Lesson sixteen Launching and Outfitting Apart from certain small craft built on inland waterways, which are launched sideways, the great majority of ships are launched stern first from the building berth. Standing structures called ways, constructed of concrete and wooden blocks, spaced about one-third of the vessel's beam apart, support the ship under construction The slope of the standing ways-which are often cambered (slightly curved upward toward the middle or slightly curved downward toward the ends)in the fore and aft direction-ranges from one-half to three-quarters of an inch per foot of length(from 42 to 62 millimeters per meter of length); ways extend from a position near he water Over these standing ways is built he launching cradle, which consists of sliding ways on which are built poppets, or support for the hull. Between standing ways and launching ways is a layer of lubricant During construction the ship is supported by at least one line of blocks under the keel, with side supports and shores as necessary. As the vessel nears completion, the standing ways are built under it, the sliding ways are superimposed, and the cradle is built up The weight of the vessel is transferred to the standing ways. The full weight must not be supported by the ways for too long because the thickness of lubricant would be reduced by squeezing and its properties would be adversely affected It is common to fit launching triggers hich when released at the moment of launching, permit the sliding ways to move over the As a vessel moves down the ways, the forces operating are: its weight acting down througl the centre of gravity, the upward support from the standing ways, and the buoyancy of the water As it travels further, the buoyancy increases and the upthrust of the ways decreases, with the weight remaining constant. As the centre f gravity passes the after end of the standing ways, the moment of the weight about the end of the ways trends to tip the ship stern first. At this position and for some time later, it is essential that the moment of buoyancy be greater than the moment of weight about the after end of the ways, thus giving a moment to keep the forward end of the sliding ways on the standing ways; otherwise there would be concentration of weight at the end of the ways, causing excessive local pressure. Calculations are made to determine the most important factors in lifts, the difference between weight and buoyancy when the stern lifts, the existence of the ways to ensure that the cradle will not drop off the end of the standing ways The launching of a vessel into a restricted waterway requires the application of a retarding force. Usually piles of chains are laid alongside the sides of ship act as drags, and these are secured to chain plates by wire cables, fixed temporarily to the hull. As the vessel slides down the launching ways; the drags come serially into operation after, or sometimes before, the bow has cleared the after end of the ways. Launching can be a hazardous operation. If the lubricant is ineffective, the vessel will not move. If the stern does not lift as the vessel slides down the ways, the ship may tip about the way ends. The bow may sustain damage when it drops into the water at the end of the ways and may damage the slipway when the stern lifts. Excessive loads on the poppets may cause their collapse After launching, the ship is berthed in a fitting-out basin for completion. The main machinery
Lesson Sixteen Launching and Outfitting Launching Apart from certain small craft built on inland waterways, which are launched sideways, the great majority of ships are launched stern first from the building berth. Standing structures called ways, constructed of concrete and wooden blocks, spaced about one-third of the vessel’s beam apart, support the ship under construction. The slope of the standing ways-which are often cambered (slightly curved upward toward the middle or slightly curved downward toward the ends) in the fore and aft direction-ranges from one-half to three-quarters of an inch per foot of length (from 42 to 62 millimeters per meter of length); ways extend from a position near he water. Over these standing ways is built he launching cradle, which consists of sliding ways on which are built poppets, or support for the hull. Between standing ways and launching ways is a layer of lubricant. During construction the ship is supported by at least one line of blocks under the keel, with side supports and shores as necessary. As the vessel nears completion, the standing ways are built under it, the sliding ways are superimposed, and the cradle is built up. The weight of the vessel is transferred to the standing ways. The full weight must not be supported by the ways for too long because the thickness of lubricant would be reduced by