Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationPartIPracticalReadingPassageA TransportationModes(I)ADiversityofModesTransport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobilityThey fall into one of three basictypes, depending on over what surface they travel- land (road, rail and pipelines),water (shipping),and air. Each mode ischaracterizedbyasetoftechnical,operational and commercial characteristics:RoadtransportationRoad infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level ofphysical constraints among transportation modes. Road transportation has anaverage operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but arerarely ableto move outside roads.Road transport systems have high maintenancecosts, both for the vehicles and infrastructures. They are mainly linked to lightindustries where rapid movements of freight in small batches are the norm
Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation Passage A Transportation Modes （I） A Diversity of Modes Transport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobility. They fall into one of three basic types, depending on over what surface they travel – land (road, rail and pipelines), water (shipping), and air. Each mode is characterized by a set of technical, operational and commercial characteristics: Road transportation Road infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level of physical constraints among transportation modes. Road transportation has an average operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but are rarely able to move outside roads. Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastructures. They are mainly linked to light industries where rapid movements of freight in small batches are the norm. Part I Practical Reading
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationRail transportationRailways are composed of traced paths on which are bound vehicles. Theyhave an averagelevel of physical constrains linked to the types of locomotivesand a low gradient is required, particularly for freight. Heawy industries aretraditionally linked with rail transport systems, although containerization hasimproved the flexibility of rail transportation by linking it with road and maritimemodes.PipelinesPipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or underwater. Pipeline construction costs vary according to the diameter and increaseproportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids (from gas,lowviscosity,to oil,high viscosity).TheTrans Alaskanpipeline,whichis 1,3o0kmlongwas built under difficult conditions and has to be above ground for most of its path.Pipeline terminals are very important since they correspond to refineries andharbors
Rail transportation Railways are composed of traced paths on which are bound vehicles. They have an average level of physical constrains linked to the types of locomotives and a low gradient is required, particularly for freight. Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail transport systems, although containerization has improved the flexibility of rail transportation by linking it with road and maritime modes. Pipelines Pipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or under water. Pipeline construction costs vary according to the diameter and increase proportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids (from gas, low viscosity, to oil, high viscosity). The Trans Alaskan pipeline, which is 1,300 km long, was built under difficult conditions and has to be above ground for most of its path. Pipeline terminals are very important since they correspond to refineries and harbors. Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationMaritimetransportationMaritime transportation is the most effective modeto move large quantities ofcargo over long distances.Main maritime routes are composed of oceans,coasts,seas,lakes,rivers and channels.However,due to the location of economicactivities maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime spaceparticularly over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. Maritime transportationhashigh terminal costs,since port infrastructures are among themost expensiveto build, maintain and improve.High inventory costs also characterize maritimetransportation. More than any other mode,maritime transportation is linked toheawy industries,suchas steel and petrochemical facilities adjacentto portsites
