Oceanographic Submersibles Oceanographic submersibles are small research vessels for underwater transport of peopl and equipment and for use as underwater platforms for observation, sampling, measurement, and performing various work tasks. They are also referred to as undersea vehicles. bout 100 crewed submersibles available for use around the world of these about 30 submersibles are available in the United States, the leading country in their development and construction. The highest concentration of submersibles is in support of the offshore oil industry mainly in the North Sea. The leading mission applications are inspection of pipeline and cables, followed by cable burial, salvage, coral harvesting, geology, fisheries, biology, and environmental Undersea vehicles are being utilized more now that experience has confirmed their utility, and systems are being designed in accordance with user requirements. A major trend pertains to designing a completely integrated system, which, in addition to the submersible, includes support ship, handling gear for launch and retrieval, and logistic and maintenance support. The(328) objective is to obtain an effective, high utilization rate under varying weather conditions. The major vehicle operating problem is handling during launch and retrieval in heavy seas. Equipment for conducting efficient deep-water surveys will systems. Manipulators with greater dexterity will be needed for human-occupied and unoccupied systems to perform intricate manipulative ith large panoramic ple windows to provide a wider viewing field, very effective in survey and inspection mission The ratio of the weight of structure to the sea-water weight for an equal volume determines of a submerged vehicle. This ratio is dependent on several items, one of the most important of which is the compressive strength-to-density ratio of the pressure hull material. Steel with a yield strength of 100000 psi(689500000N/m) is generally employed in vehicles Hull buoy Most small submersibles need buoyancy in excess of that produced by their pressure hulls to attain neutral buoyancy while submerged. Low-density solids that may be considered for this purpose include polyethylene, polypropylene, expanded plastics, inorganic foams, and syntactic foam. The foamed plastics and inorganic foams have low strength and high water permeability The low-density plastics have limited buoyancy as well as other problems. Syntactic foams consisting of extremely small and hollow glass, ceramic, or rigid (329. plastic spheres embedded in a plastic matrix have been effectively used at weight of 36-441b/ft(sea water is 641b/ft, 1 Ib/ft=0. 45kg/0.028m), which will with stand pressures at 10000-ft(3048m)submergence with less than 1% water absorption. Its cost per pound of net buoyancy is high, but low compared to that of a pressure hull of titanium or a rigid pressure vessel of higher-strength steel Power a source of power, the lead-acid storage battery, in use in submarines since the beginning century, continues to be most widely employed. It places severe limitations on small ubmersibles because of its relatively high weight-to-energy ratio. However, its characteristics are well known. It is relatively inexpensive, rugged, and reliable, can be quickly recharged, and has a high cell voltage. These batteries are normally carried internal to the hull, either pressurized in oil
Lesson Twenty-three Oceanographic Submersibles Oceanographic submersibles are small research vessels for underwater transport of people and equipment and for use as underwater platforms for observation, sampling, measurement, and performing various work tasks. They are also referred to as undersea vehicles. There are about 100 crewed submersibles available for use around the world. Of these, about 30 submersibles are available in the United States, the leading country in their development and construction. The highest concentration of submersibles is in support of the offshore oil industry, mainly in the North Sea. The leading mission applications are inspection of pipeline and cables, followed