squeezing and its properties would be adversely affected. It is common to fit launching triggers which when released at the moment of launching, permit the sliding ways to move over the standing ways. As a vessel moves down the ways, the forces operating are: its weight acting down through the centre of gravity, the upward support from the standing ways, and the buoyancy of the water. As it travels further, the buoyancy increases and the upthrust of the ways decreases, with the weight remaining constant. As the centre f gravity passes the after end of the standing ways, the moment of the weight about the end of the ways trends to tip the ship stern first. At this position and for some time later, it is essential that the moment of buoyancy be greater than the moment of weight about the after end of the ways, thus giving a moment to keep the forward end of the sliding ways on the standing ways; otherwise there would be concentration of weight at the end of the ways, causing excessive local pressure. Calculations are made to determine the most important factors in lifts, the difference between weight and buoyancy when the stern lifts, the existence of the ways to ensure that the cradle will not drop off the end of the standing ways. The launching of a vessel into a restricted waterway requires the application of a retarding force. Usually piles of chains are laid alongside the sides of ship act as drags, and these are secured to chain plates by wire cables, fixed temporarily to the hull. As the vessel slides down the launching ways; the drags come serially into operation after, or sometimes before, the bow has cleared the after end of the ways. Launching can be a hazardous operation. If the lubricant is ineffective, the vessel will not move. If the stern does not lift as the vessel slides down the ways, the ship may tip about the way ends. The bow may sustain damage when it drops into the water at the end of the ways and may damage the slipway when the stern lifts. Excessive loads on the poppets may cause their collapse. outfitting After launching, the ship is berthed in a fitting-out basin for completion. The main machinery
together with auxiliaries, piping systems, deck gear, lifeboats, accommodation equipment, pumbing systems, and rigging are installed on board, along with whatever insulation and deck coverings are necessary. Fitting out may be a relatively minor undertaking, as with a tanker or a bulk carrier, but in the case of a passenger vessel, the work will be extensive. Although fitting-out operations are diverse and complex, as with hull construction here are four main divisions (I)collection and grounding of the specified components, (2)installation of components according to schedule, (3)connection of components to appropriate piping and/or wiring systems, and (4) testing of completed systems In the early 1970s, the tendency in planning was to divide the ship into sections, listing the quantities of components required and times of delivery. Drawings necessary for each section are prepared and these specify the quantities of components required. a master schedule is complie specifying the sequences and target dates for completion and testing of each component sy stem This schedule is used to marshal and synchronize fitting work in the different sections and ( From"Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol 16, 1980) Technical Terms 1. craft小船,收音机,手工艺 8 upthrust向上反力 2. inland waterway内河航道 19. tip tiping仰倾 sideway 横向的 20. retarding force减速力 4. majority大多数 21. piles of chains几堆锚链 5. standing structure固定结构 22. drags阻力锚 6. concrete混凝土 23. hazardous operation危险作业 7. wooden block木墩 24 coll 毁坏 8. standing way滑道 25. deck gear舱面用具,甲板机械 9. camber拱形 26. lifeboat救生艇 10. launching cradle下水架,发射架 27. plumbing system污水系统 1l. poppet下水支架 28. rigging索具 12. a layer of lubricant润滑屋 29. insulation绝缘 13. block墩木,块,阻塞 30. deck covering甲板敷料 14. side support边墩 31. target dates预定日期 15. shore撑柱,岸 32. marshal调度 16. squeezing挤压 33. synchronize协调 17. trigger下水扳机 4. fitting work安装工作 Additional Terms and expressions 1. gravity launching重力式下水 6. fore poppet首支架 2. floating launching漂浮式下水 7. after poppet尾支架 3. mechanized launching机械化下水 8. launching beam下水横梁 4. end launching纵向下水 9. sliding way滑板 5. side launching横向下水 10. greased slipways涂油滑道
