《GPU并行编程 GPU Parallel Programming》课程教学资源（参考文献）NVIDIA CUDA C Programming Guide（Design Guide，June 2017）.pdf_大学文库

www.nvidia.com CUDA C Programming Guide PG-02829-001_v8.0 | iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction.........................................................................................1 1.1. From Graphics Processing to General Purpose Parallel Computing............................... 1 1.2. CUDA®: A General-Purpose Parallel Computing Platform and Programming Model.............3 1.3. A Scalable Programming Model.........................................................................4 1.4. Document Structure...................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2. Programming Model............................................................................... 8 2.1. Kernels......................................................................................................8 2.2. Thread Hierarchy......................................................................................... 9 2.3. Memory Hierarchy....................................................................................... 11 2.4. Heterogeneous Programming.......................................................................... 13 2.5. Compute Capability..................................................................................... 15 Chapter 3. Programming Interface..........................................................................16 3.1. Compilation with NVCC................................................................................ 16 3.1.1. Compilation Workflow.............................................................................17 3.1.1.1. Offline Compilation.......................................................................... 17 3.1.1.2. Just-in-Time Compilation....................................................................17 3.1.2. Binary Compatibility...............................................................................17 3.1.3. PTX Compatibility..................................................................................18 3.1.4. Application Compatibility.........................................................................18 3.1.5. C/C++ Compatibility............................................................................... 19 3.1.6. 64-Bit Compatibility............................................................................... 19 3.2. CUDA C Runtime.........................................................................................19 3.2.1. Initialization.........................................................................................20 3.2.2. Device Memory..................................................................................... 20 3.2.3. Shared Memory..................................................................................... 23 3.2.4. Page-Locked Host Memory........................................................................28 3.2.4.1. Portable Memory..............................................................................29 3.2.4.2. Write-Combining Memory....................................................................29 3.2.4.3. Mapped Memory...............................................................................29 3.2.5. Asynchronous Concurrent Execution............................................................ 30 3.2.5.1. Concurrent Execution between Host and Device........................................31 3.2.5.2. Concurrent Kernel Execution............................................................... 31 3.2.5.3. Overlap of Data Transfer and Kernel Execution......................................... 31 3.2.5.4. Concurrent Data Transfers.................................................................. 32 3.2.5.5. Streams.........................................................................................32 3.2.5.6. Events...........................................................................................36 3.2.5.7. Synchronous Calls.............................................................................36 3.2.6. Multi-Device System............................................................................... 37 3.2.6.1. Device Enumeration.......................................................................... 37 3.2.6.2. Device Selection.............................................................................. 37

www.nvidia.com CUDA C Programming Guide PG-02829-001_v8.0 | iv 3.2.6.3. Stream and Event Behavior................................................................. 37 3.2.6.4. Peer-to-Peer Memory Access................................................................38 3.2.6.5. Peer-to-Peer Memory Copy..................................................................38 3.2.7. Unified Virtual Address Space................................................................... 39 3.2.8. Interprocess Communication..................................................................... 40 3.2.9. Error Checking......................................................................................40 3.2.10. Call Stack.......................................................................................... 41 3.2.11. Texture and Surface Memory................................................................... 41 3.2.11.1. Texture Memory............................................................................. 41 3.2.11.2. Surface Memory............................................................................. 51 3.2.11.3. CUDA Arrays..................................................................................55 3.2.11.4. Read/Write Coherency..................................................................... 55 3.2.12. Graphics Interoperability........................................................................55 3.2.12.1. OpenGL Interoperability................................................................... 56 3.2.12.2. Direct3D Interoperability...................................................................58 3.2.12.3. SLI Interoperability..........................................................................64 3.3. Versioning and Compatibility.......................................................................... 65 3.4. Compute Modes..........................................................................................66 3.5. Mode Switches........................................................................................... 67 3.6. Tesla Compute Cluster Mode for Windows.......................................................... 67 Chapter 4. Hardware Implementation......................................................................68 4.1. SIMT Architecture....................................................................................... 68 4.2. Hardware Multithreading...............................................................................70 Chapter 5. Performance Guidelines........................................................................ 71 5.1. Overall Performance Optimization Strategies...................................................... 71 5.2. Maximize Utilization.................................................................................... 71 5.2.1. Application Level...................................................................................71 5.2.2. Device Level........................................................................................ 72 5.2.3. Multiprocessor Level...............................................................................72 5.2.3.1. Occupancy Calculator........................................................................ 74 5.3. Maximize Memory Throughput........................................................................ 76 5.3.1. Data Transfer between Host and Device....................................................... 77 5.3.2. Device Memory Accesses..........................................................................78 5.4. Maximize Instruction Throughput.....................................................................82 5.4.1. Arithmetic Instructions............................................................................82 5.4.2. Control Flow Instructions......................................................................... 86 5.4.3. Synchronization Instruction.......................................................................87 Appendix A. CUDA-Enabled GPUs........................................................................... 88 Appendix B. C Language Extensions........................................................................89 B.1. Function Type Qualifiers............................................................................... 89 B.1.1. __device__.......................................................................................... 89 B.1.2. __global__...........................................................................................89 B.1.3. __host__............................................................................................. 89