by cable burial, salvage, coral harvesting, geology, fisheries, biology, and environmental research. Design considerations Undersea vehicles are being utilized more now that experience has confirmed their utility, and systems are being designed in accordance with user requirements. A major trend pertains to designing a completely integrated system, which, in addition to the submersible, includes support ship, handling gear for launch and retrieval, and logistic and maintenance support. The (.328.) objective is to obtain an effective, high utilization rate under varying weather conditions. The major vehicle operating problem is handling during launch and retrieval in heavy seas. Equipment for conducting efficient deep-water surveys will systems. Manipulators with greater dexterity will be needed for human-occupied and unoccupied systems to perform intricate manipulative operations more quickly. Many new vehicles are being developed with large panoramic plexiglass windows to provide a wider viewing field, very effective in survey and inspection mission. The ratio of the weight of structure to the sea-water weight for an equal volume determines of a submerged vehicle. This ratio is dependent on several items, one of the most important of which is the compressive strength-to-density ratio of the pressure hull material. Steel with a yield strength of 100000 psi (689500000N/m2 ) is generally employed in vehicles. Hull buoyancy Most small submersibles need buoyancy in excess of that produced by their pressure hulls to attain neutral buoyancy while submerged. Low-density solids that may be considered for this purpose include polyethylene, polypropylene, expanded plastics, inorganic foams, and syntactic foam. The foamed plastics and inorganic foams have low strength and high water permeability. The low-density plastics have limited buoyancy as well as other problems. Syntactic foams consisting of extremely small and hollow glass, ceramic, or rigid (.329.) plastic spheres embedded in a plastic matrix have been effectively used at weight of 36—44lb/ft3 (sea water is 64lb/ft3 ;1 lb/ft3=0.45kg/0.028m3 ), which will with stand pressures at 10000 –ft(3048m) submergence with less than 1% water absorption. Its cost per pound of net buoyancy is high, but low compared to that of a pressure hull of titanium or a rigid pressure vessel of higher-strength steel. Power As a source of power, the lead-acid storage battery, in use in submarines since the beginning of this century, continues to be most widely employed. It places severe limitations on small submersibles because of its relatively high weight-to-energy ratio. However, its characteristics are well known. It is relatively inexpensive, rugged, and reliable, can be quickly recharged, and has a high cell voltage. These batteries are normally carried internal to the hull, either pressurized in oil
or dry in cylindrical pods. In order to provide quick access for servicing and placement, there is a trend to use trays of dry batteries in cylindrical pods. Externally carried batteries can also be used as droppable ballasts in the event of an emergency requiring additional buoyancy to surface Silver-zinc or silver-cadmium batteries provide three to five times as much energy per pound as lead-acid batteries and are employed where mission requirements justify their added costs. For endurances beyond 50 hr, fuel cells, radio isotopes, and nuclear reactor can be employed at much greater cost. Most submersibles have maximum speeds in the range of (330 )3-5 knots (1.5-2.6m/s) and have modest power needs for propulsion. Doubling the speed would require at least eight times more power. Sensors These instruments are required on small submersibles to determine position, communicate with other units. and make observations of the environment both for a record and while performing work. Typical radio on a small oceanographic submersible include radio telephone, underwater telephone, external lighting, magnetic recorder, movie camera(carried internal in the pressure hull for viewing through sight ports), magnetic