
基础综合化学实验佟庆笑汕头大学理学院化学系2011年
基础综合化学实验 佟庆笑 汕头大学理学院化学系 2011 年 1

目 录实验一、溴代环已烷的制备实验二、乙酰苯胺的制备.6实验三、从茶叶中提取咖啡因....8实验四、配合物键合异构体的制备及红外光谱测定..14实验五、离子型化合物的离子交换分离..1921实验六、常见有机化合物的化学鉴别实验七、乙酰二茂铁的制备与分离,222
目 录 实验一、溴代环己烷的制备.3 实验二、乙酰苯胺的制备.6 实验三、从茶叶中提取咖啡因.8 实验四、配合物键合异构体的制备及红外光谱测定.14 实验五、离子型化合物的离子交换分离.19 实验六、常见有机化合物的化学鉴别.21 实验七、乙酰二茂铁的制备与分离.22 2

实验一、溴代环已烷的制备SynthesisofbromocyclohaxanefromcyclohexenePreviewIn this reaction, we will beadding a concentrated HBr solutionto an alkenetoproduce an alkyl halide. This reaction proceeds by an acid-base reaction between thealkene and HBr to produce a carbocation, followed by an association reactionbetweenthe carbocation and bromide ion,Before comingtolab,pleaseread all of theprocedures given below.Write an introduction in your lab notebook.Fill out thefollowing table and include it in your introduction.HBrThen review the following techniaues."Refluxing a Reaction""Extraction and washing.MWreagentvolumedensitymassmmoleseq15mL1.0cyclohexenesoln:5ml.HBr48%1.490 g/mlHBr:xxbromocyclohexaneChemicalsCyclohexene, 48% HBrProcedureSet-up and run the reaction: Add the cyclohexene to a round-bottom flask using a graduatedpipette·Add theHBr solutiontothereaction usinga graduated cylinder.·Add a spin vane.3
实验一、溴代环己烷的制备 Synthesis of bromocyclohaxane from cyclohexene Preview In this reaction, we will be adding a concentrated HBr solution to an alkene to produce an alkyl halide. This reaction proceeds by an acid-base reaction between the alkene and HBr to produce a carbocation, followed by an association reaction between the carbocation and bromide ion. Before coming to lab, please read all of the procedures given below. Write an introduction in your lab notebook. Fill out the following table and include it in your introduction. Then review the following techniques: "Refluxing a Reaction," "Extraction and washing," "Drying and Organic Solvent," and "Evaporating an Organic Solvent. 1.5 mL 5 mL Chemicals Cyclohexene, 48% HBr Procedure Set-up and run the reaction: • Add the cyclohexene to a round-bottom flask using a graduated pipette. • Add the HBr solution to the reaction using a graduated cylinder. • Add a spin vane. 3

· Add a reflux condenser,clamping the condenser in place, and set up the tubing.. Turn on the water, then turn the stirring up until the two phases mix as much aspossible without causing the spin vane to just vibrate (it will help if you are careful tocenter the conical vial on the stirrer-hot plate).. Slowly heat the reaction until you can see it begin to reflux.. Heat at reflux for 1 hour (starting from the time you see it begin to reflux). (You