The United States of America Unit5 American Economy(美国经济 一、本单元重点内容 L.Industrial Revolution in America(美国的工业革命) 2.Samuel Slater(寒挥尔斯莱特) 3. Eli Whitney(伊莱·惠特尼) 4. corpora减ion(股份有限公司) 5.service industries(服务业) 6.0ck(股票) 7.the roots of America's affluence(美国富足的根本原因) 8.migrant workers(流动工人) 9.the success and problems of American agriculture(美国农业的成功与月题) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 l.Industrial Revolution in America(绝国的工业革) After independence.America was principally an agricultural country.which remained for another century.But some early decisions by American social and political leaders plamed the seeds of industrial growth(eg.the first Secretary of the Treasury.Alexander Hamilion.persuaded the Congress to establish a protective tariff,which and other Hamilonian measures encouraged business in general侧如：第一任时 成部长亚历山大汉密尔顿说服了国会实施保护性税则，这一措施以及汉密尔领采取的其它措储从整 体上铜徽了商业的发展).Industrial Revolution in England during the 18 century brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860.One_key development was the introduction of the factory 身sem(工厂体制的引入)A nd developme4sthe“American systems”of mass production(美国 式的批量生产体制.which fi对wsused in firearm火器，轻武)industry,Ah国development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks(新技术梭用于工业生产).A fourt业development was the emergence of new forms of business organization-the bank and the corporation(新的企业组织 形式的出现：银行和股份（有限）公司).(The first American commercial bank appeared in the I78Os Not until 1863 did the US create a truly national banking system with a standard paper currency.) 2,Samuel Slater(事摆尔-新菜特 In 1793.Samuel Slater built the first factory in the U.S---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtucket 特).Rhode Island(罗岛艾兰州.He built the factory from memory,because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England.The sccess of his factory sarted a process of change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major G®赠pf心ducr.(1793年，塞摆尔斯莱特在罗岛艾兰州的波塔基特建立了美国的第一个工厂-一棉坊凯
The United States of America 1 Unit 5 American Economy (美国经济) 一、本单元重点内容 1. Industrial Revolution in America (美国的工业革命) 2. Samuel Slater (塞缪尔·斯莱特) 3. Eli Whitney (伊莱·惠特尼) 4. corporation (股份有限公司) 5. service industries (服务业) 6. stock (股票) 7. the roots of America’s affluence (美国富足的根本原因) 8. migrant workers (流动工人) 9. the success and problems of American agriculture (美国农业的成功与问题) 二、本单元重、难点辅导 1. Industrial Revolution in America (美国的工业革命) After independence, America was principally an agricultural country, which remained for another century. But some early decisions by American social and political leaders planted the seeds of industrial growth.(*eg. the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, persuaded the Congress to establish a protective tariff, which and other Hamiltonian measures encouraged business in gen eral. 例如：第一任财 政部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿说服了国会实施保护性税则，这一措施以及汉密尔顿采取的其它措施从整 体上刺激了商业的发展). Industrial Revolution in England during the 18th century brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860. One key development was the introduction of the factory system (工厂体制的引入). A second development was the “American systems” of mass production (美国 式的批量生产体制), which first was used in firearms(火器，轻武器) industry.. A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks (新技术被用于工业生产). A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization --- the bank and the corporation（新的企业组织 形式的出现：银行和股份（有限）公司）. (*The first American commercial bank appeared in the 1780s. Not until 1863 did the US create a truly national banking system with a standard paper currency.) 2. Samuel Slater (塞缪尔·斯莱特) In 1793, Samuel Slater built the first factory in the U.S --- a cotton cloth factory in Pawtucket (波塔基 特), Rhode Island (罗岛艾兰州). He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England. The success of his factory started a process of change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer. (1793 年，塞缪尔·斯莱特在罗岛艾兰州的波塔基特建立了美国的第一个工厂---棉纺织
The United States of America 厂。他是凭记忆建立了这家工厂，因为把工厂设答带出英国是犯罪。他的工厂的成功使得美国的东 北地区逐渐变成一个重要的制造业中心，使得美国成为一个棉制品生产大国。) 3.Eli Whitney(伊菜·惠特尼1765-1825) Eli Whitngy is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin).which made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacturing rifles with machinery, using intcrchangeable《可互换的)part.Th色contributed to the American system of mass production 4.corporation(殷份有限公可) Corporatio画is a form of business organization.Compared with the sole proprietorship个体经营)d the partnership(合伏经营)，the corprion may survive the death of its founder founders(股份（有 限)公司在其创业者去世后仍然可以维铁下去).Becau0 it could dranw on a po0 of imvestor,【Bauh more efficient tool for raising the large amounts of capital needed by expanding business《由于它可以吸 引众多投贤者，可以银有效地在业务发展时筹到贤金.)And it enjoys mited liability,s0 inventors only ri冰the amount of their investment and not their entire asset本（它具有债务有限的特点，这样投货者的风 险仅限于其投资的数额，不法及其全部财产) 5.ervice industries(服务业) Service industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product,which now dominate the economy.Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to he provision of meals in restarants As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US,it is somtimes sad the US has moved into a"post-industrisl era'气后工业时f代) 6.free enterprise(自由经济)(lack of govemment oversight政府不干预) 1)The story of American economic growth is a story of people inventing new devices and process. starting new businesses and launching new ventures When starting new businesses and launching new ventures money is needed.That money is known as capital( 2)people in the United States made money by lending it to those who wanted to start of expand a business which led to the creation of an important part of the current economic实ene(经济环境)：he selling0fa买实股票.or shares,in a business 3)st()When starting or expanding bursiness.corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock,they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit,they receive a share of it Likewise,if the company loses money,the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop-they lose money.Therefore buying stock is a rik·The bes-known到ock exchange is the New York Stock Exchange(组的i证券交易所，lee减edin the Wall Street area of New York City,the nation's largest city and a major business center. 7.the roots ofAmerica'affluence美国富足的根本原因 1)bountiful resources,the geographical size of the country and population trend (US is the 4 in the world in terms of land area and size of popula域icn)丰富的货源、这个国家的地大物博和人口发展趋势
The United States of America 2 厂。他是凭记忆建立了这家工厂，因为把工厂设备带出英国是犯罪。他的工厂的成功使得美国的东 北地区逐渐变成一个重要的制造业中心，使得美国成为一个棉制品生产大国。) 3. Eli Whitney (伊莱·惠特尼 1765-1825) Eli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin(轧棉机), which made removing the seeds from the bolls（棉桃） of cotton much easier. He also began manufacturing rifles with machinery, using interchangeable（可互换的）part. This contributed to the American system of mass production. 4. corporation (股份有限公司) Corporation is a form of business organization. Compared with the sole proprietorship(个体经营) and the partnership（合伙经营）, the corporation may survive the death of its founder or founders（股份（有 限）公司在其创业者去世后仍然可以继续下去）. Because it could draw on a pool of investor, it is a much more efficient tool for raising the large amounts of capital needed by expanding business.（由于它可以吸 引众多投资者，可以很有效地在业务发展时筹到资金。）And it enjoys limited liability, so inventors only risk the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.（它具有债务有限的特点，这样投资者的风 险仅限于其投资的数额，不涉及其全部财产） 5. service industries (服务业) Service industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product，which now dominate the economy. Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to he provision of meals in restaurants. As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US, it is sometimes said the US has moved into a “post-industrial era”(后工业时代) 6. free enterprise(自由经济) (lack of government oversight 政府不干预) 1) The story of American economic growth is a story of people inventing new devices and process, starting new businesses and launching new ventures. When starting new businesses and launching new ventures money is needed. That money is known as capital(资本) 2) people in the United States made money by lending it to those who wanted to start of expand a business, which led to the creation of an important part of the current economic scene（经济环境）: the selling of stock(买卖股票), or shares, in a business. 3) stock (股票)--- When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks for people to buy. When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company. If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it. Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop—they lose money. Therefore buying stock is a risk. * The best-known stock exchange is the New York Stock Exchange(纽约证券交易所), located in the Wall Street area of New York City, the nation’s largest city and a major business center. 7. the roots of America’s affluence (美国富足的根本原因) 1) bountiful resources, the geographical size of the country and population trend (US is the 4th in the world in terms of land area and size of population ) 丰富的资源、这个国家的地大物博和人口发展趋势
