Lesson fourto Planning, From Contract to Working plans Planning Delivery of a completed ship by a specified date requires careful planning Following the d control by the U.S.E. I. du pont de Nemours Company' about 1959, new techniques were adopted in many shipyard The critical path method is the basis of network analysis, which is used in planning complex production projects. The network, and information derived from it, is used for overall planning of a project and also for detailed planning with production progress control. The network gives a logical, graphical representation of the project Each element of work is represented by an arrow, the tail of which is the starting point of activity and its head the completion. The arrows are drawn to any suitable scale and may be straight or curved. An event, which represents the completion of one activity and the beginning of another, is usually indicated by a circle and described further by a number within the circle. But each activity need not be completed before the next activity is begun. t he logical order of steelwork in a hull, for example, is: (1)detailed drawing of steelwork;(2)ordering of steel; (3)manufacture and delivery of steel; (4)storing of steel material in stockyard;(5) shotblasting, cleaning and forming operations; (6)subassembly work; and (7) erection of structure on berth These operations can be represented on a ladder type of diagram. Many such diagrams-ladder and other types - go toward making up the complete aggregate operation of building a ship. When the proper sequence of operations is decided upon, times must be allocated to each operation to ensure that the men in charge understand their obligations. Planning, based on realistic estimates of times an costs, must begin at the precontract stage, so that, scheduled dates for each major section, is available. Detailed networks must be prepared for each of the major sections, showing dates for completion. The earliest and latest permissible starting and finishing times are indicated for each activity. The critical path of a project is a series of activities whose duration cannot be increased without delaying the completion of the project as a whole. In large networks there may be more than one critical path. Up to about 100 activities can be dealt with manually but, for more complex cases, the numerical work is done by computer. The spare time available for a series of activities i.e., the maximum time these activities can be delayed without retarding the total project aggregated into a total float. This is regarded as a factor of safety to cover breakdowns, mishaps and labour troubles. Intelligent and experienced use of critical path methods can provide information of great value. Savings in production costs depend upon the use that management makes of this information From contract to working plans Before an order is placed. The main technical qualities of the ship are decided upon and a general-arrangement drawing of the vessel, showing the disposition of cargo, fuel, and ballast, and crew and passenger accommodation is prepared. This plan provides a complete picture of the finished vessel. It is accompanied by detaile general-arrangement plan and the specifications form the basis of the contract between shipowner As soon as an order is confirmed, drawing offices and planning departments produce working plans and instructions, Since ships are usually constructed according to the rules of a classification society, the stipulated structural plans are normally submitted to the society for approval. The
Lesson Fourteen Planning, From Contract to Working Plans Planning Delivery of a completed ship by a specified date requires careful planning. Following the introduction of the critical path method of planning and control by the U. S. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company¹ about 1959, new techniques were adopted in many shipyards. The critical path method is the basis of network analysis, which is used in planning complex production projects. The network, and information derived from it, is used for overall planning of a project and also for detailed planning with production progress control.² The network gives a logical, graphical representation of the project Each element of work is represented by an arrow, the tail of which is the starting point of activity and its head the completion.