together with auxiliaries, piping systems, deck gear, lifeboats, accommodation equipment, pumbing systems, and rigging are installed on board, along with whatever insulation and deck coverings are necessary. Fitting out may be a relatively minor undertaking, as with a tanker or a bulk carrier, but in the case of a passenger vessel, the work will be extensive. Although fitting-out operations are diverse and complex, as with hull construction here are four main divisions: (1)collection and grounding of the specified components, (2)installation of components according to schedule, (3) connection of components to appropriate piping and/or wiring systems, and (4) testing of completed systems. In the early 1970s, the tendency in planning was to divide the ship into sections, listing the quantities of components required and times of delivery. Drawings necessary for each section are prepared and these specify the quantities of components required. A master schedule is complied, specifying the sequences and target dates for completion and testing of each component system. This schedule is used to marshal and synchronize fitting work in the different sections and compartments. （From “Encyclopedia Britannica”, Vol. 16, 1980） Technical Terms 1. craft 小船，收音机，手工艺 2. inland waterway 内河航道 3. sideway 横向的 4. majority 大多数 5. standing structure 固定结构 6. concrete 混凝土 7. wooden block 木墩 8. standing way 滑道 9. camber 拱形 10. launching cradle 下水架，发射架 11. poppet 下水支架 12. a layer of lubricant 润滑屋 13. block 墩木，块，阻塞 14. side support 边墩 15. shore 撑柱，岸 16. squeezing 挤压 17. trigger 下水扳机 18. upthrust 向上反力 19. tip tiping 仰倾 20. retarding force 减速力 21. piles of chains 几堆锚链 22. drags 阻力锚 23. hazardous operation 危险作业 24. collapse 毁坏 25. deck gear 舱面用具，甲板机械 26. lifeboat 救生艇 27. plumbing system 污水系统 28. rigging 索具 29. insulation 绝缘 30. deck covering 甲板敷料 31. target dates 预定日期 32. marshal 调度 33. synchronize 协调 34. fitting work 安装工作 Additional Terms and Expressions 1. gravity launching 重力式下水 2. floating launching 漂浮式下水 3. mechanized launching 机械化下水 4. end launching 纵向下水 5. side launching 横向下水 6. fore poppet 首支架 7. after poppet 尾支架 8. launching beam 下水横梁 9. sliding way 滑板 10. greased slipways 涂油滑道
1l. advanced outfitting,pe- outfitting预舾19. furniture and fixture家具及固定装置 装 20. ventilation trunks风管 12.on- unit outfitting单元舾装,单元组装 管系 13.on- block outfitting分段舾装 22. electric wiring电缆系统 14.on- board outfitting船上舾装 23. thermal insulation绝热(层) 15. shafting轴系 24. acoustic insulation隔音(层) 16. machinery installations机械安装 25. fire protection防火 17. electrical installations电器安装 26. painting涂装 18. accommodation fittings舱室舾装件 Notes to the Text 1. standing structures called ways, constructed of concrete and wooden blocks, spaced about on-third of the vessels beam apart, support the ship under construction. 此句为简单句句子的主要成分是 Standing structures support the ship,三个过去分词短语 作后置定语,修饰主语。 t ways extend from a position near the bow to past the stern and for a certain distance into extend from a to b,从A一直廷伸到B for.廷伸 (距离) 3. Over these standing ways is built the launching cradle, which consists of sliding ways which are built poppets, or supporting structures, of timber to provide support for the hull 全句为复杂句 主句是 Over these standing ways is built the launching cradle这是倒装句(参见第六课注 which consists of sliding ways为非限制性定语从句,修饰主句中的主语 the launching cradle该从句又带一个定语从句,即 on which are built poppets直至句末,修饰 sliding on which….从句也是倒装句。主语是 popes, or supporting structures为插入语,进一步 说明 poppets 4. It is essential that the moment of buoyancy be greater than the moment of weight about the after end of the ways 这是虚拟证据用于 it is essential that..句型中(参见第五课注2) along with whatever insulation and deck coverings are necessary. along with为介词词 组,作“连同”解: whatever为关系代词,引出介词宾主从句
11. advanced outfitting, pre-outfitting 预舾 装 12. on-unit outfitting 单元舾装，单元组装 13. on-block outfitting 分段舾装 14. on-board outfitting 船上舾装 15. shafting 轴系 16. machinery installations 机械安装 17. electrical installations 电器安装 18. accommodation fittings 舱室舾装件 19. furniture and fixture 家具及固定装置 20. ventilation trunks 风管 21. piping 管系 22. electric wiring 电缆系统 23. thermal insulation 绝热（层） 24. acoustic insulation 隔音(层) 25. fire protection 防火 26. painting 涂装 Notes to the Text 1. standing structures called ways, constructed of concrete and wooden blocks, spaced about on-third of the vessel’s beam apart, support the ship under construction. 此句为简单句。句子的主要成分是 Standing structures support the ship, 三个过去分词短语 作后置定语，修饰主语。 2. … ways extend from a position near the bow to past the stern and for a certain distance into the water. extend from A to B, 从 A 一直廷伸到 B； extend for…, 廷伸……（距离） 3. Over these standing ways is built the launching cradle, which consists of sliding ways on which are built poppets, or supporting structures, of timber to provide support for the hull. 全句为复杂句。 主句是 Over these standing ways is built the launching cradle. 这是倒装句（参见第六课注 5）。 which consists of sliding ways 为非限制性定语从句，修饰主句中的主语 the launching cradle. 该从句又带一个定语从句，即 on which are built poppets 直至句末，修饰 sliding ways. on which … 从句也是倒装句。主语是 popets, or supporting structures 为插入语，进一步 说明 poppets. 4. It is essential that the moment of buoyancy be greater than the moment of weight about the after end of the ways, … 这是虚拟证据用于 it is essential that … 句型中（参见第五课注 2）. 5. … along with whatever insulation and deck coverings are necessary. along with 为介词词 组，作“连同”解；whatever 为关系代词，引出介词宾主从句