Lesson twelve Classification Societies A cargo shipper and the underwriter requested to insure a maritime ris assurance that any particular vessel is structurally fit to undertake a proposed voyag the shipper and underwriter to distinguish the good risk from the bad a system of classification has been formulated over a period of some two hundred years. During this period reliable organizations have been created for the initial and continuing inspections of ships so that classification may be assessed and maintained The principal maritime nations have the following classification societies Great britain Lloyds Register of shipping France----------Bureau veritas Germany------Germanischher Lloyd orway Det norske veritas Italy------Registro Italiano Navale United States of Amerrica--------American Bureau of Shipping Russia-----Register of Shipping of the USSR Japan----Nippon Kaizi Ngokai These classification societies publish rules and regulations which are principally concerned with the strength of the ship, the provision of adequate equipment, and the reliability of the machinery. Ships may be built in any country to a particular classification society's rules, and they are not restricted to classification by relevant society of the country where they are built Classification is not compulsory but the shipowner with an unclassed ship will be required to satisfy governmental regulating bodies that it has sufficient structural strength for assignment of a load line and issue of a safety construction certificate Only the requirements of lloyd's Register of Shipping which is the oldest of the classification societies are dealt with in detail. Founded in 1760 and reconstituded in 1834. Lloyds Register was amalgamated with the British Corporation, the only other British classification society in existence at that time, in 1949. Steel ships built in accordance with Lloyd's Register rules or equivalent standards, are assigned a class in the Register Book, and continue to be classed so long as they are maintained in accordance with the rules Lloyds register classification symbols Class 100Al is assigned to sea-going ships built in accordance with the society's rules and egulations for the desired draft. It is also assigned to ships designed for specific purposes, the specific purpose being noted, e.g. 100Al oil tanker, 100Al liquefied gas carrier, 100Al ore carrier 100Al trawler. 100Al tug etc. There is also a class 100al for restricted service or for special purposes, this class being assigned to sea-going ships intended to operate with specific geographical limits or for special purposes which will be indicated in the Register Book Additionally there is a class. Al for registered office, this class is intended for ships trading only within specially sheltered waters such as harbours, rivers, etc, which will be indicated in the Register Book. Other class notations noted in the register Book include: special cargoes, where the vessel has been approved for carrying cargoes, where a special nature, special features, where a special feature in design or construction or machinery, has been approved; corrosion control, where an approved method of corrosion control has been fitted, and a reduction in scantlings has been permitted. Four classes of ice strengthening are detailed in the Rules, and it is the
Lesson twelve Classification Societies A cargo shipper and the underwriter requested to insure a maritime risk requie some assurance that any particular vessel is structurally fit to undertake a proposed voyage .TO enable the shipper and underwriter to distinguish the good risk from the bad² a system of classification has been formulated over a period of some two hundred years.During this period reliable organizations have been created for the initial and continuing inspections of ships so that classification may be assessed and maintained. The principal maritime nations have the following classification societies: Great Britain ------Lloyd’s Register of shipping France----------Bureau Veritas Germany------Germanischher Lloyd Norway-------Det Norske Veritas Italy------Registro Italiano Navale United States of Amerrica--------American Bureau of Shipping Russia-----Register of Shipping of the USSR Japan----Nippon Kaizi Ngokai These classification societies publish rules and regulations which are principally concerned with the strength of the ship, the provision of adequate equipment, and the reliability of the machinery.Ships may be built in any country to a particular classification society’s rules,and they are not restricted to classification by relevant society of the country where they are built.Classification is not compulsory but the shipowner with an unclassed ship will be required to satisfy governmental regulating bodies that it has sufficient structural strength for assignment of a load line and issue of a safety construction certificate. Only the