The United States ofAmerica 2)religious,social and political traditions (eg.elimination of internal tariffs):the institutional structures of government and business;and the courage.hard work and determination of countless entrepreneurs and workers &.agribusiness(农业产业 Because American agriculture is big business,people coined the term "agribusiness"to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US cconomy.The term covers the entire complex of farm-related business,from the individual farmer to the multinational maker of farm chemicals (这个术语锅盖与农业相关的业务整个综合体，从个别农场主到生产农用化肥的菏国全业)：0 includes farmer cooperatives,rural hanks,shippers of farm products commodity dealers,firms that manufacture farm equipment.food-processing industries.grocery chains and many other businesses 括衣民合作组织、乡村银行、农产品的托运人、商品经销商、生产农用设备的工厂、食品加工企业、 食品杂货连镜店和许多其它的全业) 9.migrant workers(流动工人) Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore-such as picking crops.Many of these seasona workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the crops are picked.They are known a migran workers 10.the success and problems of American agriculture(美国农业的成功与存在间题) I)ihes知ccess American farmers are virtually unrivaled()in producing crops cheaply and in quantity.The U.S produces as much as half of the world's soybeans and corn for grain About 1/3 of the cropland in the US is planted in crops destined for export Agricultural imports lags far behind export,leavinga surplus in the agricultural halance oftrade(在农业贸号上有顺差) The standard of living of American farmers is generally high. The readiness of many farmers to adopt new technology has been one of the strengths of American agriculture.Yet farmers preserve a deep conservatism and respect for tradition that has helped to lend tability to rural communities in times of rapid change(农民保留了深射的保守主复和对传饶的等重，这 使得他们在多变的时期保特了稳定) 2)the problems High productivity keeping food prices low,the rise ofcos of the products,and high interest rates have made it hard for farmers to make a profit. A period of cconomie difficulty began in the carly 1980s Agicultural exports declinod,partly due to the high value of the US dollar (which raised the cost of American produets to foreign buyers.) Critics accuse both corporate and family farmers of damaging the cmvironment Since 1940s, American farmers have multiplied their use of artificial fertilizer and chemicals designed to kill weeds and insect pest and to protect against crop diseases
The United States of America 3 2) religious, social and political traditions (eg. elimination of internal tariffs); the institutional structures of government and business; and the courage, hard work and determination of countless entrepreneurs and workers 8. agribusiness (农业产业) Because American agriculture is big business, people coined the term “agribusiness” to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US economy. The term covers the entire complex of farm-related business, from the individual farmer to the multinational maker of farm chemicals (这个术语涵盖与农业相关的业务整个综合体，从个别农场主到生产农用化肥的跨国企业 ). It also includes farmer cooperatives, rural banks, shippers of farm products, commodity dealers, firms that manufacture farm equipment, food-processing industries, grocery chains and many other businesses. (还包 括农民合作组织、乡村银行、农产品的托运人、商品经销商、生产农用设备的工厂、食品加工企业、 食品杂货连锁店和许多其它的企业) 9. migrant workers (流动工人) Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore—such as picking crops. Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked. They are known as migrant workers. 10. the success and problems of American agriculture (美国农业的成功与存在问题) 1) the success American farmers are virtually unrivaled(无敌的) in producing crops cheaply and in quantity. The U.S produces as much as half of the world’s soybeans and corn for grain. About 1/3 of the cropland in the US is planted in crops destined for export. Agricultural imports lags far behind export, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade (在农业贸易上有顺差) The standard of living of American farmers is generally high. The readiness of many farmers to adopt new technology has been one of the strengths of American agriculture. Yet farmers preserve a deep conservatism and respect for tradition that has helped to lend stability to rural communities in times of rapid change.(农民保留了深刻的保守主义和对传统的尊重，这 使得他们在多变的时期保持了稳定.) 2) the problems High productivity keeping food prices low, the rise of cost of the products, and high interest rates have made it hard for farmers to make a profit. A period of economic difficulty began in the early 1980s. Agricultural exports declined, partly due to the high value of the US dollar (which raised the cost of American products to foreign buyers.) Critics accuse both corporate and family farmers of damaging the environment. Since 1940s, American farmers have multiplied their use of artificial fertilizer and chemicals designed to kill weeds and insect pest and to protect against crop diseases