areok as long as the bubbles don't get out of the top of the condenser.)Isolation oftheproduct:: Allow the reaction to cool. When it nears room temperature, remove it from thereflux condenser, and remove the spin vane with forceps. Cool the vial for a minute in an ice bath (don't put a hot vial in the ice bath or it willcrack!). You should be able to see a small layer of clear liquid on the top (density ofpure bromohexane: 1.349 g/cm') - this is the product, together with any unreactedcyclohexene.: Add some diethyl ether to dissolve the organic compounds - mix it up by drawing itin and out of a plastic pipette a few times - two layers should form.: With a pipette, carefully suck the aqueous layer (the bottom phase) out of the vialand into a separatory funnel (stopcock closed with beaker underneath). Set the vialcontaining the top layer aside where it won't get spilled.· Extract out any product that might remain in the water layer by adding several ml offresh ether to the separatory funnel and shaking carefully.Allow the layers to separate.Then drain off the water layer (bottom) into a beaker and set it aside for later disposal.· Now add the ether layer from the reaction to the separatory funnel, combining itwith the ether layer already there. This should contain the entire product.. Wash the ether layers to removing any remaining acid by adding a layer of saturatedNaHCOs to the ether solution. Add it slowly, as there will be a lot of bubbling as thebicarbonate reacts with the acid. When the bubbling dies down,put in the stopper andshake it carefully, venting frequently. Drain off the aqueous (bottom) layer· Add fresh bicarbonate solution and repeat.4
• Add a reflux condenser, clamping the condenser in place, and set up the tubing. • Turn on the water, then turn the stirring up until the two phases mix as much as possible without causing the spin vane to just vibrate (it will help if you are careful to center the conical vial on the stirrer-hot plate). • Slowly heat the reaction until you can see it begin to reflux. • Heat at reflux for 1 hour (starting from the time you see it begin to reflux). (You are ok as long as the bubbles don't get out of the top of the condenser.) Isolation of the product: • Allow the reaction to cool. When it nears room temperature, remove it from the reflux condenser, and remove the spin vane with forceps. • Cool the vial for a minute in an ice bath (don't put a hot vial in the ice bath or it will crack!). You should be able to see a small layer of clear liquid on the top (density of pure bromohexane: 1.349 g/cm3 ) – this is the product, together