requirements of Lloyd’s Register of Shipping which is the oldest of the classification societies are dealt with in detail. Founded in 1760 and reconstituded in 1834.Lloyd’s Register was amalgamated with the British Corporation, the only other British classification society in existence at that time, in 1949.Steel ships built in accordance with Lloyd’s Register rules or equivalent standards, are assigned a class in the Register Book, and continue to be classed so long as they are maintained in accordance with the Rules. Lloyd’s register classification symbols Class 100A1 is assigned to sea-going ships built in accordance with the society’s rules and regulations for the desired draft. It is also assigned to ships designed for specific purposes, the specific purpose being noted, e.g.100A1 oil tanker,100A1 liquefied gas carrier,100A1 ore carrier,100A1 trawler,100A1 tug, etc. There is also a class 100A1 for restricted service or for special purposes, this class being assigned to sea-going ships intended to operate with specific geographical limits or for special purposes which will be indicated in the Register Book. Additionally there is a class. Al for registered office; this class is intended for ships trading only within specially sheltered waters such as harbours, rivers, etc., which will be indicated in the Register Book. Other class notations noted in the Register Book include :special cargoes, where the vessel has been approved for carrying cargoes, where a special nature; special features, where a special feature in design or construction or machinery, has been approved; corrosion control, where an approved method of corrosion control has been fitted, and a reduction in scantlings has been permitted. Four classes of ice strengthening are detailed in the Rules, and it is the
esponsibility of the shipowner to determine which notation is most suitable for his requirements Ice Class I intended for ships navigating in extreme ice conditions Ice Class 2 intended for ships navigating in severe ice conditions Ice Class 2 intended for ships navigating in intermediate ice conditions Ice Class 3 intended for ships navigating in light ice conditions The figure I in the character of classification assigned to a ship indicates that her equipment of anchors, chain cables, and hawsers are in good and efficient condition and in accordance with the equirements of the Rules. When the equipment is not in accordance with the requirements of the Rules, but is considered by the society to be acceptable for the particular service, they may agree to the figure I being omitted and a line inserted after the character, thus 100A---Special consideration is also given to ships which by reason of their particular service or purpose do not require normal equipment: in this case the figure I may be omitted from the character of lassification. thus 100A Where the machinery in constructed and installed on board the ship in accordance with the Societys Rules and regulations, on satisfactory completion of trials the machinery is assigned the notation LMC(Lloyds Machinery Certificate)in the Register Book New vessels built for classification with Lloyd's Register are to have all constructional plans and particulars of the hull, equipment, and machinery submitted to the Society for approval before the work is commenced. These vessels are built under the Society's Special Survey which entails the presence of the local surveyor, from work commencement to ship completion, to examine the material and workmanship. When classed the vessel will be entitled to the distinguishing sed the vessel will be entitled to the distinguishing mark t indicating it is built under Special Survey inserted before the character in the Register Book, thus t 100AL. New machinery constructed under the Society's Special Survey is given the class notation in the Register Book + LMC.The date of completion of the special survey during construction will normally be taken as the date of build entered in the Register Book Periodical surveys To maintain the assigned class the vessel has to be examined by the Societys surveyors at regular periods nnual suney All steel ship are required to be surveyed at intervals of approximately one year. These annual surveys are where practicable held concurrently with statutory annual o other load line surveys. At the survey the survey is to examine the condition of all closing appliances covered by the conditions of assignment of minimum freeboard, the freeboard marks, and auxiliary steering gear particularly rod and chain gear. At the second annual survey on cargo ships or the third and subsequent special surveys on oil tankers an after and a forward hold or tank are to be examined internally Docking surveys A ship is required to be examined in dry clock at intervals of about 12 months, the maximum interval allowed being two years. At the clocking survey particular attention is paid to the shell plating, stern frame and rudder, and all parts of the structure particularly liable to corrosion and chafing, and any unfairness of bottom The general condition of the vessel is assessed, and anchors and cables are inspected where possible at these annual and docking surveys sun Special surveys All steel ships classed with Lloyds Register are subjected to special veys. These surveys become due at four -yearly intervals, the first four years from the date of
