Unit1 Nature New Words词汇表 essential a. absolutely necessary;vitally necessary 必要的，重要的，本质的 nitrogen a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas 喷 vapor n. a visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance 蒸汽 inert a. havingonly a limited ability to react chemically;chemically inactive 惰性的 the act of liberating someoneor something;a process that liberates or 释放 to liberate or discharge something 释放 substance n. that which has mass and occupies space 物质 smog n. air pollution by a mixtureof smoke and fog 烟雾 ozone n. a colorless gas (03)soluble in alkalis and cold water 臭氧 wel-being n. a contented state of being happy,healthy and prosperous 幸福。安康 a tiny piece of anything;a body having finite mass and internal structure but negligible dimensions 微粒，粒子 diesel n. an internal-combustion engine that burns heavy oil 柴油机，内燃机
Unit 1 Nature New Words词汇表 essential a. absolutely necessary; vitally necessary 必要的，重要的，本质的 nitrogen n. a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas 氮 vapor n. a visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance 蒸汽 inert a. having only a limited ability to react chemically; chemically inactive 惰性的 release n. the act of liberating someone or something; a process that liberates or discharges something 释放 v. to liberate or discharge something 释放 substance n. that which has mass and occupies space 物质 smog n. air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog 烟雾 ozone n. a colorless gas （O3）soluble in alkalis and cold water 臭氧 well-being n. a contented state of being happy, healthy and prosperous 幸福，安康 particle n. a tiny piece of anything;a body having finite mass and internal structure but negligible dimensions 微粒，粒子 diesel n. an internal-combustion engine that burns heavy oil 柴油机，内燃机
exhaustn.gases ejected from an engine as wasteproducts 废气 charcoal n. a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air 木炭 barbeque n.a cookout in which food is cooked over an open fire 烤肉野餐 significant a.important;of consequence;having or expressing a meaning 重要的。重大的，有意义的，意味深长的 quantity n.an amountof somethingthat can be counted or measured 量，数量，许多，大量 soot n. a black colloidal substance consisting wholly or principally of amorphous carbon and used to make pigments and ink 煤烟，烟尘 sulfur n. an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element 变 dioxide n. an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule 二氧化物 monoxide an oxide containing just one atom of oxygen in the molecule 一氧化物 oxide n. any compound of oxygen with anotherelement or a radical 氧化物 reaction n.(chemistry)a process in which one or more substances are changed into others (化学)反应 large-scale a. usually large in scope;constructed or drawn to a big scale 大规模的，大比例尺的，大范围的 pollutant waste matter that contaminates the wateror air or soil 污染物质
exhaustn. gases ejected from an engine as waste products 废气 charcoal n. a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air 木炭 barbeque n. a cookout in which food is cooked over an open fire 烤肉野餐 significant a. important;of consequence; having or expressing a meaning 重要的，重大的，有意义的，意味深长的 quantity n. an amount of something that can be counted or measured 量，数量，许多，大量 soot n. a black colloidal substance consisting wholly or principally of amorphous carbon and used to make pigments and ink 煤烟，烟尘 sulfur n. an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element 硫 dioxide n. an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule 二氧化物 monoxide n. an oxide containing just one atom of oxygen in the molecule 一氧化物 oxide n. any compound of oxygen with another element or a radical 氧化物 reaction n. (chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others （化学）反应 large-scale a. usually large in scope; constructed or drawn to a big scale 大规模的，大比例尺的，大范围的 pollutant n. waste matter that contaminates the water or air or soil 污染物质
