Fluid statics Study of fluid at rest i e not in motion or not flowing On any plane, shear force is zero(no velocity gradient or shear deformation) hence only pressure forces exist 606 p, Ox8 Pascal’sLaw For fluid at rest, pressure at a point is the same in all direction
Fluid Statics • Study of fluid at rest, i.e. not in motion or not flowing • On any plane, shear force is zero (no velocity gradient or shear deformation) hence only pressure forces exist Pascal’s Law • For fluid at rest, pressure at a point is the same in all direction P = Px = Py = Pz
Proving pascal’sLaw P,8 δxδz 6 As element is in equilibrium ∑F,=0 P、δxδz=P6 x SS Sin0 Ss sin e= sz He ence Similarly, for∑F2=0
Proving Pascal’s Law As element is in equilibrium : Fy = 0 Py x z = Ps x s Sin s Sin = z Hence : Py = Ps Similarly, for Fz = 0 Pz = Ps
Basic hydrostatic equation for Pressure field Rectangular free bod P+↓↑ of top area a W P+ dP Body of fluid in equilibrium ∑F,=0 .A+W=(P+ dP).A .A+pgadh=(P+dP)a dP/dh=pg=Y dp/d y=-pg--y
Basic Hydrostatic Equation for Pressure Field Body of fluid in equilibrium : Fy = 0 P.A + W = (P + dP) . A P.A + g A dh = (P + dP) A dP/dh = g = dP/dy = - g = - h dh P P + dP W Rectangular free body of top area A y
Incompressible Fluid Pressure difference between two points in a body of fluid dP/dh=pg dP=pg dh Integrating from P, to P2 B0P dp=p gdh If fluid is incompressible and homogeneous p= constant 2-P1=pg(h2-h1)=pg△h
Incompressible Fluid Pressure Difference between two points in a body of fluid dP/dh = g dP = g dh Integrating from P1 to P2 : If fluid is incompressible and homogeneous = constant P2 – P1 = g (h2 – h1 ) = g ( h) P1 P2 h1 h2 h = 2 1 2 1 h h P P dP gdh
Incompressible fluid If Pi is on free water surface, 1. e. PI=Pat P=P 2-Pi=pg h ●P P-P atm p g 2, abs-pgh+p For gauge pressure measurement, Patm=0 gauge pg + P auge Gauge pressure at a point h below free surface =pg h
Incompressible Fluid If P1 is on free water surface, i.e. P1 = Patm : P2 - P1 = g h P2 - Patm = g h P2,abs = g h + Patm For gauge pressure measurement, Patm = 0 P2,gauge = g h P2,abs = P2,gauge + Patm Gauge pressure at a point h below free surface = g h h P2 P1=Patm
Definition of pressure head Pressure=P Datum Pressure head at point=Plpg(m) Piezometric head=P/pg +y (m) Piezometric pressure =P+pgy h In fluid statics, gauge pressure head at depth h below free surface Lpg=pgh/pg-h
Definition of Pressure Head Pressure head at point = P/ g (m) Piezometric head = P/ g + y (m) Piezometric pressure = P + g y In fluid statics, gauge pressure head at depth h below free surface = P/ g = g h / g = h Datum Pressure = P y h
Example I kN 0.2m 0.05m 2.5m dial di lam P1=F/A=1000/(x0.0252)=5093kPa P2=P1-pg(2.5)=48477kPa F=PA =48477x兀0.12=1523kN
Example P1 = F/A = 1000 / ( 0.0252 ) = 509.3 kPa P2 = P1 - g (2.5) = 484.77 kPa F = P2 A2 = 484.77 x 0.12 = 15.23 kN 2.5m 1 kN F ? 0.2 m diam 0.05 m diam P1 P2
Pressure at liquid interface Liquid 1 Liquid 2 p2 Liquid 3 p P,=Pugh 22=pgh+ p2gh2 P3=Pgh +p2gh2 + P3gh
Pressure at liquid interface P1 = 1gh1 P2 = 1gh1 + 2gh2 P3 = 1gh1 + 2gh2 + 3gh3 Liquid 1 1 Liquid 2 2 Liquid 3 3 h1 h2 h3 P1 P2 P3
Pressure measurement Absolute Pressure: Measured relative to perfect vacuum Perfect vacuum: 0 absolute pressure Gauge Pressure: Measured relative to local atmospheric pressure If no specified pressure reading is usually assumed to be gauge Gauge pressure is positive if higher than atmospheric pressure, and negative if lower than atmospheric pressure Negative gauge pressure is also known as suction or vacuum pressure
Pressure Measurement • Absolute Pressure : Measured relative to perfect vacuum • Perfect vacuum : 0 absolute pressure • Gauge Pressure : Measured relative to local atmospheric pressure • If no specified, pressure reading is usually assumed to be gauge • Gauge pressure is positive if higher than atmospheric pressure, and negative if lower than atmospheric pressure • Negative gauge pressure is also known as suction or vacuum pressure
Atmospheric Pressure ↓↓↓4↓ arcus Atmospheric pressure is usually measured using a mercury barometer Patm =Phg g ha 101, 300 N/m2 abs 0 N/m2 gauge 1. 013 bar abs ≈760mm Hg abs g ≈10.3 m water abs
Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric pressure is usually measured using a mercury barometer Patm = ρHg g h 101,300 N/m2 abs = 0 N/m2 gauge 1.013 bar abs 760 mm Hg abs 10.3 m water abs