³ The arrows are drawn to any suitable scale and may be straight or curved. An event, which represents the completion of one activity and the beginning of another, is usually indicated by a circle and described further by a number within the circle. But each activity need not be completed before the next activity is begun. T he logical order of steelwork in a hull, for example, is: ⑴ detailed drawing of steelwork; ⑵ ordering of steel; ⑶ manufacture and delivery of steel;⑷ storing of steel material in stockyard; ⑸ shotblasting, cleaning, and forming operations; ⑹ subassembly work；and ⑺ erection of structure on berth. These operations can be represented on a ladder type of diagram. Many such diagrams—ladder and other types—go toward making up the complete aggregate operation of building a ship. When the proper sequence of operations is decided upon, times must be allocated to each operation to ensure that the men in charge understand their obligations. Planning, based on realistic estimates of times an costs, must begin at the precontract stage, so that, scheduled dates for each major section, is available. Detailed networks must be prepared for each of the major sections, showing dates for completion. The earliest and latest permissible starting and finishing times are indicated for each activity. The critical path of a project is a series of activities whose duration cannot be increased without delaying the completion of the project as a whole. In large networks there may be more than one critical path. Up to about 100 activities can be dealt with manually but, for more complex cases, the numerical work is done by computer. The spare time available for a series of activities; i.e., the maximum time these activities can be delayed without retarding the total project, is aggregated into a “total float”. This is regarded as a factor of safety to cover breakdowns, mishaps and labour troubles. Intelligent and experienced use of critical path methods can provide information of great value. Savings in production costs depend upon the use that management makes of this information. From contract to working plans Before an order is placed. The main technical qualities of the ship are decided upon and a general-arrangement drawing of the vessel, showing the disposition of cargo, fuel, and ballast, and crew and passenger accommodation is prepared. This plan provides a complete picture of the finished vessel. It is accompanied by detailed specifications of hull and machinery. This general-arrangement plan and the specifications form the basis of the contract between shipowner and shipbuilder. As soon as an order is confirmed, drawing offices and planning departments produce working plans and instructions, Since ships are usually constructed according to the rules of a classification society, the stipulated structural plans are normally submitted to the society for approval. The
spacing of bulkheads in passenger ships, for example, must be approved by the appropriate authority. For all ships, passenger and cargo, the approval of the maximum permissible draft must be sought from the classification society. Necessary working drawings include the line plan and detailed plans of the steel structure-shell plating, decks, erections, bulkheads, and framing-as ell as accommodating spaces, plumbing, piping, and electrical installations, and main and auxiliary machinery layout. The planning and production department prepares hedule, fixing dates for the completion of various stages in the construction. A berth in the yard is allocated to the ship, arrangements for the requisite materials, labour, personnel, and machines are made, and precautions are taken to ensure that the many interrelated operations will progress according to the timetable From"Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 16. 1980) Technical Terms 1. working plans施工图 14. shotblasting抛丸除锈 2. delivery交付(货),递送,放出 15. subassembly work装配工作 3. critical path method关键路径法 16. erection总装安装 4. network网络 17. diagran图 5. project工厂(项目),设计方案 8. ladder阶梯 6. production progress control生产进度19. aggregate operation总体作业 管理 20. in charge负责 逻辑的 21. obligation职责 8. graphical representation图解表达法22. realistic estimate实际估算 9. execution执行 23. numerical work数字工作 10.arow箭号 24. retarding阻止,延误 11.tail箭尾 25. total float总的机动时间 12. circle圆圈 26. breakdown停工,细分,断裂 13. steelwork钢材结构 7. mishap意外事故 Additional Terms and Expressions 1. shipbuilding technology造船工艺 10. working drawings施工图纸 2. hull construction船体建造 1l. plan approval图纸认可 3. production planning生产计划 12. plan issue发图 4. production control生产管理 13. purchasing department供应部门 5. design for production生产设计 14. steel ordering钢料订货 6. building program建造程序 procuring采购 总工艺进度表 8. technological instruction工艺规则 17. keel laying龙骨敷设,上船台 9. standard practice标准工艺 18. working load工作符合