derive v.to come from;to obtain 得自，起源；获得 emission n the act of emitting;causing to flow forth;a substancethat is emitted or released 发出，发出物 consequence n. the outcome of an event especially as relative to an individual 结果，后果 sulfuric a. of,relating to or containingsulfur 硫磺的，含多量硫磺的 global a. worldwide 全球的，全世界的 buildupn. the act of building up an accumulation;the result of the process of accumulation 组织，组成，增强 convertv. to change the nature,purpose,or function of something 使转变 legislative a relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature 立法的，有立法权的 assessment n. the classification of someoneor somethingwith respect to its worth 估价，评估 investigate v. to try find out the truth about something such as a crime,accident,or scientific problem 调查，调查研究 exposure n. thestate ofbeing putinto asituation in which something harmfulor dangerous might affect you;the act of making something publicly known because you believe it is wrongor illegal 暴露，曝光 regulation n. an authoritative rule 规则，规章 legislation n. law enacted by a legislative body
derive v. to come from;to obtain 得自，起源；获得 emission n. the act of emitting; causing to flow forth;a substance that is emitted or released 发出，发出物 consequence n. the outcome of an event especially as relative to an individual 结果，后果 sulfuric a. of, relating to or containing sulfur 硫磺的，含多量硫磺的 global a. worldwide 全球的，全世界的 buildup n. the act of building up an accumulation;the result of the process of accumulation 组织，组成，增强 convert v. to change the nature, purpose, or function of something 使转变 legislative a. relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature 立法的，有立法权的 assessment n. the classification of someone or something with respect to its worth 估价，评估 investigate v. to try find out the truth about something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem 调查，调查研究 exposure n. the state of being put into a situation in which something harmful or dangerous might affect you; the act of making something publicly known because you believe it is wrong or illegal 暴露，曝光 regulation n. an authoritative rule 规则，规章 legislation n. law enacted by a legislative body
立法，法律 vehice. any means in or by which someone travelsor somethingis carried or conveyed, a means of transport 车辆，交通工具，运载工具 regulatory a. havingthe purposeof controlling an activity or process,especially by rules 调整的，管制的，调节的 regulate V. to controlan activity or process,especially byrules;to make a machine work at a particular speed,temperature,etc. 有系统地管理，规定，调节，调整 Phrases and Expressions顺序朗读新短语 supply with供应nitrogen oxide氮氧化物 inert gas惰性气体chemical reaction 化学反应 acid rain酸雨derive from来自 greenhouse effect温室效应suffer from遭受（不幸的事情），患有（疾病 等) ozonelayer臭氧层due to由于，归因于 have an effect on 对有影响convertto 转换成 as well as以及，和take stepsto dosth.采取措施做某事 refer to…as把…称作exposure to暴露于，接触 a quantity of许多，大量play a role in在…-方面起作用 sulfurdioxide二氧化硫in addition此外，另外 carbon monoxide 一氧化碳meet a challenge 应对挑战
立法，法律 vehicle n. any means in or by which someone travels or something is carried or conveyed; a means of transport 车辆，交通工具，运载工具 regulatory a. having the purpose of controlling an activity or process, especially by rules 调整的，管制的，调节的 regulate v. to control an activity or process, especially by rules; to make a machine work at a particular speed, temperature, etc. 有系统地管理，规定，调节，调整 Phrases and Expressions 顺序朗读新短语 supply with 供应 nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物 inert gas 惰性气体 chemical reaction 化学反应 acid rain 酸雨 derive from 来自 greenhouse effect 温室效应 suffer from 遭受（不幸的事情），患有（疾病 等） ozone layer 臭氧层 due to 由于，归因于 have an effect on 对……有影响 convert to 转换成 as well as 以及，和 take steps to do sth. 采取措施做某事 refer to ... as ... 把……称作 exposure to 暴露于，接触 a quantity of 许多，大量 play a role in 在……方面起作用 sulfur dioxide 二氧化硫 in addition 此外，另外 carbon monoxide 一氧化碳 meet a challenge 应对挑战