Maritime transportation Maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances. Main maritime routes are composed of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and channels. However, due to the location of economic activities maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime space, particularly over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. Maritime transportation has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures are among the most expensive to build, maintain and improve. High inventory costs also characterize maritime transportation. More than any other mode, maritime transportation is linked to heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites. Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3AnOverviewofTransportationNotes1.Transport modes are the meansby which peopleand freightachieve mobility.本句为定语从句：由介词+连词结构（bywhich）所引导的定语从句修饰themeans。全句可译为：运输模式是由人及货运实现运输的手段。2.More than any other mode,maritime transportation is linked to heawy industriessuchassteel andpetrochemicalfacilitiesadjacenttoportsites.本句然很长，但它是一个简单句：由Morethan..及suchas.所引导的短语结构作状语。全句可译为：相对于任何其他模式，水上运输模式与重工业联系紧密，如毗邻港口钢铁企业和石化企业
Notes 1. Transport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobility. 本 句为定语从句；由介词+连词结构（by which）所引导的定语从句修饰the means。 全句可译为：运输模式是由人及货运实现运输的手段。 2. More than any other mode, maritime transportation is linked to heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites. 本句虽然很长，但 它是一个简单句；由More than.及such as.所引导的短语结构作状语。全句可译 为：相对于任何其他模式，水上运输模式与重工业联系紧密，如毗邻港口钢铁企业 和石化企业。 Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationNewWordsdiversityn.差异，多样性proportional adj.按比例的，相配合的，适当的freightn.货物，货船，运费，货运vt.装货，运送cargon.（车、船、飞机等运输的）货物mobilityn.灵活性，机动性maritimeadj.海上的，海事的，海运的channeln.海峡，水道，路线characterizevt.表现....的特色commercial adj.商业的，贸易的circulationn.循环，流通petrochemical adj.石化的infrastructuren.下部构造n.石化产品constraintn.约束，强制flexibilityn.弹性，适应性，机动性adjacent adj邻近的，接近的containerizationn.货柜运输，货柜装货refineryn.精炼厂viscosityn.粘，黏性
New Words diversity n. 差异，多样性 freight n. 货物，货船，运费，货运 vt. 装货，运送 mobility n. 灵活性，机动性 characterize vt. 表现.的特色 commercial adj. 商业的，贸易的 infrastructure n. 下部构造 constraint n. 约束，强制 flexibility n. 弹性，适应性，机动性 containerization n. 货柜运输，货柜 装货 refinery n. 精炼厂 viscosity n. 粘，黏性 proportional adj. 按比例的，相配合的， 适当的 cargo n. (车、船、飞机等运输的)货物 maritime adj. 海上的，海事的，海运的 channel n. 海峡，水道，路线 circulation n. 循环，流通 petrochemical adj. 石化的 n. 石化产品 adjacent adj. 邻近的，接近的 Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationPhrasesandExpressionstransportmode传输模式，交通工具correspondto 相应，符合fall into落入，分成physicalproperty实物财产basictype基础类型railtransportsystem铁路运输系统roadinfrastructure道路基础设施pipelineconstruction 管道施工，管道建设roadtransportation公路运输maritimetransportation 海洋运输operationalflexibility操作弹性physicalproperty物理性质roadtransportsystem公路运输系统economicactivity经济活动maintenancecosts维修费用maritime space 海域lightindustry轻工业theNorthAtlantic北大西洋becomposedof 组成theNorthPacific北太平洋heavyindustry重工业terminalcost场站成本inventorycost 存货成本
Phrases and Expressions transport mode 传输模式，交通工具 fall into 落入，分成 basic type 基础类型 road infrastructure 道路基础设施 road transportation 公路运输 operational flexibility 操作弹性 road transport system 公路运输系统 maintenance costs 维修费用 light industry 轻工业 be composed of 组成 heavy industry 重工业 correspond to 相应，符合 physical property 实物财产 rail transport system 铁路运输系统 pipeline construction 管道施工，管道建设 maritime transportation 海洋运输 physical property 物理性质 economic activity 经济活动 maritime space 海域 the North Atlantic 北大西洋 the North Pacific 北太平洋 terminal cost 场站成本 inventory cost 存货成本 Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationTask 1Mark the following statements with T(True)orF (False)accordingto the passage.1.Transport modes are mainly composed of three types: land, water and air.2. Road transport is regarded as little maintenance costs, both for the vehiclesFandinfrastructures.3.Railways have an average level of physical constrains and a low gradient.4.Pipeline routes are usuallylaid onlandor underwater.T5. Maritime transportation is the most effective way to move a lot of cargo overlongdistances.T
Task 1 Mark the following statements with T (True) or F (False) according to the passage. 1. Transport modes are mainly composed of three types: land, water and air. 2. Road transport is regarded as little maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastructures. 3. Railways have an average level of physical constrains and a low gradient. 4. Pipeline routes are usually laid on land or under water. 5. Maritime transportation is the most effective way to move a lot of cargo over long distances. T F T T T Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationTask2Translatethefollowingphrases intoChinese or English传输模式1.transportmodeeconomicactivity经济活动2公路运输3.roadtransportationmaritime transportation海洋运输4维修费用5.maintenance costs6.operationalflexibility运行灵活性存货成本7. inventory cost管道建设8.pipelineconstruction