www.nvidia.com CUDA C Programming Guide PG-02829-001_v8.0 | v B.1.4. __noinline__ and __forceinline__............................................................... 90 B.2. Variable Type Qualifiers................................................................................90 B.2.1. __device__.......................................................................................... 90 B.2.2. __constant__........................................................................................91 B.2.3. __shared__.......................................................................................... 91 B.2.4. __managed__....................................................................................... 92 B.2.5. __restrict__......................................................................................... 92 B.3. Built-in Vector Types................................................................................... 93 B.3.1. char, short, int, long, longlong, float, double................................................ 93 B.3.2. dim3..................................................................................................94 B.4. Built-in Variables........................................................................................ 95 B.4.1. gridDim.............................................................................................. 95 B.4.2. blockIdx..............................................................................................95 B.4.3. blockDim.............................................................................................95 B.4.4. threadIdx............................................................................................ 95 B.4.5. warpSize............................................................................................. 95 B.5. Memory Fence Functions...............................................................................95 B.6. Synchronization Functions............................................................................. 98 B.7. Mathematical Functions................................................................................ 99 B.8. Texture Functions....................................................................................... 99 B.8.1. Texture Object API...............................................................................100 B.8.1.1. tex1Dfetch()..................................................................................100 B.8.1.2. tex1D()........................................................................................ 100 B.8.1.3. tex1DLod()....................................................................................100 B.8.1.4. tex1DGrad().................................................................................. 100 B.8.1.5. tex2D()........................................................................................ 100 B.8.1.6. tex2DLod()....................................................................................100 B.8.1.7. tex2DGrad().................................................................................. 101 B.8.1.8. tex3D()........................................................................................ 101 B.8.1.9. tex3DLod()....................................................................................101 B.8.1.10. tex3DGrad().................................................................................101 B.8.1.11. tex1DLayered()............................................................................. 101 B.8.1.12. tex1DLayeredLod().........................................................................101 B.8.1.13. tex1DLayeredGrad()....................................................................... 102 B.8.1.14. tex2DLayered()............................................................................. 102 B.8.1.15. tex2DLayeredLod().........................................................................102 B.8.1.16. tex2DLayeredGrad()....................................................................... 102 B.8.1.17. texCubemap().............................................................................. 102 B.8.1.18. texCubemapLod().......................................................................... 102 B.8.1.19. texCubemapLayered().....................................................................103 B.8.1.20. texCubemapLayeredLod()................................................................ 103 B.8.1.21. tex2Dgather()...............................................................................103 B.8.2. Texture Reference API...........................................................................104

www.nvidia.com CUDA C Programming Guide PG-02829-001_v8.0 | vi B.8.2.1. tex1Dfetch()..................................................................................104 B.8.2.2. tex1D()........................................................................................ 104 B.8.2.3. tex1DLod()....................................................................................105 B.8.2.4. tex1DGrad().................................................................................. 105 B.8.2.5. tex2D()........................................................................................ 105 B.8.2.6. tex2DLod()....................................................................................105 B.8.2.7. tex2DGrad().................................................................................. 105 B.8.2.8. tex3D()........................................................................................ 106 B.8.2.9. tex3DLod()....................................................................................106 B.8.2.10. tex3DGrad().................................................................................106 B.8.2.11. tex1DLayered()............................................................................. 106 B.8.2.12. tex1DLayeredLod().........................................................................107 B.8.2.13. tex1DLayeredGrad()....................................................................... 107 B.8.2.14. tex2DLayered()............................................................................. 107 B.8.2.15. tex2DLayeredLod().........................................................................107 B.8.2.16. tex2DLayeredGrad()....................................................................... 108 B.8.2.17. texCubemap().............................................................................. 108 B.8.2.18. texCubemapLod().......................................................................... 108 B.8.2.19. texCubemapLayered().....................................................................108 B.8.2.20. texCubemapLayeredLod()................................................................ 108 B.8.2.21. tex2Dgather()...............................................................................109 B.9. Surface Functions...................................................................................... 109 B.9.1. Surface Object API............................................................................... 109 B.9.1.1. surf1Dread()..................................................................................109 B.9.1.2. surf1Dwrite................................................................................... 109 B.9.1.3. surf2Dread()..................................................................................110 B.9.1.4. surf2Dwrite()................................................................................. 110 B.9.1.5. surf3Dread()..................................................................................110 B.9.1.6. surf3Dwrite()................................................................................. 110 B.9.1.7. surf1DLayeredread()........................................................................ 111 B.9.1.8. surf1DLayeredwrite()....................................................................... 111 B.9.1.9. surf2DLayeredread()........................................................................ 111 B.9.1.10. surf2DLayeredwrite()......................................................................111 B.9.1.11. surfCubemapread()........................................................................ 112 B.9.1.12. surfCubemapwrite()....................................................................... 112 B.9.1.13. surfCubemapLayeredread()...............................................................112 B.9.1.14. surfCubemapLayeredwrite()..............................................................112 B.9.2. Surface Reference API........................................................................... 113 B.9.2.1. surf1Dread()..................................................................................113 B.9.2.2. surf1Dwrite................................................................................... 113 B.9.2.3. surf2Dread()..................................................................................113 B.9.2.4. surf2Dwrite()................................................................................. 113 B.9.2.5. surf3Dread()..................................................................................114