responsibility of the shipowner to determine which notation is most suitable for his requirements. Ice Class 1 intended for ships navigating in extreme ice conditions Ice Class 2 intended for ships navigating in severe ice conditions Ice Class 2 intended for ships navigating in intermediate ice conditions Ice Class 3 intended for ships navigating in light ice conditions The figure 1 in the character of classification assigned to a ship indicates that her equipment of anchors, chain cables, and hawsers are in good and efficient condition and in accordance with the requirements of the Rules. When the equipment is not in accordance with the requirements of the Rules, but is considered by the society to be acceptable for the particular service, they may agree to the figure 1 being omitted and a line inserted after the character, thus 100A----Special consideration is also given to ships which by reason of their particular service or purpose do not require normal equipment: in this case the figure I may be omitted from the character of classification, thus 100A. Where the machinery in constructed and installed on board the ship in accordance with the Society’s Rules and Regulations, on satisfactory completion of trials the machinery is assigned the notation LMC (Lloyd’s Machinery Certificate) in the Register Book. New vessels built for classification with Lloyd’s Register are to have all constructional plans and particulars of the hull, equipment, and machinery submitted to the Society for approval before the work is commenced. These vessels are built under the Society’s Special Survey which entails the presence of the local surveyor, from work commencement to ship completion, to examine the material and workmanship. When classed the vessel will be entitled to the distinguishing sed the vessel will be entitled to the distinguishing mark ╋ indicating it is built under Special Survey inserted before the character in the Register Book, thus ╋ 100AL.New machinery constructed under the Society’s Special Survey is given the class notation in the Register Book ╋ LMC. The date of completion of the special survey during construction will normally be taken as the date of build entered in the Register Book. Periodical surveys To maintain the assigned class the vessel has to be examined by the Society’s surveyors at regular periods. Annual surveys All steel ship are required to be surveyed at intervals of approximately one year. These annual surveys are where practicable held concurrently with statutory annual or other load line surveys. At the survey the survey is to examine the condition of all closing appliances covered by the conditions of assignment of minimum freeboard, the freeboard marks, and auxiliary steering gear particularly rod and chain gear. At the second annual survey on cargo ships or the third and subsequent special surveys on oil tankers an after and a forward hold or tank are to be examined internally. Docking surveys A ship is required to be examined in dry clock at intervals of about 12 months, the maximum interval allowed being two years. At the clocking survey particular attention is paid to the shell plating, stern frame and rudder, and all parts of the structure particularly liable to corrosion and chafing, and any unfairness of bottom. The general condition of the vessel is assessed, and anchors and cables are inspected where possible at these annual and docking surveys. Special surveys All steel ships classed with Lloyd’s Register are subjected to special surveys. These surveys become due at four –yearly intervals, the first four years from the date of
build or date of special survey for classification and thereafter four years from the date of the ial survey. Where it is inconvenient for the owner to fulfil this requirement Lioyds will allow a period of grace not exceeding twelve months from the due date providing the surveyor is able to asses the general condition of the vessel about the time of the due date. Special surveys may, where the vessel is on a regular schedule, be carried out over an extended period and be commenced prior to the due date, but should not extend over a period greater than twelve months At the request of an owner, Lloyds Register may agree to the survey of a hull being carried out on a continuous survey basis, all compartments of the hull being opened up for survey and testing in rotation, with an interval of five years between