Lesson one The Naval architect A naval architect asked to design a ship may receive his instructions in a form ranging from such simple requirements as"an oil tanker to carry 100 000 tons deadweight at 15 knots"to a fully detailed specification of precisely planned requirements. He is usually required to prepare a design for a vessel that must carry a certain weight of cargo(or number of passengers )at a specified speed with particular reference to trade requirement; high-density cargoes, such as machinery, require little hold capacity, while the reverse is true for low-density cargoes, such as grain Deadweight is defined as weight of cargo plus fuel and consumable stores, and light weight as the weight of the hull, including machinery and equipment. The designer must choose dimensions such that the displacement of the vessel is equal to the sum of the dead weight and the lightweight tonnages. The fineness of the hull must be appropriate to the speed. The draft-----which is governed by freeboard rules-----enables the depth to determined to a first approximation After selecting tentative values of length, breadth, depth, draft and displacement, the designer must achieve a weight balance. He must also select a moment balance because centres of gravity in both longitudinal and vertical directions must provide satisfactory trim and stability. Additionally, he must estimate the shaft horsepower required for the specified speed; this determines the weight of machinery. The strength of the hull must be adequate for the service intended, detailed scantlings(frame dimensions and plate thicknesses )can be obtained from the rules of the classification society. These scantings determine the requisite weight of hull steel The vessel should possess satisfactory steering characteristics, freedom from troublesome vibration, and should comply with the many varied requirements of international regulations. Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage, the factor on which harbour and other dues are based. (The gross tonnage represents the volume of all closed-in spaces above the inner bottom. The net tonnage is the gross tonnage minus certain deductible spaces that do not produce revenue. Net tonnage can therefore be regarded as a measure of the earning capacity of the ship, hence its use as a basis for harbour and docking charges. )Passenger vessels must satisfy a standard of bulkhead subdivision that will ensure adequate stability under specified conditions if the hull is pierced accidentally or through collision Compromise plays a considerable part in producing a satisfactory design. A naval architect must be a master of approximations. If the required design closely resembles that of a ship already built for which full information is available, the designer can calculate the effects of differences between this ship and the projected ship. If, however, this information is not available, he must first produce coefficients based upon experience and, after refining them, check the results by calculation Training There are four major requirements for a good naval architect. The first is a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of applied science, particularly those aspects of science that have direct application to ships------mathematics, physics, mechanics, fluid mechanics, materials, structural strength, stability, resistance and propulsion. The second is a detailed knowledge of past and present practice in shipbuilding. The third is personal experience of accepted methods in the design, construction, and operation of ships; and the fourth, and perhaps most important, is an aptitude for tackling new technical problems and of devising practical solutions The professional training of naval architects differs widely in the various mariti universities and polytechnic schools; such academic training must be supplemented by practical experience in a Trends in design The introduction of calculating machines and computers has facilitated the complex calculations required in
Lesson One The Naval Architect A naval architect asked to design a ship may receive his instructions in a form ranging from such simple requirements as “an oil tanker to carry 100 000 tons deadweight at 15 knots” to a fully detailed specification of precisely planned requirements. He is usually required to prepare a design for a vessel that must carry a certain weight of cargo (or number of passengers ) at a specified speed with particular reference to trade requirement; high-density cargoes, such as machinery, require little hold capacity, while the reverse is true for low-density cargoes, such as grain. Deadweight is defined as weight of cargo plus fuel and consumable stores, and lightweight as the weight of the hull, including machinery and equipment. The designer must choose dimensions such that the displacement of the vessel is equal to the sum of the dead weight and the lightweight tonnages. The fineness of the hull must be appropriate to the speed. The draft------which is governed by freeboard rules------enables the depth to be determined to a first approximation. After selecting tentative values of length, breadth, depth, draft, and