www.nvidia.com CUDA C Programming Guide PG-02829-001_v8.0 | vii B.9.2.6. surf3Dwrite()................................................................................. 114 B.9.2.7. surf1DLayeredread()........................................................................ 114 B.9.2.8. surf1DLayeredwrite()....................................................................... 114 B.9.2.9. surf2DLayeredread()........................................................................ 115 B.9.2.10. surf2DLayeredwrite()......................................................................115 B.9.2.11. surfCubemapread()........................................................................ 115 B.9.2.12. surfCubemapwrite()....................................................................... 115 B.9.2.13. surfCubemapLayeredread()...............................................................116 B.9.2.14. surfCubemapLayeredwrite()..............................................................116 B.10. Read-Only Data Cache Load Function.............................................................116 B.11. Time Function.........................................................................................116 B.12. Atomic Functions..................................................................................... 117 B.12.1. Arithmetic Functions........................................................................... 118 B.12.1.1. atomicAdd().................................................................................118 B.12.1.2. atomicSub()................................................................................. 118 B.12.1.3. atomicExch()................................................................................119 B.12.1.4. atomicMin()................................................................................. 119 B.12.1.5. atomicMax().................................................................................119 B.12.1.6. atomicInc()..................................................................................119 B.12.1.7. atomicDec().................................................................................120 B.12.1.8. atomicCAS().................................................................................120 B.12.2. Bitwise Functions............................................................................... 120 B.12.2.1. atomicAnd().................................................................................120 B.12.2.2. atomicOr().................................................................................. 120 B.12.2.3. atomicXor()................................................................................. 121 B.13. Warp Vote Functions................................................................................. 121 B.14. Warp Shuffle Functions..............................................................................122 B.14.1. Synopsis........................................................................................... 122 B.14.2. Description....................................................................................... 122 B.14.3. Return Value..................................................................................... 123 B.14.4. Notes.............................................................................................. 123 B.14.5. Examples..........................................................................................124 B.14.5.1. Broadcast of a single value across a warp............................................ 124 B.14.5.2. Inclusive plus-scan across sub-partitions of 8 threads............................... 124 B.14.5.3. Reduction across a warp................................................................. 125 B.15. Profiler Counter Function........................................................................... 125 B.16. Assertion............................................................................................... 125 B.17. Formatted Output.................................................................................... 126 B.17.1. Format Specifiers............................................................................... 127 B.17.2. Limitations....................................................................................... 127 B.17.3. Associated Host-Side API.......................................................................128 B.17.4. Examples..........................................................................................129 B.18. Dynamic Global Memory Allocation and Operations............................................ 130