with any unreacted cyclohexene. • Add some diethyl ether to dissolve the organic compounds - mix it up by drawing it in and out of a plastic pipette a few times – two layers should form. • With a pipette, carefully suck the aqueous layer (the bottom phase) out of the vial and into a separatory funnel (stopcock closed with beaker underneath!). Set the vial containing the top layer aside where it won’t get spilled. • Extract out any product that might remain in the water layer by adding several ml of fresh ether to the separatory funnel and shaking carefully. Allow the layers to separate. Then drain off the water layer (bottom) into a beaker and set it aside for later disposal. • Now add the ether layer from the reaction to the separatory funnel, combining it with the ether layer already there. This should contain the entire product. • Wash the ether layers to removing any remaining acid by adding a layer of saturated NaHCO3 to the ether solution. Add it slowly, as there will be a lot of bubbling as the bicarbonate reacts with the acid. When the bubbling dies down, put in the stopper and shake it carefully, venting frequently. Drain off the aqueous (bottom) layer. • Add fresh bicarbonate solution and repeat. 4

·Drain the ether layer into a 50 ml beaker and dry the solution over sodium sulfate. Ifthe ether has evaporated so that you only have a small amount of solution, add moreether - if there is too little ether, it can be very hard to tell if it is free-flowing·Pour the dried ether solution into a clean,tared conical vial.Prepare a hot water bathin a small beaker at around 60°C. Evaporate the ether by setting the conical vial in thebath, with one end of your forceps inside to keep it from bumping. Don't fill it too fullor it may boil over. If you have too much to fit in the conical vial, add some, boil it off,then add somemore.When nomore bubbles form and thelevel of liquid doesn't seemto be going down, all of the solvent should be goneCharacterizetheproduct:. Note the appearance of your product, pure, authentic bromocyclohexane is a clear,colorless liquid.. Once it is cool, obtain its mass and calculate the % yield· Measure its refractive index and compare it with literature value (n 1.495)NotesConcentrated hydrogen bromide is corrosive and toxic; please do not remove from the fumehood, anduse care not to come in contact with thechemical.Questions(1) Draw the mechanism for this reaction. Is the addition regioselective in thiscase? Why or why not?(2) Why was it necessary to reflux this reaction?(3) Why did the reaction have two layers?(4) What is the purpose of extracting the water layer with ether?(5) What is the purpose of washing the ether layer with sodium bicarbonate?(6) Write the reaction that takes place when sodium bicarbonate reacts with HBr.What causes the bubbling?(7) What bands on the IR tell you if the product was formed? How would youknow if there was any starting material contaminating the product?5
