Unit5 The UK Economy(英国的经济) 一、本单元重点内容 】Abeolute decline and relative decline of British ecooomy(英国经济的绝对衰败和相对衰败) 2.The privatization in the1980s(20世纪80年代的私有化) 3.The main sectors of the UK eoonomy(莫国经济的主要都门) ·Primary industries(第一产业Agriculture(衣业Energy production(逢源生产) ·Secondary industries(第二产业：The manufacturing industry(制选cg.The aerospace industry(航空和航天工业) ·Tertiary indusries/ervice industries(第三产业/服务业) 4.The City of London(伦牧金脑城) 5.The London Stock Exchange(伦数证券交易所) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1.Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy 1)By the 1880s,dominant in the world-..1/3 of the world's manufactured goods,1/2 of the world's oal,iron and cotton;shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world 2)By 1900,overtaken by the U.S and Germany 3)From 1945(the year when WWll ended)until present,thought of as relativedecline because of steady cconomie growth and rapidly increasing living standards and still remaining one of the Group of Seven industrial sconomies七大T业围US.UK Germany.Fmeg,Jpan☆and Canada),but other countries developed more rapidly,so it slip from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th. 4)causes for the relative decline 1 Britain has gone into heavy debt to finance the warselling many accumulaed overseas assets, borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada) British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence-the end of the era of empire Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during the process of decolonisation.[It was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s).And as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions (member of NATO and UN Security Council)】 Britain lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products (Britain's industry survived comparatively unatfected.It continued with its older factories and pre-war products While the main losers
1 Unit 5 The UK Economy (英国的经济) 一、本单元重点内容 1. Absolute decline and relative decline of British economy (英国经济的绝对衰败和相对衰败) 2. The privatization in the 1980s (20 世纪 80 年代的私有化) 3. The main sectors of the UK economy (英国经济的主要部门): ⚫ Primary industries (第一产业): Agriculture (农业)& Energy production (能源生产) ⚫ Secondary industries (第二产业) : The manufacturing industry (制造业) eg. The aerospace industry (航空和航天工业) ⚫ Tertiary industries / service industries (第三产业/服务业) 4. The City of London (伦敦金融城) 5. The London Stock Exchange (伦敦证券交易所) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1. Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy 1) By the 1880s, dominant in the world--- 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods; 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton; shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world 2) By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany 3) From 1945(the year when WWII ended) until present, thought of as relative decline because of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards and still remaining one of the Group of Seven industrial economies(七大工业国:US, UK. Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada), but other countries developed more rapidly, so it slip from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th. 4) causes for the relative decline ① Britain has gone into heavy debt to finance the war(selling many accumulated overseas assets, borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada) ② British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence —the end of the era of empire ③ Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during the process of decolonisation. [It was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). And as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions (member of NATO and UN Security Council).] ④ Britain lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products (Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected. It continued with its older factories and pre-war products. While the main losers
in the war,Germany and Japan,had to start from nothing.so they could imvest in the most modern equipment and new products,which was sufficient.) Smu可g时the decline: The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945.but this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one.Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945,but since other countries developed more rapidly.it has slid from being the 2 largest economy to being the 6 2.Privatisation in the 1980s The British economy went through a particullarly bad period in the 1970s with high rates of inflation and devaluation of he currency(forced the Labour government to borrow money from IMF)Therefore,in the 1980s,when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power.an extensive programme of privatization was carried out Many state-owned businesses(such as seel,telecom.gas,acrospace)were turned into private companes.The author thinks that privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly. *After the recession 1990-1992.the economy had a steady growth.The UK is the 2 only to the U.S as a destination for international direct imestment 3.the 3 main sectors of the UK 1)primary industries,such as agriculture (crop and grazingXsmall in relation to nationsl health-1.4%.but efficient-producing 58%of the food noed with 2%of the workforce.3/4 of the land for agriculture-1/4 of that for crops.the rest for grazing animals of which sh are the most numerous livestock).fishing()and mining [energy produetion:oil.gas nuclear energy,coal mining etc.3 of theI0 biggest companies in Britain:Shell(half Dutch)British Petroleum(BP.and British Gas英国三大 