www.nvidia.com CUDA C Programming Guide PG-02829-001_v8.0 | viii B.18.1. Heap Memory Allocation....................................................................... 130 B.18.2. Interoperability with Host Memory API......................................................131 B.18.3. Examples..........................................................................................131 B.18.3.1. Per Thread Allocation.....................................................................131 B.18.3.2. Per Thread Block Allocation............................................................. 132 B.18.3.3. Allocation Persisting Between Kernel Launches...................................... 133 B.19. Execution Configuration.............................................................................134 B.20. Launch Bounds........................................................................................ 134 B.21. #pragma unroll........................................................................................137 B.22. SIMD Video Instructions..............................................................................137 Appendix C. CUDA Dynamic Parallelism.................................................................. 139 C.1. Introduction.............................................................................................139 C.1.1. Overview........................................................................................... 139 C.1.2. Glossary............................................................................................ 139 C.2. Execution Environment and Memory Model....................................................... 140 C.2.1. Execution Environment.......................................................................... 140 C.2.1.1. Parent and Child Grids..................................................................... 140 C.2.1.2. Scope of CUDA Primitives..................................................................141 C.2.1.3. Synchronization..............................................................................141 C.2.1.4. Streams and Events.........................................................................141 C.2.1.5. Ordering and Concurrency.................................................................142 C.2.1.6. Device Management........................................................................ 142 C.2.2. Memory Model.................................................................................... 142 C.2.2.1. Coherence and Consistency............................................................... 143 C.3. Programming Interface................................................................................145 C.3.1. CUDA C/C++ Reference..........................................................................145 C.3.1.1. Device-Side Kernel Launch................................................................ 145 C.3.1.2. Streams....................................................................................... 146 C.3.1.3. Events......................................................................................... 147 C.3.1.4. Synchronization..............................................................................147 C.3.1.5. Device Management........................................................................ 147 C.3.1.6. Memory Declarations....................................................................... 148 C.3.1.7. API Errors and Launch Failures........................................................... 149 C.3.1.8. API Reference................................................................................150 C.3.2. Device-side Launch from PTX.................................................................. 151 C.3.2.1. Kernel Launch APIs......................................................................... 151 C.3.2.2. Parameter Buffer Layout.................................................................. 153 C.3.3. Toolkit Support for Dynamic Parallelism......................................................153 C.3.3.1. Including Device Runtime API in CUDA Code........................................... 153 C.3.3.2. Compiling and Linking......................................................................154 C.4. Programming Guidelines.............................................................................. 154 C.4.1. Basics............................................................................................... 154 C.4.2. Performance.......................................................................................155

www.nvidia.com CUDA C Programming Guide PG-02829-001_v8.0 | ix C.4.2.1. Synchronization..............................................................................155 C.4.2.2. Dynamic-parallelism-enabled Kernel Overhead........................................ 155 C.4.3. Implementation Restrictions and Limitations................................................156 C.4.3.1. Runtime.......................................................................................156 Appendix D. Mathematical Functions..................................................................... 159 D.1. Standard Functions.................................................................................... 159 D.2. Intrinsic Functions..................................................................................... 167 Appendix E. C/C++ Language Support.................................................................... 170 E.1. C++11 Language Features............................................................................ 170 E.2. C++14 Language Features............................................................................ 173 E.3. Restrictions..............................................................................................173 E.3.1. Host Compiler Extensions....................................................................... 173 E.3.2. Preprocessor Symbols............................................................................ 174 E.3.2.1. __CUDA_ARCH__.............................................................................174 E.3.3. Qualifiers...........................................................................................175 E.3.3.1. Device Memory Qualifiers..................................................................175 E.3.3.2. __managed__ Qualifier.....................................................................176 E.3.3.3. Volatile Qualifier............................................................................ 178 E.3.4. Pointers.............................................................................................179 E.3.5. Operators.......................................................................................... 179 E.3.5.1. Assignment Operator....................................................................... 179 E.3.5.2. Address Operator............................................................................179 E.3.6. Run Time Type Information (RTTI).............................................................179 E.3.7. Exception Handling...............................................................................179 E.3.8. Standard Library.................................................................................. 179 E.3.9. Functions...........................................................................................180 E.3.9.1. External Linkage.............................................................................180 E.3.9.2. Compiler generated functions............................................................ 180 E.3.9.3. Function Parameters........................................................................180 E.3.9.4. Static Variables within Function.......................................................... 181 E.3.9.5. Function Pointers............................................................................181 E.3.9.6. Function Recursion..........................................................................182 E.3.10. Classes............................................................................................ 182 E.3.10.1. Data Members.............................................................................. 182 E.3.10.2. Function Members......................................................................... 182 E.3.10.3. Virtual Functions...........................................................................182 E.3.10.4. Virtual Base Classes....................................................................... 182 E.3.10.5. Anonymous Unions......................................................................... 182 E.3.10.6. Windows-Specific...........................................................................182 E.3.11. Templates.........................................................................................183 E.3.12. Trigraphs and Digraphs......................................................................... 183 E.3.13. Const-qualified variables.......................................................................184 E.3.14. C++11 Features.................................................................................. 184