consecutive examinations of each part The hull requirements at a special survey, the details of the compartments to be opened up, and the material to be inspected at any special survey are listed in detail in the rule book( Chapter C. Section 2--cargo Ships, Section 3-Oil Tankers ) Special survey hull requirements are divided into four ship age groups as follows A-Special survey of ships under five years old B--Special survey of ships between five and ten years old C-Special survey of ships over ten years old D-First special survey held after ship is twenty years old and at every special survey thereafter In each case the amount of inspection required increases and more material is removed so that the condition of the bare steel may be assessed. It should be noted that where the surveyor is allowed to ascertain by drilling or other approval means the thickness of material, non-destructive methods such as ultrasonics are available in contemporary practice for this purpose When classification is required for a ship not built under the supervision of the Society's surveyors, plans showing the main scantlings and arrangements of the actual ship are submitted to the Society for approval. Also supplied are particulars of the manufacture and testing of the materials of construction, together with full details of the equipment. Where plans etc, are not available, the Society's surveyors are to be allowed to lift the relevant for classification all the hull quirements for special surveys(A), (B), and (c)are to be carried out. Ships over twenty years old are to comply with the hull requirements of special survey(D), and oil tankers must comply with the additional requirements stipulated in the rules and regulations. During this survey the surveyor assesses the standard of the workmanship, and varies the scantlings and arrangements submitted for approval. It should be noted that the special survey for classification will receive special consideration from Lloyd's Register in the case of a vessel of reasonably new construction Periodical surveys where the vessel is classed are subsequently held as in the case of ships built under survey, being dated from the date of special survey for classification When a vessel requires repairs to damaged equipment or to the hull it is necessary for the work to be carried out to the satisfaction of Lloyds Register surveyors. In order that ship maintains its class, approval of the repairs undertaken must be obtained from the surveyors either at the time of the repair or at the earliest opportunity hip Construction"by D J Eyres, 1972)
build or date of special survey for classification and thereafter four years from the date of the previous special survey. Where it is inconvenient for the owner to fulfil this requirement Lioyd’s will allow a period of grace not exceeding twelve months from the due date providing the surveyor is able to asses the general condition of the vessel about the time of the due date. Special surveys may, where the vessel is on a regular schedule, be carried out over an extended period, and be commenced prior to the due date, but should not extend over a period greater than twelve months. At the request of an owner, Lloyd’s Register may agree to the survey of a hull being carried out on a continuous survey basis, all compartments of the hull being opened up for survey and testing in rotation, with an interval of five years between consecutive examinations of each part. The hull requirements at a special survey, the details of the compartments to be opened up, and the material to be inspected at any special survey are listed in detail in the Rule Book (Chapter C. Section 2---cargo Ships, Section 3—Oil Tankers ). Special survey hull requirements are divided into four ship age groups as follows: A— Special survey of ships under five years old B—Special survey of ships between five and ten years old C—Special survey of ships over ten years old D— First special survey held after ship is twenty years old and at every special survey thereafter. In each case the amount of inspection required increases and more material is removed so that the condition of the bare steel may be assessed. It should be noted that where the surveyor is allowed to ascertain by drilling or other approval means the thickness of material, non-destructive methods such as ultrasonics are available in contemporary practice for this purpose. When classification is required for a ship not built under the supervision of the Society’s surveyors, plans showing the main scantlings and arrangements of the actual ship are submitted to the Society for approval. Also supplied are particulars of the manufacture and testing of the materials of construction, together with full details of the equipment. Where plans etc., are not available, the Society’s surveyors are to be allowed to lift the relevant for classification all the hull requirements