recorder, directional gyro, depth sounder Life support systems All submersibles require life support systems, and those on the small oceanographic type take into consideration the following services for atmospheric control and monitoring breathing mixture supply system; carbon dioxide removal system; hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and toxin removal systems; air purification and filtering systems, atmospheric monitoring system; and emergency breathing supply system. Most systems on the small submersibles are relatively simple and emphasize the removal of carbon dioxide and the supply of replacement oxygen. Air inside the submersible is drawn continuously through an absorbent system composed of activated harcoal to remove odors and of lithium hydroxide and baralyme to remove Oz so that its concentration never exceeds about 0. 1%. The internal hull pressure, displayed on an aneroid barometer and sensitive altimeter, decreases slightly as CO2 removal equipment to maintain the pressure at I atm(101 325Nm2) Both O and CO2 content are constantly monitored by meters Submersibles have proved to be a significant tool in many commercial applications and for scientific research and their abundance and utilization is steadily increasing ( From"McGraw- Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology", Vol 9. 1982) Technical Terms 1. oceanographic submersible海洋考察潜7. coral珊瑚 水器 8. geology地质 submersible潜水器,可潜器 ology生物 sampling取样 10. handling gear for launching and retrieval 3. undersea vehicle潜水船(器) 起吊回收装置 4. offshore oil industry近海(海洋)石油11. logistic and maintenance support后勤维 工业 护保障(设施) 5. cable burial电缆埋设 12. heavy sea大风浪 6. salvage救捞 13. manipulator机械手
or dry in cylindrical pods. In order to provide quick access for servicing and placement, there is a trend to use trays of dry batteries in cylindrical pods. Externally carried batteries can also be used as droppable ballasts in the event of an emergency requiring additional buoyancy to surface. Silver-zinc or silver-cadmium batteries provide three to five times as much energy per pound as lead-acid batteries and are employed where mission requirements justify their added costs. For endurances beyond 50 hr, fuel cells, radio isotopes, and nuclear reactor can be employed at much greater cost. Most submersibles have maximum speeds in the range of (.330.)3—5 knots (1.5—2.6m/s) and have modest power needs for propulsion. Doubling the speed would require at least eight times more power.3 Sensors These instruments are required on small submersibles to determine position, communicate with other units, and make observations of the environment both for a record and while performing work. Typical radio on a small oceanographic submersible include radio telephone, underwater telephone, external lighting, magnetic recorder, movie camera (carried internal in the pressure hull for viewing through sight ports), magnetic recorder, directional gyro, depth sounder, and manometer depth indicator. Life support systems All submersibles require life support systems, and those on the small oceanographic type take into consideration the following services for atmospheric control and monitoring: breathing mixture supply system; carbon dioxide removal system; hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and toxin removal systems; air purification and filtering systems; atmospheric monitoring system; and emergency breathing supply system. Most systems on the small submersibles are relatively simple and emphasize the removal of carbon dioxide and the supply of replacement oxygen. Air inside the submersible is drawn continuously through an absorbent system composed of activated charcoal to remove odors and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme to remove CO2 so that its concentration never exceeds about 0.1%.4 The internal hull pressure, displayed on an aneroid barometer and sensitive altimeter, decreases slightly as CO2 removal equipment to maintain the pressure at 1 atm (101 325Nm2 ) .5 Both O2 and CO2 content are constantly monitored by meters. Submersibles have proved to be a significant tool in many commercial applications and for scientific research and their abundance and utilization is steadily increasing. （From “McGraw- Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”, Vol. 9. 1982） Technical Terms 1. oceanographic submersible 海洋考察潜 水器 submersible 潜水器，可潜器 2. sampling 取样 3. undersea vehicle 潜水船（器） 4. offshore oil industry 近海（海洋）石油 工业 5. cable burial 电缆埋设 6. salvage 救捞 7. coral 珊瑚 8. geology 地质 9. biology 生物 10. handling gear for launching and retrieval 起吊回收装置 11. logistic and maintenance support 后勤维 护保障（设施） 12. heavy sea 大风浪 13. manipulator 机械手