spacing of bulkheads in passenger ships, for example, must be approved by the appropriate authority. For all ships, passenger and cargo, the approval of the maximum permissible draft must be sought from the classification society. Necessary working drawings include the line plan and detailed plans of the steel structure—shell plating, decks, erections, bulkheads, and framing─as well as accommodating spaces, plumbing, piping, and electrical installations, and main and auxiliary machinery layout. The planning and production department prepares a detailed progress schedule, fixing dates for the completion of various stages in the construction. A berth in the yard is allocated to the ship, arrangements for the requisite materials, labour, personnel, and machines are made, and precautions are taken to ensure that the many interrelated operations will progress according to the timetable. (From “Encyclopedia Britannica”, Vol. 16. 1980) Technical Terms 1. working plans 施工图 2. delivery 交付（货），递送，放出 3. critical path method 关键路径法 4. network 网络 5. project 工厂（项目），设计方案 6. production progress control 生产进度 管理 7. logical 逻辑的 8. graphical representation 图解表达法 9. execution 执行 10. arrow 箭号 11. tail 箭尾 12. circle 圆圈 13. steelwork 钢材结构 14. shotblasting 抛丸除锈 15. subassembly work 装配工作 16. erection 总装安装 17. diagram 图 18. ladder 阶梯 19. aggregate operation 总体作业 20. in charge 负责 21. obligation 职责 22. realistic estimate 实际估算 23. numerical work 数字工作 24. retarding 阻止，延误 25. total float 总的机动时间 26. breakdown 停工，细分，断裂 27. mishap 意外事故 Additional Terms and Expressions 1. shipbuilding technology 造船工艺 2. hull construction 船体建造 3. production planning 生产计划 4. production control 生产管理 5. design for production 生产设计 6. building program 建造程序 7. master schedule 总工艺进度表 8. technological instruction 工艺规则 9. standard practice 标准工艺 10. working drawings 施工图纸 11. plan approval 图纸认可 12. plan issue 发图 13. purchasing department 供应部门 14. steel ordering 钢料订货 15. procuring 采购 16. steel issue 发料 17. keel laying 龙骨敷设，上船台 18. working load 工作符合
Notes to the Text 1.U.S.E.L. du nemours& Company系法文,为杜邦·尼墨公司的美国企业。该公司是 个跨国公司。 2. The network, and information derived from it, is used for overall planning of a project and also for detailed planning with production progress control 这是一句简单句,主语是“ The network,其中的 and information derived from it可认为是 插入语,补充说明主语,翻译时可将其和主语并列。 3. Each element of work is represented by an arrow, the tail of which is the starting point of activity and its head the completion the tail of which is the starting point of activity是非限制性定语从句, which代表an arrow its head the completion是 the head of which is the completion point of activity的省略形 4. The critical path of a project is a series of activities whose duration cannot begincreased without delaying the completion of the project as a whole Without delaying…借词短语在定语从句中作条件状语用,从句中的谓语与状语都有 否定意义,可以将两部分都直接译为否定形式:“其持续时间不能增加,不然将延误整个工 程的完成”也可以意译成肯定形式:“其持续时间的增加,将延误整个工程的完成。” 5. Intelligent and experienced use of critical path methods可意译为:关键路径法的正确而熟 练的应用。 6. Savings in production costs depend on the use that management makes of this information That management makes of this information是定语从句,tht代表use;其中的this information指前一句中提到的由关键路径法所提供的极有价值的资料。故整句可翻译为 “生产成本的节省取决于管理部门对这些资料的利用
Notes to the Text 1. U. S. E. I. du Nemours & Company 系法文，为杜邦·尼墨公司的美国企业。该公司是一 个跨国公司。 2. The network, and information derived from it, is used for overall planning of a project and also for detailed planning with production progress control. 这是一句简单句，主语是 “The network,其中的 and information derived from it 可认为是 插入语，补充说明主语，翻译时可将其和主语并列。 3. Each element of work is represented by an arrow, the tail of which is the starting point of activity and its head the completion. the tail of which is the starting point of activity 是非限制性定语从句，which 代表 an arrow ; its head the completion是the head of which is the completion point of activity 的省略形 式。 4. The critical path of a project is a series of activities whose duration cannot begincreased without delaying the completion of the project as a whole. Without delaying…借词短语在定语从句中作条件状语用，从句中的谓语与状语都有 否定意义，可以将两部分都直接译为否定形式：“其持续时间不能增加，不然将延误整个工 程的完成”也可以意译成肯定形式：“其持续时间的增加，将延误整个工程的完成。” 5. Intelligent and experienced use of critical path methods 可意译为：关键路径法的正确而熟 练的应用。 6. Savings in production costs depend on the use that management makes of this information, That management makes of this information 是定语从句，that 代表 use; 其中的 this information 指前一句中提到的由关键路径法所提供的极有价值的资料。故整句可翻译为： “生产成本的节省取决于管理部门对这些资料的利用