能源公可：壳牌公可（与荷兰合资）英国石油会可，英国煤气天然气公可the world'slrg过mining company,RTZ,is a UK company] 2)secondary industries,which manufacture complex goods from those primary products (producing 2数of the national wealth.particularly strong in phrm_药品一he British company Glao-Wellcome is the biggest drug compamy in the world:chemicals化工产品一Cshe2 n larges ptr manufacturer in the world.rthe 3 largest in the world inferior to the U.S and Russia. producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircrafts to missiles sellites and jet engines,producing 2%of UK national output,accounting for 8%of manufactured export goods,when an Englishman Frank Whittle developed the wodd's first practical fer engime in 1937.the foundations had been laid for the 3 major tranches of the aviation industry:airerafl.engines and aviation electronies.with British companies prominent in each field.The Comer was the world's first jet-powered civil airliner. r holds the world speed record for helicopters,and food andirk Big electronics indry:the largest in the world but foreign-owned like car industry.High-technology engineering industry.British Steel is the worid's 4 larges steel company) 2
2 in the war, Germany and Japan, had to start from nothing, so they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products, which was sufficient.) Summary of the decline: The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. but this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6 th . 2. Privatisation in the 1980s The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of he currency.(forced the Labour government to borrow money from IMF) Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses(such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. The author thinks that privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly. * After the recession 1990-1992, the economy had a steady growth. The UK is the 2 nd only to the U.S as a destination for international direct investment. 3. the 3 main sectors of the UK 1) primary industries, such as agriculture (crop and grazing)(small in relation to national health—1.4%, but efficient—producing 58% of the food need with 2% of the workforce; 3/4 of the land for agriculture—1/4 of that for crops, the rest for grazing animals of which sheep are the most numerous livestock), fishing(渔业), and mining [energy production: oil, gas, nuclear energy, coal mining etc. *3 of the 10 biggest companies in Britain: Shell(half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas 英国三大 能源公司:壳牌公司(与荷兰合资),英国石油公司,英国煤气天然气公司]; the world’s largest mining company, RTZ, is a UK company] 2) secondary industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products (producing 22% of the national wealth, particularly strong in pharmaceuticals 药 品 —the British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world; chemicals 化工产品—ICI is the 2n largest paint manufacturer in the world; aerospace—the 3rd largest in the world inferior to the U.S and Russia, producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircrafts to missiles, satellites and jet engines, producing 2% of UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods; when an Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first practical jet engine in 1937, the foundations had been laid for the 3 major branches of the aviation industry: aircraft, engines and aviation electronics, with British companies prominent in each field; The Comet was the world’s first jet- powered civil airliner; Lynx holds the world speed record for helicopters; and food and drink. Big electronics industry: the 4th largest in the world, but foreign-owned like car industry. High-technology engineering industry. British Steel is the world’s 4th largest steel company)
3)tertiary industries (or service.producing%of the national health)such s banking.insurance. tourism.advertising and the selling of goods (firancial sector is important with London as one of the top 3 financial centers in the world:the world's largest foreign csshange market one of the busies shre-dealing centers教票交易中心in the world-一the London Stock Exchange) 4.the City of1ndon伦敦金融城 "The City"refers to the historic area at the center of London It is one of the biggest financial centers with the greatest concentration of banks.insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities At the heart of the City is the London Stock Exchange 5.Concorde协和式飞机 The world's first supersonic(超声波的civil airliner prodced oollaboratively by British and French aireraft manufacturers The aircraft was a technical success but a commercial failure But this first successful collaboration led to more such programmes between Britain and France
3 3) tertiary industries (or service, producing 65% of the national health), such as banking, insurance, tourism, advertising and the selling of goods (financial sector is important with London as one of the top 3 financial centers in the world; the world’s largest foreign exchange market; one of the busiest share-dealing centers 股票交易中心 in the world— the London Stock Exchange ) 4. the City of London 伦敦金融城 “The City” refers to the historic area at the center of London. It is one of the biggest financial centers with the greatest concentration of banks, insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities. At the heart of the City is the London Stock Exchange 5. Concorde 协和式飞机 The world’s first supersonic(超声波的) civil airliner produced collaboratively by British and French aircraft manufacturers. The aircraft was a technical success but a commercial failure. But this first successful collaboration led to more such programmes between Britain and France