14. human-occupied and unoccupied system34. radio isotope放射性同位素 载人和不载人系统 35. nuclear reactor核反应堆 5. panoramic plexiglass window全景有机36. sensor探测仪器,传感器 玻璃窗 37. magnetic recorder磁带录音机 16. compressive strength-to- density ratio耐38. movie camera摄影机 压强度与比重之比 39. directional gyro航向陀螺 17. pressure hull耐压壳体 40. depth sounder测深仪 18. polyethylene聚乙烯 41. manometer depth indicator压力式深度 19. polypropylene聚丙烯 指示仪 20. inorganic foam无机泡沫塑料 42. life support system生命支持系统 21. syntactic foam合成泡沫塑料 43. breathing mixture supply system混合呼 22. permeability渗水性 吸气供应系统 23. ceramIc瓷质的 44. carbon dioxide removal system二氧化 24. plastic matrix塑性粘结料 碳消除系统 25. water absorption吸水率 45. hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and toxin 26. titanium钛 removal system氢,二氧化碳及有毒气体消 27.lead- acid storage battery铅蓄电池 除系统 28. cell voltage(单块)电池电压 46. air purification and filtering system空气 29. cylindrical pod耐压圆筒,筒形容器 净化和过滤系统 30.tray托架(盘) 47. activated charcoal活性碳 31. droppable ballast可抛弃压载 48. lithium hydroxide氢氧化锂 32. silver-zinc( cadmium )batteries银锌(镉)49. aneroid barometer无液气压计 50. altimeter高度计 33. fuel cell燃料电池 51. abundance品种,丰度 Additional Terms and expressions 1. manned submersible载人潜水器 10. underwater laboratory水下实验室 2. free swimming submersible自由自航潜1. diving system潜水系统 水器 12. diving complex/units潜水组合体裝置 3. cable-controlled unmanned submersible 13. deck compression chamber(DCC)EX 缆控无人潜水器 加压舱 4. remotely-controlled swimming vehicle 14. deck decompression chamber(DDC)H 遥控自航潜水器 板减压舱 5. tethered submersible系缆潜水器 15. submerged decompression chamber(SDC) 6.lock-in-lock- out submersible设闸式潜 下潜式减压舱 水 16. personal transfer chamber(PIC)人员运 diver lock- out submersible设闸式潜水器 送舱 7. diver assistance vehicle潜水员运行器 17. diving bell潜水钟 wimmer delivery vehicle潜水员运行器18. self contained underwater breathing 8. deep submergence rescure vehicle深潜 apparatus( SCUBA)(.334.)配套水下 救生艇 呼吸器 underwater habitat水下居住舱 19. hyperbaric chamber高压舱
14. human-occupied and unoccupied system 载人和不载人系统 15. panoramic plexiglass window 全景有机 玻璃窗 16. compressive strength-to-density ratio 耐 压强度与比重之比 17. pressure hull 耐压壳体 18. polyethylene 聚乙烯 19. polypropylene 聚丙烯 20. inorganic foam 无机泡沫塑料 21. syntactic foam 合成泡沫塑料 22. permeability 渗水性 23. ceramic 瓷质的 24. plastic matrix 塑性粘结料 25. water absorption 吸水率 26. titanium 钛 27. lead-acid storage battery 铅蓄电池 28. cell voltage （单块）电池电压 29. cylindrical pod 耐压圆筒，筒形容器 30. tray 托架（盘） 31. droppable ballast 可抛弃压载 32. silver-zinc (cadmium)batteries 银锌（镉） 电池 33. fuel cell 燃料电池 34. radio isotope 放射性同位素 35. nuclear reactor 核反应堆 36. sensor 探测仪器，传感器 37. magnetic recorder 磁带录音机 38. movie camera 摄影机 39. directional gyro 航向陀螺 40. depth sounder 测深仪 41. manometer depth indicator 压力式深度 指示仪 42. life support system 生命支持系统 43. breathing mixture supply system 混合呼 吸气供应系统 44. carbon dioxide removal system 二氧化 碳消除系统 45. hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and toxin removal system 氢，二氧化碳及有毒气体消 除系统 46. air purification and filtering system 空气 净化和过滤系统 47. activated charcoal 活性碳 48. lithium hydroxide 氢氧化锂 49. aneroid barometer 无液气压计 50. altimeter 高度计 51. abundance 品种，丰度 Additional Terms and Expressions 1. manned submersible 载人潜水器 2. free swimming submersible 自由自航潜 水器 3. cable-controlled unmanned submersible 缆控无人潜水器 4. remotely-controlled swimming vehicle 遥控自航潜水器 5. tethered submersible 系缆潜水器 6. lock-in-lock-out submersible 设闸式潜 水器 diver lock-out submersible 设闸式潜水器 7. diver assistance vehicle 潜水员运行器 swimmer delivery vehicle 潜水员运行器 8. deep submergence rescure vehicle 深潜 救生艇 9. underwater habitat 水下居住舱 10. underwater laboratory 水下实验室 11. diving system 潜水系统 12. diving complex/units 潜水组合体/装置 13. deck compression chamber (DCC) 甲板 加压舱 14. deck decompression chamber (DDC) 甲 板减压舱 15. submerged decompression chamber (SDC) 下潜式减压舱 16. personal transfer chamber (PTC) 人员运 送舱 17. diving bell 潜水钟 18. self contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) （.334.） 配套水下 呼吸器 19. hyperbaric chamber 高压舱