• Drain the ether layer into a 50 ml beaker and dry the solution over sodium sulfate. If the ether has evaporated so that you only have a small amount of solution, add more ether – if there is too little ether, it can be very hard to tell if it is free-flowing. • Pour the dried ether solution into a clean, tared conical vial. Prepare a hot water bath in a small beaker at around 60o C. Evaporate the ether by setting the conical vial in the bath, with one end of your forceps inside to keep it from bumping. Don't fill it too full or it may boil over. If you have too much to fit in the conical vial, add some, boil it off, then add some more. When no more bubbles form and the level of liquid doesn't seem to be going down, all of the solvent should be gone. Characterize the product: • Note the appearance of your product; pure, authentic bromocyclohexane is a clear, colorless liquid. • Once it is cool, obtain its mass and calculate the % yield. • Measure its refractive index and compare it with literature value ( 1.495). Notes Concentrated hydrogen bromide is corrosive and toxic; please do not remove from the fume hood, and use care not to come in contact with the chemical. Questions (1) Draw the mechanism for this reaction. Is the addition regioselective in this case? Why or why not? (2) Why was it necessary to reflux this reaction? (3) Why did the reaction have two layers? (4) What is the purpose of extracting the water layer with ether? (5) What is the purpose of washing the ether layer with sodium bicarbonate? (6) Write the reaction that takes place when sodium bicarbonate reacts with HBr. What causes the bubbling? (7) What bands on the IR tell you if the product was formed? How would you know if there was any starting material contaminating the product? 5

实验二、乙酰苯胺的制备1、实验目的(1)掌握易氧化基团的保护方法。(2)复习重结晶法提纯样品。(3)掌握分馏柱除水的原理及方法。2、实验原理酰苯胺为无色晶体,具有退热镇痛作用,是较早使用的解热镇痛药,有“退热冰”之称。乙酰苯胺可由苯胺与乙酰化试剂如:乙酰氯、乙酐或乙酸等直接作用来制备。反应活性是乙酰氯>乙酐>乙酸。由于乙酰氯和乙酐的价格较贵,本实验选用乙酸和乙酸酐作为乙酰化试剂。反应如下:NHCOCH,NH,+(CH,CO),O--)+CH,COOHCCNHCOCH.NH,"H.o+CH,COOH-C乙酸与苯胺的反应速率较慢,且反应是可逆的,为了提高乙酰苯胺的产率,一般采用冰乙酸过量的方法,同时利用分馏柱将反应中生成的水从平衡中移去。由于苯胺易氧化,加入少量锌粉,防止苯胺在反应过程中氧化。3、实验用品苯胺(50ml),冰醋酸(7.5ml),乙酸酐(4ml),锌粉。锥形瓶(100ml),维氏分馏柱,接引管,圆底烧瓶(50ml),温度计,烧杯,布氏漏斗,吸滤瓶。4、实验操作(1)乙酸酐酰化法在50ml锥形瓶中加入3.5ml新蒸苯胺,用吸管慢慢加入4ml乙酸酐,边加边摇动,反应放热,控制反应不要过于激烈。全部加完后用未塞塞住瓶口,振摇,6