displacement, the designer must achieve a weight balance. He must also select a moment balance because centres of gravity in both longitudinal and vertical directions must provide satisfactory trim and stability. Additionally, he must estimate the shaft horsepower required for the specified speed; this determines the weight of machinery. The strength of the hull must be adequate for the service intended, detailed scantlings (frame dimensions and plate thicknesses ) can be obtained from the rules of the classification society. These scantings determine the requisite weight of hull steel. The vessel should possess satisfactory steering characteristics, freedom from troublesome vibration, and should comply with the many varied requirements of international regulations. Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage, the factor on which harbour and other dues are based. (The gross tonnage represents the volume of all closed-in spaces above the inner bottom. The net tonnage is the gross tonnage minus certain deductible spaces that do not produce revenue. Net tonnage can therefore be regarded as a measure of the earning capacity of the ship, hence its use as a basis for harbour and docking charges. ) Passenger vessels must satisfy a standard of bulkhead subdivision that will ensure adequate stability under specified conditions if the hull is pierced accidentally or through collision. Compromise plays a considerable part in producing a satisfactory design. A naval architect must be a master of approximations. If the required design closely resembles that of a ship already built for which full information is available, the designer can calculate the effects of differences between this ship and the projected ship. If, however, this information is not available, he must first produce coefficients based upon experience and, after refining them, check the results by calculation. Training There are four major requirements for a good naval architect. The first is a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of applied science, particularly those aspects of science that have direct application to ships------mathematics, physics, mechanics, fluid mechanics, materials, structural strength, stability, resistance, and propulsion. The second is a detailed knowledge of past and present practice in shipbuilding. The third is personal experience of accepted methods in the design, construction, and operation of ships; and the fourth, and perhaps most important, is an aptitude for tackling new technical problems and of devising practical solutions. The professional training of naval architects differs widely in the various maritime countries. Unimany universities and polytechnic schools; such academic training must be supplemented by practical experience in a shipyard. Trends in design The introduction of calculating machines and computers has facilitated the complex calculations required in
naval architecture and has also introduced new concepts in design. There are many combinations of length breadth, and draft that will give a required displacement. Electronic computers make it possible to of designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the wner ior ach separate design. Such a procedure is best carried out as a joint exercise by owner and builder. As ships increase in size and cost, such combined technical and economic studies can be expected to become more common ( From"Encyclopedia Britannica", Vol. 16, 1980) Technical terms 1. naval architect造船工程(设计)师 32. scantling结构(件)尺寸 naval architecture造船(工程)学 肋骨 2. instruction任务书、指导书 34. classification society船级社 3. oil tanker油轮 35. steering操舵、驾驶 4. deadweight载重量 36. vibration振动 5.knot节 37. net register tonnage净登记吨位 6. specification规格书,设计任务书 38 harbour港口 7. vessel船舶 39.dues税收 8. cargo货物 40. gross tonnage总吨位 passenger旅客 41. deductible space扣除空间 10. trade贸易 42. revenue收入 1l. machinery机械、机器 43. docking进坞 12. hold capacity舱容 44. charge费用、电荷 13. consumable store消耗物品 45. bulkhead舱壁 14. light weight轻载重量、空船重量 46. subdivision分舱(隔)、细分 15.hul船体 47. collision碰撞 16. dimension尺度、量纲、维(数) 48 折衷、调和 17. cement排水量、位移、置换 49. coefficient系数 18. tonnage吨位 50. training培训 19. fineness纤瘦度 51. fluid mechanics流体力学 20. draft吃水 52. structural strength结构强度 21. breadth船宽 53. resistance阻力 22. freeboard干舷 54. propulsion推进 23.rule规范 55. shipbuilding造船 24. tentative试用(暂行)的 56. aptitude(特殊)才能,适应性 25. longitudinal direction纵向 57. maritime航运,海运 26. vertical direction垂向 58 polytechnical school工艺(科技)学校 27.tim纵倾 59. academic学术的 28. stability稳性 60. shipyard造船厂 9. shaft horse power轴马力 61. electronic computer电子计算机 30. strength强度 62. owner船主,物主 31. service航区、服务 63. encyclop(aeda百科全书