20. isobaric chamber常压舱 33. electromagnetic anchor电磁锚 21. pressurized access chamber加压过渡舱34. guide-rope导向索 22. umbilical脐带 35. air vent通气孔 23. buoyancy regulating system浮力调正系36. flood valve通海阀 37. signal buoy信号浮标 24. weight replacing system重量代换系统38. periscope潜望镜 25.tim- heel regulating system纵横倾调正39. conning tower指挥台 系统 40. bridge fairwater指挥台围壳 26. pressure compensating system压力补偿41. capsule座舱 系统 42. access hatch出入口 27. main ballast tank主压载水舱 43. transfer skirt救生裙 28. stabilizer fin稳定鳍 44. helium voice unscramble氦话音校正器 29. depth rudder水平舵 45. doppler sonar多普勒声纳 30. vertical rudder方向舵 46. fathometer回音探测仪 31. shrouded rudder(大)套环轮 47. scrubber煤气洗净器,净气器 32. tunnel propeller槽道推进器 Notes to the Text now that因为(己) 2. Syntactic foams consisting of extremely small and hollow glass, ceramic, or rigid plastic spheres embeded in a plastic matrix have been effectively used at great depths 这是一简单句。句子中的主要成分是 Syntactic foams have been used consisting of… spheres现在分词短语,修饰 Syntactic foams。其中 glass, ceramic或 rigid plastic 者并列 embeded in a plastic matrix过去分词短语作后置定语用,修饰 spheres. 3. Doubling the speed would require at least eight times more power句子中采用了动词虚拟式。 doubling the speed为动名词短语作主语用 ir inside the submersible is drawn continuously through an absorbent system composed of activated charcoal to remove odors and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme to remove CO2 so that its concentration never exceeds about.1% 句中 composed of activated charcoal… -and of lithium hydroxide and baralyme…是过去分词短语作后置 定语用,修饰 an absorbent system。其中 baralyme是一吸收剂的注册商标名称 so that its… about0.1%目的状语从句,修饰不定式短语 to remove co2 Its concentration中的its指CO2 5. Oxygen is bled in at a point where the air exhausts from the CO2removal equipment to maintain the pressure at l atm(101,325N/m2). Where the air.equipment定语从句,修饰 a point
20. isobaric chamber 常压舱 21. pressurized access chamber 加压过渡舱 22. umbilical 脐带 23. buoyancy regulating system 浮力调正系 统 24. weight replacing system 重量代换系统 25. trim-heel regulating system 纵横倾调正 系统 26. pressure compensating system 压力补偿 系统 27. main ballast tank 主压载水舱 28. stabilizer fin 稳定鳍 29. depth rudder 水平舵 30. vertical rudder 方向舵 31. shroulded rudder （大）套环轮 32. tunnel propeller 槽道推进器 33. electromagnetic anchor 电磁锚 34. guide-rope 导向索 35. air vent 通气孔 36. flood valve 通海阀 37. signal buoy 信号浮标 38. periscope 潜望镜 39. conning tower 指挥台 40. bridge fairwater 指挥台围壳 41. capsule 座舱 42. access hatch 出入口 43. transfer skirt 救生裙 44. helium voice unscramble 氦话音校正器 45. doppler sonar 多普勒声纳 46. fathometer 回音探测仪 47. scrubber 煤气洗净器，净气器 Notes to the Text 1. now that 因为（已） 2. Syntactic foams consisting of extremely small and hollow glass, ceramic, or rigid plastic spheres embeded in a plastic matrix have been effectively used at great depths. 这是一简单句。句子中的主要成分是 Syntactic foams have been used。 consisting of…spheres 现在分词短语，修饰 Syntactic foams。其中 glass, ceramic 或 rigid plastic 三 者并列。 embeded in a plastic matrix 过去分词短语作后置定语用，修饰 spheres. 3. Doubling the speed would require at least eight times more power. 句子中采用了动词虚拟式。 doubling the speed 为动名词短语作主语用。 4. Air inside the submersible is drawn continuously through an absorbent system composed of activated charcoal to remove odors and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme to remove CO2 so that its concentration never exceeds about 0.1%. 句中 composed of activated charcoal…and of lithium hydroxide and boralyme…是过去分词短语作后置 定语用，修饰 an absorbent system。其中 boralyme 是一吸收剂的注册商标名称。 so that its…about 0.1%目的状语从句，修饰不定式短语 to remove CO2；its concentration 中的 its 指 CO2 5. Oxygen is bled in at a point where the air exhausts from the CO2removal equipment to maintain the pressure at 1 atm ( 101,325N/m2 ). Where the air …equipment 定语从句，修饰 a point