确实美得令人吃惊。 6. pave: vt. cover( a surface).. with flat stones or bricks or tar 铺（路）， 铺砌。 One lane is closed while the workers are paving the road. 路上的一条车道在工人铺路期间关闭了。 7． amateur: adj. Taking part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job.业余的 n. a person who practices a sport or arts skill without receiving money for it. 业余爱好者 1） The tournament is open to amateurs as well as professionals. 这次锦标赛不仅职业运动员可以参加，业余运动员也可以参加。 2） His brother is an amateur photographer. 他弟弟是一个业余摄影师。 8． work on: spend time and effort doing a task that needs to be done. 致力于… They have been working on the bridge day and night for three months. 他们三个月来日夜施工造桥。 9． coordinate: v. organize the various people and things involved in an activity to work together, esp. to increase effectiveness. 协调 If we coordinate our efforts we should be able to solve the problem. 如果我们齐心协力，就能解决这个问题。 10． clean up: make a place clean by removing the dirt. 清理。 This room needs cleaning up. 这个房间需要彻底打扫。 11. erect: vt. build, set up; establish; put up: 建立， 树起