实验二、乙酰苯胺的制备 1、实验目的 (1)掌握易氧化基团的保护方法。 (2)复习重结晶法提纯样品。 (3)掌握分馏柱除水的原理及方法。 2、实验原理 酰苯胺为无色晶体,具有退热镇痛作用,是较早使用的解热镇痛药,有“退 热冰”之称。 乙酰苯胺可由苯胺与乙酰化试剂如:乙酰氯、乙酐或乙酸等直接作用来制备。 反应活性是乙酰氯>乙酐>乙酸。由于乙酰氯和乙酐的价格较贵,本实验选用乙 酸和乙酸酐作为乙酰化试剂。反应如下: 乙酸与苯胺的反应速率较慢,且反应是可逆的,为了提高乙酰苯胺的产率, 一般采用冰乙酸过量的方法,同时利用分馏柱将反应中生成的水从平衡中移去。 由于苯胺易氧化,加入少量锌粉,防止苯胺在反应过程中氧化。 3、实验用品 苯胺 (50 ml),冰醋酸 (7.5 ml),乙酸酐(4 ml),锌粉。 锥形瓶(100 ml),维氏分馏柱,接引管,圆底烧瓶(50 ml),温度计,烧杯, 布氏漏斗,吸滤瓶。 4、实验操作 (1)乙酸酐酰化法 在 50 ml锥形瓶中加入 3.5 ml新蒸苯胺,用吸管慢慢加入 4 ml乙酸酐[1],边加 边摇动,反应放热,控制反应不要过于激烈。全部加完后用木塞塞住瓶口,振摇, 6

不久即有结晶析出,立即加入15ml水,并快速搅拌,及时捣碎结晶,不让其结成块状。冷却后抽滤,用水洗涤结晶多次,至结晶无醋酸气味为止。烘干、称重、并测定其熔点。(2)冰醋酸酰化法图12-01在50ml圆底烧瓶中加入5ml新蒸苯胺及7.5ml冰乙酸。装上一支韦氏分馏柱,并装成简单分馏装置(图12-01),接收瓶用冰水浴冷却。加热圆底瓶使反应保持微沸15min,然后逐浙升高温度.至分馏柱顶达100℃左右时,即有液体蒸出。维持顶温在100-110℃约1.5h,反应生成的水及大部分乙酸已被蒸出3,蒸出温度下降,表示反应已经完成。在搅拌下趁热将反应物倒入100ml冷水中[。冷却后抽滤,用冷水洗涤至结晶无醋酸气味。粗产物用水重结晶,烘干,称重(约4-5g),测熔点。注释["如果一次加入太多乙酸酐。反应非常猛烈,甚至反应物全冲出瓶外。[]乙酰苯胺在乙酸中的溶解度比在水中大得多,加水稀释是为了减少产品在溶液中大量溶解所造成的损失。[3]收集乙酸和水的总体积约为8ml左右。[反应物冷却后,固体产物立即析出,沾在瓶壁上不易处理,故须趁热在搅拌下倒入冷水中,以除去过量的乙酸及未作用的苯胺。思考题(1)在本实验中,采用了哪些措施来提高乙酰苯胺的产率?(2)在方法2中,反应为什么要控制分馏柱的馏出温度在100~110℃之间,若7
不久即有结晶析出,立即加入 15 ml水[2],并快速搅拌,及时捣碎结晶,不让其 结成块状。冷却后抽滤,用水洗涤结晶多次,至结晶无醋酸气味为止。烘干、称 重、并测定其熔点。 (2)冰醋酸酰化法 图 12 – 01 在 50 ml圆底烧瓶中加入 5 ml新蒸苯胺及 7.5 ml冰乙酸。装上一支韦氏分馏 柱,并装成简单分馏装置(图 12 – 01),接收瓶用冰水浴冷却。加热圆底瓶使反应 保持微沸 15 min,然后逐浙升高温度.至分馏柱顶达 100℃左右时,即有液体蒸 出。维持顶温在 100-110℃约 1.5 h,反应生成的水及大部分乙酸已被蒸出[3],蒸 出温度下降,表示反应已经完成。在搅拌下趁热将反应物倒入 100 ml冷水中[4]。 冷却后抽滤,用冷水洗涤至结晶无醋酸气味。粗产物用水重结晶,烘干,称重(约 4-5 g),测熔点。 注释 [1]如果一次加入太多乙酸酐.反应非常猛烈,甚至反应物全冲出瓶外。 [2]乙酰苯胺在乙酸中的溶解度比在水中大得多,加水稀释是为了减少产品在 溶液中大量溶解所造成的损失。 [3]收集乙酸和水的总体积约为 8 ml左右。 [4]反应物冷却后,固体产物立即析出,沾在瓶壁上不易处理,故须趁热在搅 拌下倒入冷水中,以除去过量的乙酸及未作用的苯胺。 思考题 (1)在本实验中,采用了哪些措施来提高乙酰苯胺的产率? (2)在方法 2 中,反应为什么要控制分馏柱的馏出温度在 100~110℃之间,若 7

反应温度过高有什么不好?(3)根据理论计算,反应完成时产生多少水?为什么实际收集的液体比理论量多得多?(4)常用的乙酰化试剂有哪些?哪一种较经济?哪一种反应较快?实验三、从茶叶中提取咖啡因一、教学要求:1、学习从茶叶中提取咖啡因的基本原理和方法,了解咖啡因的一般性质。2、掌握用索氏提取器提取有机物的原理和方法。3、进一步熟悉萃取、蒸馏、升华等基本操作。二、预习内容:1、萃取2、蒸馏操作3、升华操作4、天然产物的分离提纯和鉴定的相关理论知识三、基本操作:1、实验流程回流提取提取液蒸馅蒸干茶叶末粗提取液95%的乙醇粗提取物咖啡因1、升华2、收集2、索氏(Soxhlet)提取器索氏(Soxhlet)提取器由烧瓶、提取筒、回流冷凝管3部分组成,装置如图所示。索氏提取器是利用溶剂的回流及虹吸原理(思考题1),使固体物质每次都被纯的热溶剂所萃取,减少了溶剂用量,缩短了提取时间,因而效率较高。萃取前,应先将固体物质研细,以增加溶剂浸溶面积(思考题2)。然后将研细的8
反应温度过高有什么不好? (3)根据理论计算,反应完成时产生多少水?为什么实际收集的液体比理论量 多得多? (4)常用的乙酰化试剂有哪些?哪一种较经济?哪一种反应较快? 实验三、从茶叶中提取咖啡因 一、教学要求: 1、学习从茶叶中提取咖啡因的基本原理和方法,了解咖啡因的一般性质。 2、掌握用索氏提取器提取有机物的原理和方法。 3、进一步熟悉萃取、蒸馏、升华等基本操作。 二、预习内容: 1、萃取 2、蒸馏操作 3、升华操作 4、天然产物的分离提纯和鉴定的相关理论知识 三、基本操作: 1、实验流程 茶叶末 提取液 粗提取液 粗提取物 咖啡因 蒸馏 95%的乙醇 1、升华 2、收集 回流提取 蒸干 2、索氏(Soxhlet)提取器 索氏(Soxhlet)提取器由烧瓶、提取筒、回流冷凝管 3 部分组成,装置如图 所示。索氏提取器是利用溶剂的回流及虹吸原理(思考题 1),使固体物质每次 都被纯的热溶剂所萃取,减少了溶剂用量,缩短了提取时间,因而效率较高。萃 取前,应先将固体物质研细,以增加溶剂浸溶面积(思考题 2)。然后将研细的 8