Task 2 Translate the following phrases into Chinese or English. 1. transport mode _ 2. _ 经济活动 3. road transportation _ 4. _ 海洋运输 5. maintenance costs _ 6. _ 运行灵活性 7. inventory cost _ 8. _ 管道建设 传输模式 economic activity 公路运输 maritime transportation 维修费用 operational flexibility 存货成本 pipeline construction Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3AnOverviewofTransportationPassageBTransportationModes (Il)AirtransportationAir routes are practically unlimited,but they are denserover the NorthAtlanticinside North America and Europe and over the North Pacific. Air transportconstraints are multidimensional andinclude the site (a commercial plane needsabout 3,300 meters of runway for landing and taking off ),the climate, fog andaerial currents. Air activities are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors,notably finance and tourism,which lean on the long distance mobility of peopleMore recently,air transportation has been accommodating growing quantities ofhigh value freight and is playing a growing role in global logistics.IntermodaltransportationConcerns a variety of modes used in combination so that the respectiveadvantagesof each mode are better exploited.Although intermodaltransportationapplies for passenger movements, such as the usage of the different,butinterconnected modes of a public transit system,it is over freight transportationthat the most significant impacts have been observed.Containerization has beena powerful vector of intermodal integration, enabling maritime and landtransportationmodestomoreeffectivelyinterconnect
Passage B Transportation Modes （II） Air transportation Air routes are practically unlimited, but they are denser over the North Atlantic, inside North America and Europe and over the North Pacific. Air transport constraints are multidimensional and include the site (a commercial plane needs about 3,300 meters of runway for landing and taking off ), the climate, fog and aerial currents. Air activities are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors, notably finance and tourism, which lean on the long distance mobility of people. More recently, air transportation has been accommodating growing quantities of high value freight and is playing a growing role in global logistics. Intermodal transportation Concerns a variety of modes used in combination so that the respective advantages of each mode are better exploited. Although intermodal transportation applies for passenger movements, such as the usage of the different, but interconnected modes of a public transit system, it is over freight transportation that the most significant impacts have been observed. Containerization has been a powerful vector of intermodal integration, enabling maritime and land transportation modes to more effectively interconnect. Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation
Unit3 AnOverviewofTransportationTelecommunicationsCover a grey area in terms of if they can be considered as a transport modesince unlike true transportation, telecommunications often does not havephysicality. Yet, they are structured as networks with a practically unlimitedcapacity with very low constraints,which may include the physiography andoceanic masses that may impair the setting of cables. They provide for theinstantaneous movement of information (speed of light intheory). Wavetransmissions,because oftheir limited coverage,oftenrequire substations,suchas for cellular phone networks. Satellites are often using a geostationary orbitwhich is getting crowded. High network costs and low distribution costscharacterize many telecommunication networks,which are linked to the tertiaryand quaternary sectors (stock markets, business to business informationnetworks, etc).Telecommunications can provide a substitution for personalmovementsinsomeeconomicsectors
Telecommunications Cover a grey area in terms of if they can be considered as a transport mode since unlike true transportation, telecommunications often does not have physicality. Yet, they are structured as networks with a practically unlimited capacity with very low constraints, which may include the physiography and oceanic masses that may impair the setting of cables. They provide for the instantaneous movement of information (speed of light in theory). Wave transmissions, because of their limited coverage, often require substations, such as for cellular phone networks. Satellites are often using a geostationary orbit which is getting crowded. High network costs and low distribution costs characterize many telecommunication networks, which are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors (stock markets, business to business information networks, etc). Telecommunications can provide a substitution for personal movements in some economic sectors. Unit 3 An Overview of Transportation