for special surveys (A), (B), and (C) are to be carried out. Ships over twenty years old are to comply with the hull requirements of special survey (D), and oil tankers must comply with the additional requirements stipulated in the Rules and Regulations. During this survey the surveyor assesses the standard of the workmanship, and varies the scantlings and arrangements submitted for approval. It should be noted that the special survey for classification will recelve special consideration from Lloyd’s Register in the case of a vessel of reasonably new construction. Periodical surveys where the vessel is classed are subsequently held as in the case of ships built under survey, being dated from the date of special survey for classification. Damage repairs When a vessel requires repairs to damaged equipment or to the hull it is necessary for the work to be carried out to the satisfaction of Lloyd’s Register surveyors. In order that ship maintains its class, approval of the repairs undertaken must be obtained from the surveyors either at the time of the repair or at the earliest opportunity. (From “Ship Construction” by D.J.Eyres,1972)
Technical terms Classification society船级社 28.tug拖船 货主,航运者 限制航区 3. underwriter水运保险商 30. sheltered water遮蔽水域 4. voyage航行(程) clear water开敞水域 Inspection检查(验) 31. harbour港口 6. classification入级 32. corrosion腐蚀 7.Loyd' s register of shipping(LR)英国劳氏船级33. scantling结构吃水 社 34. ice stre 冰区加强 8. Bureau veritas(BV)法国船级社(检验局) 35. anchor锚 9. Germanischer Lloyd(GL)联邦德国船级社 36. chain cable锚链 10. Det norske veritas(DNV)挪威船级社 37. hawser缆(锚)索 1l. Registro Italiano Navale(R)意大利船级社 38.LMc( Lloyds machinery certificate)劳氏船级 12. American Bureau of shipping(ABS)美国船级社 社机械设备合格证书 13. Register of shipping the USSR(PC)苏联船舶39. survey检验 登记局(检验局) 40. periodical surveys定期检验 Kaiji Kyokai((NK)日本海事协会 41. annual surveys年度检验 Register of shipping of the people' s republic of42. docking surveys坞内检验 China(ZC)中华人民共和国船舶检验局 43. special surveys特殊检验 16. reliability可靠性 44. workmanship工艺质量,(制造)工艺 17. classed ship入级船 45. distinguishing mark识别符号 l8. regulating body管理(制定条约)机构 46. closing appliances关闭装置 19. assignment勘定,指定 47. auxiliary steering gear辅助操舵装置 20. Safety Construction Certificate结构安全证书 48. drydock干坞 21. register book船名录,登记册 49. interval间隔 22. classification symbol船级符号 50. stern frame尾柱,尾框架 船级标志 51. chafing磨损,擦伤 23. liquefied gas carrier液化气运输船 52. due day到期日,支付日期 24. liquefied natural gas carrier(LNG)液化天然气53. grace宽限,缓期 运输船 54. ship age船龄 25. liquefied petroleum gas carrier(LPG)液化石油55.non- destructive method无损探伤方法 气运输船 56. ultrasonics超声波 26. ore carrier矿砂船 57. supervision管理,监督 27. trawler拖网渔船 58. damage repair损坏修理 Additional terms and Expressions 1. International Maritime Organization(IMO) 3. International Convention on load line E 国际海事组织 际载重线公约 2. International Convention for the Safety of 4. International Convention on Tonnage Life at Sea(SoLAS)国际海上人命安全 Measurement of Ships国际吨位丈量公 公约
Technical terms 1. Classification society 船级社 2. shipper 货主，航运者 3. underwriter 水运保险商 4. voyage 航行（程） 5. inspection 检查（验） 6. classification 入级 7. Lloyd’s register of shipping (LR) 英国劳氏船级 社 8. Bureau Veritas (BV) 法国船级社（检验局） 9. Germanischer Lloyd (GL) 联邦德国船级社 10. Det Norske Veritas (DNV) 挪威船级社 11. Registro Italiano Navale (RI) 意大利船级社 12. American Bureau of shipping(ABS) 美国船级社 13. Register of shipping the USSR(PC) 苏联船舶 登记局（检验局） 14. Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK) 日本海事协会 15. Register of shipping of the people’s republic of China(ZC)中华人民共和国船舶检验局 16. reliability 可靠性 17. classed ship 入级船 18. regulating body 管理（制定条约）机构 19. assignment 勘定，指定 20. Safety Construction Certificate 结构安全证书 21. register book 船名录，登记册 22. classification symbol 船级符号 class notation 船级标志 23. liquefied gas carrier 液化气运输船 24. liquefied natural gas carrier(LNG) 液化天然气 运输船 25. liquefied petroleum gas carrier(LPG) 液化石油 气运输船 26. ore carrier 矿砂船 27. trawler 拖网渔船 28. tug 拖船 29. restricted service 限制航区 30. sheltered water 遮蔽水域 clear water 开敞水域 31. harbour 港口 32. corrosion 腐蚀 33. scantling 结构吃水 34. ice strengthening 冰区加强 35. anchor 锚 36. chain cable 锚链 37. hawser 缆（锚）索 38. LMC(Lloyd’s machinery certificate ) 劳氏船级 社机械设备合格证书 39. survey 检验 40. periodical surveys 定期检验 41. annual surveys 年度检验 42. docking surveys 坞内检验 43. special surveys 特殊检验 44. workmanship 工艺质量，（制造）工艺 45. distinguishing mark 识别符号 46. closing appliances 关闭装置 47. auxiliary steering gear 辅助操舵装置 48. drydock 干坞 49. interval 间隔 50. stern frame 尾柱，尾框架 51. chafing 磨损，擦伤 52. due day 到期日，支付日期 53. grace 宽限，缓期 54. ship age 船龄 55. non-destructive method 无损探伤方法 56. ultrasonics 超声波 57. supervision 管理，监督 58. damage repair 损坏修理 Additional terms and Expressions 1. International Maritime Organization(IMO) 国际海事组织 2. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS) 国际海上人命安全 公约 3. International Convention on load line 国 际载重线公约 4. International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships 国际吨位丈量公 约