E.3.14.1.Lambda Expressions............ 184 E.3.14.2.std::initializer_list......... 185 E.3.14.3.Rvalue references................. .186 E.3.14.4.Constexpr functions and function templates............................186 E.3.14.5.Constexpr variables.............. .186 E.3.14.6.Intine namespaces.187 E.3.14.7.thread local...........................................188 E.3.14.8.global functions and function templates..... .189 E.3.14.9.device_/constant_/shared_variables......................................190 E.3.14.10.Defautted functions.... 190 E.3.15.C+14 Features.........190 E.3.15.1.Functions with deduced return type... 190 E.3.15.2.Variable templates......................... .191 E.3.15.3.[[deprecated]]attribute........... ..192 E.4.Polymorphic Function Wrappers....................... .192 E.5.Experimental Feature:Extended Lambdas.... 195 E.5.1.Extended Lambda Type Traits.......................... .197 E.5.2.Extended Lambda Restrictions...... 198 E.5.3.Notes onhostdevicelambdas..............205 E.5.4.*this Capture By Value........... .206 E.5.5.Additional Notes.............. 208 E.6.Code Samples............... ...210 E.6.1.Data Aggregation Class.............. 210 E.6.2.Derived class................ .210 E.6.3.Class Template.............. 211 E.6.4.Function Template............... .211 E.6.5.Functor class............ .212 Appendix F.Texture Fetching................ .213 F.1.Nearest-Point Sampling.... ,213 F.2.Linear Filtering................... 214 f.3.Table Lookup..… 215 Appendix G.Compute Capabilities........... .217 G.1.Features and Technical Specifications. 217 G.2.Floating-Point Standard................ .221 G.3.Compute Capability 2.x...... 222 G.3.1.Architecture.................... 222 G.3.2.Global Memory..... 223 G.3.3.Shared Memory.......... 224 G.3.4.Constant Memory...... ....225 G.4.Compute Capability 3.x........... 225 G.4.1.Architecture............. .225 G.4.2.Global Memory........... 227 G.4.3.Shared Memory.......... .228 www.nvidia.com CUDA C Programming Guide PG-02829-001_v8.01×

www.nvidia.com CUDA C Programming Guide PG-02829-001_v8.0 | x E.3.14.1. Lambda Expressions....................................................................... 184 E.3.14.2. std::initializer_list......................................................................... 185 E.3.14.3. Rvalue references..........................................................................186 E.3.14.4. Constexpr functions and function templates..........................................186 E.3.14.5. Constexpr variables........................................................................186 E.3.14.6. Inline namespaces......................................................................... 187 E.3.14.7. thread_local................................................................................ 188 E.3.14.8. __global__ functions and function templates.........................................189 E.3.14.9. __device__/__constant__/__shared__ variables......................................190 E.3.14.10. Defaulted functions...................................................................... 190 E.3.15. C++14 Features.................................................................................. 190 E.3.15.1. Functions with deduced return type................................................... 190 E.3.15.2. Variable templates.........................................................................191 E.3.15.3. [[deprecated]] attribute..................................................................192 E.4. Polymorphic Function Wrappers..................................................................... 192 E.5. Experimental Feature: Extended Lambdas........................................................ 195 E.5.1. Extended Lambda Type Traits.................................................................. 197 E.5.2. Extended Lambda Restrictions................................................................. 198 E.5.3. Notes on __host__ __device__ lambdas...................................................... 205 E.5.4. *this Capture By Value...........................................................................206 E.5.5. Additional Notes.................................................................................. 208 E.6. Code Samples...........................................................................................210 E.6.1. Data Aggregation Class.......................................................................... 210 E.6.2. Derived Class...................................................................................... 210 E.6.3. Class Template.................................................................................... 211 E.6.4. Function Template................................................................................211 E.6.5. Functor Class...................................................................................... 212 Appendix F. Texture Fetching.............................................................................. 213 F.1. Nearest-Point Sampling................................................................................213 F.2. Linear Filtering......................................................................................... 214 F.3. Table Lookup............................................................................................ 215 Appendix G. Compute Capabilities........................................................................ 217 G.1. Features and Technical Specifications............................................................. 217 G.2. Floating-Point Standard...............................................................................221 G.3. Compute Capability 2.x.............................................................................. 222 G.3.1. Architecture.......................................................................................222 G.3.2. Global Memory....................................................................................223 G.3.3. Shared Memory................................................................................... 224 G.3.4. Constant Memory.................................................................................225 G.4. Compute Capability 3.x.............................................................................. 225 G.4.1. Architecture.......................................................................................225 G.4.2. Global Memory....................................................................................227 G.4.3. Shared Memory................................................................................... 228