固体物质装人滤纸筒内(思考题3,4),再置于抽提筒,烧瓶内盛溶,并与抽提筒相连,抽提筒索式提取器上端接冷凝管。溶剂受热沸腾,其蒸气沿抽提筒侧管上升至冷凝管,冷凝为液体,滴入滤纸筒中,并浸泡筒中样品。当液面超过虹吸管最高处时,即虹吸流回烧瓶,从而萃取出溶于溶剂的部分物质。如此多次重即复,把要提取的物质富集于烧瓶内。提取液经浓缩除去溶剂后,B8得产物,必要时可用其他方法进一步纯化。思考题1:索式提取器的工作原理?思考题2:索式提取器的优点是什么?思考题3:对与索式提取器滤纸筒的基本要求是什么?思考题4:为什么要将固体物质(茶叶)研细成粉末?4、升华装置四、实验原理:咖啡因又叫咖啡碱,是一种生物碱,存在于茶叶、咖啡、可可等植物中。例如茶叶中含有1%~5%的咖啡因,同时还含有单宁酸、色素、纤维素等物质。咖啡因是弱碱性化合物,可溶于氯仿、丙醇、乙醇和热水中,难溶于乙醚和苯(冷)。纯品熔点235~236℃,含结晶水的咖啡因为无色针状晶体,在100℃时失去结晶水,并开始升华,120℃时显著升华,178℃时迅速升华。利用这一性质可纯化咖啡因。咖啡因的结构式为:咖啡因(1,3,7-三甲基-2,6-二氧嘌呤)咖啡因(1,3,7-三甲基-2,6-二氧嘌岭)咖啡因是一种温和的兴奋剂,具9
固体物质装人滤纸筒内(思考题 3,4),再置于抽提筒,烧瓶内盛溶,并与抽 提筒相连,抽提筒索式提取器上端接冷凝管。溶剂受热沸腾,其蒸气沿抽提筒侧 管上升至冷凝管,冷凝为液体,滴入滤纸筒中,并浸泡筒中样品。当液面超过虹 吸管最高处时,即虹吸流回烧瓶,从而萃取出溶于溶剂的部分物质。如此多次重 复,把要提取的物质富集于烧瓶内。提取液经浓缩除去溶剂后, 即 得产物,必要时可用其他方法进一步纯化。 思考题 1:索式提取器的工作原理? 思考题 2:索式提取器的优点是什么? 思考题 3:对与索式提取器滤纸筒的基本要求是什么? 思考题 4:为什么要将固体物质(茶叶)研细成粉末? 4、升华装置 四、实验原理: 咖啡因又叫咖啡碱,是一种生物碱,存在于茶叶、咖啡、可可等植物中。例 如茶叶中含有 1%~5%的咖啡因,同时还含有单宁酸、色素、纤维素等物质。 咖啡因是弱碱性化合物,可溶于氯仿、丙醇、乙醇和热水中,难溶于乙醚和 苯(冷)。纯品熔点 235~236℃,含结晶水的咖啡因为无色针状晶体,在 100℃ 时失去结晶水,并开始升华,120℃时显著升华,178℃时迅速升华。利用这一性 质可纯化咖啡因。咖啡因的结构式为: N N O O CH3 3CH N N CH3 咖啡因(1,3,7-三甲基-2,6-二氧嘌呤) 咖啡因(1,3,7-三甲基-2,6-二氧瞟岭)咖啡因是一种温和的兴奋剂,具 9

有刺激心脏、兴奋中枢神经和利尿等作用。提取咖啡因的方法有碱液提取法和索氏提取器提取法。本实验以乙醇为溶,用索氏提取器提取,再经浓缩、中和、升华,得到含结晶水的咖啡因。工业上咖啡因主要是通过人工合成制得。它具有刺激心脏、兴奋大脑神经和利尿等作用。故可以作为中枢神经兴奋药,它也是复方阿司匹林(A.P.C)等药物的组分之一。五、实验步骤:1、咖啡因的提取称取5g干茶叶,装入滤纸筒内,轻轻压实,滤纸筒上口塞一团脱脂棉(思考题5),置于抽提筒中,圆底烧瓶内加人60~80ml95%乙醇,加热乙醇至沸,连续抽提1h,待冷凝液刚刚虹吸下去时,立即停止加热。将仪器改装成蒸留装置,加热回收大部分乙醇。然后将残留液(大约10~15ml)倾入蒸发血中,烧瓶用少量乙醇洗涤,洗涤液也倒人蒸发血中,蒸发至近干。加入4g生石灰粉(思考题6),搅拌均匀,用电热套加热(100120V),蒸发至干,除去全部水分(思考题7)。冷却后,擦去沾在边上的粉末,以免升华时污染产物。将一张刺有许多小孔的圆形滤纸盖在蒸发皿上,取一只大小合适的玻璃漏斗罩于其上,漏斗颈部疏松地塞一团棉花(思考题8)。用电热套小心加热蒸发血,慢慢升高温度,使咖啡因升华。咖啡因通过滤纸孔遇到漏斗内壁凝为固体,附着于漏斗内壁和滤纸上。当纸上出现白色针状晶体时,暂停加热,冷至100℃左右,揭开漏斗和滤纸,仔细用小刀把附着于滤纸及漏斗壁上的咖啡因刮入表面血中。将蒸发血内的残渣加以搅拌,重新放好滤纸和漏斗,用较高的温度再加热升华一次。此时,温度也不宜太高,否则蒸发血内大量冒烟,产品既受污染又遭损失(思考题9)。合并两次升华所收集的咖啡因,测定熔点。2、咖啡因的鉴定10
有刺激心脏、兴奋中枢神经和利尿等作用。 提取咖啡因的方法有碱液提取法和索氏提取器提取法。本实验以乙醇为溶, 用索氏提取器提取,再经浓缩、中和、升华,得到含结晶水的咖啡因。 工业上咖啡因主要是通过人工合成制得。它具有刺激心脏、兴奋大脑神经和 利尿等作用。故可以作为中枢神经兴奋药,它也是复方阿司匹林(A.P.C)等药 物的组分之一。 五、实验步骤: 1、咖啡因的提取 称取 5g 干茶叶,装入滤纸筒内,轻轻压实,滤纸筒上口塞一团脱脂棉(思 考题 5),置于抽提筒中,圆底烧瓶内加人 60~80ml 95%乙醇,加热乙醇至沸, 连续抽提 1h,待冷凝液刚刚虹吸下去时,立即停止加热。 将仪器改装成蒸馏装置,加热回收大部分乙醇。然后将残留液(大约 l0~ 15ml) 倾入蒸发皿中,烧瓶用少量乙醇洗涤,洗涤液也倒人蒸发皿中,蒸发至 近干。加入 4g 生石灰粉(思考题 6),搅拌均匀,用电热套加热(100~120V), 蒸发至干,除去全部水分(思考题 7)。冷却后,擦去沾在边上的粉末,以免升 华时污染产物。 将一张刺有许多小孔的圆形滤纸盖在蒸发皿上,取一只大小合适的玻璃漏斗 罩于其上,漏斗颈部疏松地塞一团棉花(思考题 8)。 用电热套小心加热蒸发皿,慢慢升高温度,使咖啡因升华。咖啡因通过滤纸 孔遇到漏斗内壁凝为固体,附着于漏斗内壁和滤纸上。当纸上出现白色针 状晶 体时,暂停加热,冷至 100 ℃左右,揭开漏斗和滤纸,仔细用小刀把附着于滤 纸及漏斗壁上的咖啡因刮入表面皿中。将蒸发皿内的残渣加以搅拌,重新放好滤 纸和漏斗,用较高的温度再加热升华一次。此时,温度也不宜太高,否则蒸发皿 内大量冒烟,产品既受污染又遭损失(思考题 9)。合并两次升华所收集的咖啡 因,测定熔点。 2、咖啡因的鉴定 10