5. United States Coast Guard(USCG)美国14. technical appraisal for product产品技术 海岸警备队 鉴定书 6. Department of Trade(DOT)英国贸易部15. classification survey for the first entry初 7. Rules for the Construction of Sea-Going 次入级检验 Steel Ships钢制海船建造规范 16. survey for maintenance of class保级入级 8. Regulation for the Classification of 检验 Sea-Going Steel Ships钢制海船入级规17.in- water survey水下检验 氾 l8. continuous survey循环检验 9.Ship- surveying Office( Organ)验船机构19. postponement survey展期检验 10. agreement on ship survey验船协议 20. occasional survey临时检验 1l. safety certificate安全证书 21.on- hire(off-hire) survey起租(退租)检 12. exemption certificate免除证书 验 13. technical identification of product产品技22. warranty survey索赔检验 术质量证书 23. notarial survey公证检验 Notes to the Text 1. A cargo shipper and the underwriter requested to insure a maritime risk some assurance that any particular vessel is structurally fit to undertake a propose voyage requested to insure a maritime过去分词短语做后置定语,修饰 i the underwriter其中risk 作“保险业务”讲。 that any particular vesse-. voyage是 assurance的同位语从句。句中的 is structurally fit to”译为“结构上适合于” 2. To enable the shipper and underwriter to distinguish the good risk from the bad 不定式短语作目的状语用。其中 from the bad省略了risk,且这里的risk应选择“保险 对象”这一个词义,译文中引申为“船舶”。故这个短语译成:“为了使货运主和水运保险商能 区分船舶的优劣”。 3. Classification is not compulsory but the ship owner with an unclassed ship will be required to satisfy government regulating bodies that it has sufficient structural strength for assignment of a load line issue of a safety construction certificate hat it has. certificate为“ satisfy+名词(n.)+tha从句”结构,意思是“使n相信that 从句的内容”从句中的isue和 strength是同位关系,都是has的宾语;这里的 Issue应作“结 果”解释,译文中引申为“持有”。整个同位语从句译为:“该船舶对于勘定的载重线应具有足 够的强度并持有一份结构安全证书”。 4 the maximum interval allowed being two years 独立分词结构 the maximum interval为逻辑主语, being two years分词短语; allowed 过去分词作后置定语用,修饰逻辑主语。 5 Where it is inconvenient for the owner to fulfill this requirement Lloyd's will allow a period of grace not exceeding twelve months from the due date providing the surveyor is able to assess the general condition of the vessel about the time of the due date 主句是 Lloyds will allow a period of grace.,其中 not exceeding twelve months from the due date为现在分词短语(否定式),修饰 a period of grace where it is.. requirement这个从句可以看作和 providing引出的从句子一样,带有
5. United States Coast Guard (USCG)美国 海岸警备队 6. Department of Trade(DOT)英国贸易部 7. Rules for the Construction of Sea-Going Steel Ships 钢制海船建造规范 8. Regulation for the Classification of Sea-Going Steel Ships 钢制海船入级规 范 9. Ship-surveying Office(Organ) 验船机构 10. agreement on ship survey 验船协议 11. safety certificate 安全证书 12. exemption certificate 免除证书 13. technical identification of product 产品技 术质量证书 14. technical appraisal for product 产品技术 鉴定书 15. classification survey for the first entry 初 次入级检验 16. survey for maintenance of class 保级入级 检验 17. in-water survey 水下检验 18. continuous survey 循环检验 19. postponement survey 展期检验 20. occasional survey 临时检验 21. on-hire(off-hire) survey 起租（退租）检 验 22. warranty survey 索赔检验 23. notarial survey 公证检验 Notes to the Text 1. A cargo shipper and the underwriter requested to insure a maritime risk some assurance that any particular vessel is structurally fit to undertake a propose voyage. requested to insure a maritime 过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰 the underwriter。其中 risk 作“保险业务”讲。 that any particular vessel…voyage 是 assurance 的同位语从句。句中的“is structurally fit to”译为“结构上适合于”。 2. To enable the shipper and underwriter to distinguish the good risk from the bad … 不定式短语作目的状语用。其中 from the bad 省略了 risk，且这里的 risk 应选择“保险 对象”这一个词义，译文中引申为“船舶”。故这个短语译成：“为了使货运主和水运保险商能 区分船舶的优劣”。 3. Classification is not compulsory but the ship owner with an unclassed ship will be required to satisfy government regulating bodies that it has sufficient structural strength for assignment of a load line issue of a safety construction certificate: that it has… certificate 为 “satisfy+名词（n.）+that 从句”结构，意思是 “使 n.相信 that 从句的内容”.从句中的 issue 和 strength 是同位关系，都是 has 的宾语；这里的 issue 应作“结 果”解释，译文中引申为“持有”。整个同位语从句译为：“该船舶对于勘定的载重线应具有足 够的强度并持有一份结构安全证书”。 4 the maximum interval allowed being two years 独立分词结构。the maximum interval 为逻辑主语，being two years 分词短语；allowed 过去分词作后置定语用，修饰逻辑主语。 5 Where it is inconvenient for the owner to fulfill this requirement Lloyd’s will allow a period of grace not exceeding twelve months from the due date providing the surveyor is able to assess the general condition of the vessel about the time of the due date. 主句是 Lloyd’s will allow a period of grace…,其中 not exceeding twelve months from the due date 为现在分词短语（否定式），修饰 a period of grace. where it is… requirement 这个从句可以看作和 providing 引出的从句子一样，带有
条件性质。 6. Also supplied are particulars of the manufacture and testing of the materials of construction, together with full details of the equipment 倒装句,参见第六课注5。 together with在此相当于 as well as
条件性质。 6. Also supplied are particulars of the manufacture and testing of the materials of construction, together with full details of the equipment. 倒装句，参见第六课注 5。 together with 在此相当于 as well as