naval architecture and has also introduced new concepts in design. There are many combinations of length, breadth, and draft that will give a required displacement. Electronic computers make it possible to prepare series of designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design. Such a procedure is best carried out as a joint exercise by owner and builder. As ships increase in size and cost, such combined technical and economic studies can be expected to become more common. (From “Encyclopedia Britannica”, Vol. 16, 1980) Technical terms 1. naval architect 造船工程（设计）师 naval architecture 造船（工程）学 2. instruction 任务书、指导书 3. oil tanker 油轮 4. deadweight 载重量 5. knot 节 6. specification 规格书，设计任务书 7. vessel 船舶 8. cargo 货物 9. passenger 旅客 10. trade 贸易 11. machinery 机械、机器 12. hold capacity 舱容 13. consumable store 消耗物品 14. light weight 轻载重量、空船重量 15. hull 船体 16. dimension 尺度、量纲、维（数） 17. displacement 排水量、位移、置换 18. tonnage 吨位 19. fineness 纤瘦度 20. draft 吃水 21. breadth 船宽 22. freeboard 干舷 23. rule 规范 24. tentative 试用（暂行）的 25. longitudinal direction 纵向 26. vertical direction 垂向 27. trim 纵倾 28. stability 稳性 29. shaft horse power 轴马力 30. strength 强度 31. service 航区、服务 32. scantling 结构（件）尺寸 33. frame 肋骨 34. classification society 船级社 35. steering 操舵、驾驶 36. vibration 振动 37. net register tonnage 净登记吨位 38. harbour 港口 39. dues 税收 40. gross tonnage 总吨位 41. deductible space 扣除空间 42. revenue 收入 43. docking 进坞 44. charge 费用、电荷 45. bulkhead 舱壁 46. subdivision 分舱（隔）、细分 47. collision 碰撞 48. compromise 折衷、调和 49. coefficient 系数 50. training 培训 51. fluid mechanics 流体力学 52. structural strength 结构强度 53. resistance 阻力 54. propulsion 推进 55. shipbuilding 造船 56. aptitude （特殊）才能，适应性 57. maritime 航运，海运 58. polytechnical school 工艺（科技）学校 59. academic 学术的 60. shipyard 造船厂 61. electronic computer 电子计算机 62. owner 船主，物主 63. encyclop(a)edia 百科全书
Additional Terms and Expressions Engineers( SNAME)美国造船师与轮机 工程师协会 and Marine Engineering( CSNAME)中10. Principle of naval architecture造船原理 国造船工程学会 11. ship statics (or statics nav 中国航 )造船静力学 海学会 12. ship dynamics船舶动力学 3.“ Shipbuilding of China”中国造船 13. ship resistance and propulsion船舶阻力 4. Ship Engineering船舶工程 和推进 5.“ Naval安定 Merchant Ships”舰船知14. ship rolling and pitching船舶摇摆 识 15. ship manoeuvrability船舶操纵性 6. China State Shipbuilding Corporation16. ship construction船舶结构 (CSSC)中国船舶工业总公司 17. ship structural mechanics船舶结构力学 7. China offshore Platform Engineering 18. ship strength and structural design fifE Corporation( COPECO)中国海洋石油 强度和结构设计 平台工程公司 19. ship design船舶设计 8. Royal Institution of Naval Architects20. shipbuilding technology造船工艺 (RINA)英国皇家造船工程师学会 21. marine(or ocean) engineering海洋工程 9. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Note to the text ange from a to b的意思为“从A到B的范围内”,翻译时,根据这个基本意思可以按汉语习惯译成中 文。例: Lathe sizes range from very little lathes with the length of the bed in several inches to very large ones turning a work many feet in length 车床有大有小,小的车床其车身只有几英寸,大的车床能车削数英尺长的工件 2. Such that可以认为是 such a kind/value等的缩写,意思为“这样的类别/值等..以至于”。译成 中文是,可根据具体情况加以意译。例: The depth of the chain locker is such that the cable is easily stowed 锚链舱的深度应该使锚链容易存储。 Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage, the factor on which harbour and oyher dues are based Possessing an attractive appearance现在分词短语,用作表示条件的状语,意译成“船舶除有一个漂亮 外形 一般说,如分词短语谓语句首,通常表示时间、条件、原因等。 The factor on which. are based中的 the factor是前面 the minimum net register tonnage的铜谓语,而on which. are based是定语从句,修饰 the factor s 4. Electroniccomputers make it possible to prepare series id designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design 句中的是形式宾语,实际宾语为不定式短语 to prepare series of designs…,和 to assess the economic
Additional Terms and Expressions 1. the Chinese Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (CSNAME) 中 国造船工程学会 2. the Chinese Society of Navigation 中国航 海学会 3. “Shipbuilding of China” 中国造船 4. Ship Engineering 船舶工程 5. “Naval 安定 Merchant Ships” 舰船知 识 6. China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) 中国船舶工业总公司 7. China offshore Platform Engineering Corporation (COPECO) 中国海洋石油 平台工程公司 8. Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA) 英国皇家造船工程师学会 9. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) 美国造船师与轮机 工程师协会 10. Principle of naval architecture 造船原理 11. ship statics (or statics of naval architecture) 造船静力学 12. ship dynamics 船舶动力学 13. ship resistance and propulsion 船舶阻力 和推进 14. ship rolling and pitching 船舶摇摆 15. ship manoeuvrability 船舶操纵性 16. ship construction 船舶结构 17. ship structural mechanics 船舶结构力学 18. ship strength and structural design 船舶 强度和结构设计 19. ship design 船舶设计 20. shipbuilding technology 造船工艺 21. marine (or ocean) engineering 海洋工程 Note to the Text 1. range from A to B 的意思为“从 A 到 B 的范围内”，翻译时，根据这个基本意思可以按汉语习惯译成中 文。例： Lathe sizes range from very little lathes with the length of the bed in several inches to very large ones turning a work many feet in length. 车床有大有小，小的车床其车身只有几英寸，大的车床能车削数英尺长的工件。 2. Such that 可以认为是 such a kind/value 等的缩写，意思为“这样的类别/值等……以至于……”。译成 中文是，可根据具体情况加以意译。例： The depth of the chain locker is such that the cable is easily stowed. 锚链舱的深度应该使锚链容易存储。 Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage,the factor on which harbour and oyher dues are based. Possessing an attractive appearance 现在分词短语，用作表示条件的状语，意译成“船舶除有一个漂亮的 外形……”。一般说，如分词短语谓语句首，通常表示时间、条件、原因等。 The factor on which…are based 中的 the factor 是前面 the minimum net register tonnage 的铜谓语，而 on which…are based 是定语从句，修饰 the factor。 4. Electroniccomputers make it possible to prepare series id designs for a vessel to operate in a particular service and to assess the economic returns to the shipowner for each separate design. 句中的 it 是形式宾语，实际宾语为不定式短语 to prepare series of designs …和 to assess the economic returns …