Unit1 Nature Difficult Sentences长难句 Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live 空气为我们提供生存所必不可少的氧气。 “which”引导了一个限定性定语从句修饰"oxygen'。 'supply'通常指定期 “供应”，强调替代或补充所需物品，常用于"supply sb.with sth.”或"supply sth.to/for sb”等固定搭配中。 Cows supply us with milk. 母牛供给我们牛奶。 Our task is to supply vegetables all year round. 我们的任务是一年四季提供蔬菜。 5 upply作名词表示“储备”，用于复数表示储备事物的种类。 【相关短语】：in short supply短缺 【辨析l:offer,,provide和gve 三者都有“提供，给”之意，但含义不同。o伦既可表示主动慷慨地给别人提供某 物，也可表示无主动之情地提供，常用于“offer sb..sth.”或“offer sth.tosb.”等固定搭 配中。 Two days later I received a letter offering me the job. 两天后我收到了一封信，给我提供了这份工作。 The guesthouse offers all kinds of food to foreign visitors. 这家招待所为外宾供应各种食品。 "provide”用于表示无主动慷慨之意地为人或物提供需要或有用的东西，仅仅是 出于某种责任，常用于"providesb.with sth.”或providesth.for sb.”等固定搭配中。 The children are provided with good food and clothing. 孩子们有良好的衣食供应。 It is the duty of the government to provide homes for the old. 政府有义务为老年人提供住所。 give常用于"give sb.sth."或“givesth.tosb.”等固定搭配中
Unit 1 Nature Difficult Sentences 长难句 Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. 空气为我们提供生存所必不可少的氧气。 ““which”引导了一个限定性定语从句修饰“oxygen”。“supply”通常指定期 “供应”，强调替代或补充所需物品，常用于“supply sb. with sth.”或“supply sth. to/for sb.”等固定搭配中。 Cows supply us with milk. 母牛供给我们牛奶。 Our task is to supply vegetables all year round. 我们的任务是一年四季提供蔬菜。 supply 作名词表示“储备”, 用于复数表示储备事物的种类。 【相关短语】：in short supply 短缺 【辨析】：offer, provide 和 give 三者都有“提供，给”之意, 但含义不同。“offer”既可表示主动慷慨地给别人提供某 物，也可表示无主动之情地提供，常用于“offer sb. sth.”或“offer sth. to sb.”等固定搭 配中。 Two days later I received a letter offering me the job. 两天后我收到了一封信，给我提供了这份工作。 The guesthouse offers all kinds of food to foreign visitors. 这家招待所为外宾供应各种食品。 “provide”用于表示无主动慷慨之意地为人或物提供需要或有用的东西，仅仅是 出于某种责任，常用于“provide sb. with sth.”或“provide sth. for sb.”等固定搭配中。 The children are provided with good food and clothing. 孩子们有良好的衣食供应。 It is the duty of the government to provide homes for the old. 政府有义务为老年人提供住所。 “give”常用于“give sb. sth.”或“give sth. to sb.”等固定搭配中
Air is 99.9%nitrogen,oxygen,watervapor and inert gases. 空气中99.9%由氮气、氧气、水蒸气和惰性气体组成。 百分数用基数+percent表示。 fifty percent 50% three percent 3% zero pointone two percent 0.12% 这里的“percent"前半部per”表示“每一'，后半部分“cent”表示“百" 所以表示“百分之几：的“percent'"不用复数形式。 【辨析】：percent,.percentage 这两个名词均可表示“百分比”之意。 "percent”或"per cent"”为拉丁语"per centum”的缩略.通常和-个具体数字连用.指 具体的百分比。“percentage'”不受数字修饰，不指具体的百分比，通常用在一些形容词 或起形容词作用的词（如large,smal等）之后，也可单独使用。 Only twenty percent of families living in the cities owned a television in 1980s. 在20世纪80年代，城市里只有20%的家庭有电视机。 A large percentage of the population has their own houses 大多数人都有自己的房子了。 【注意】：百分比作修饰语，前面不加冠词且不能加复数；不可数名词的百分比用 单数，可数名词的百分比则用复数；表示增加或减少的数量的百分比，用by+百分数” 表示。 Human activities can release substances into the air,some of which can cause problems for humans,plants,and animals 人类活动释放出的物质进入空气，其中的一些会对人类、植物和动物造成影响。 "which”在后置的非限制性定语从句中代替上文出现的事物或情况。在此句中 它的先行词是"substances'"。 cause'”作动词是引起”的意思，作名词是“原因”的意思
Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. 空气中 99.9% 由氮气﹑氧气﹑水蒸气和惰性气体组成。 百分数用基数+percent 表示。 fifty percent 50％ three percent 3％ zero point one two percent 0.12％ 这里的“percent”前半部“per”表示“每一”，后半部分“cent”表示“百”， 所以表示“百分之几”的“percent”不用复数形式。 【辨析】：percent，percentage 这两个名词均可表示“百分比”之意。 “percent”或“per cent”为拉丁语“per centum”的缩略，通常和一个具体数字连用，指 具体的百分比。“percentage”不受数字修饰，不指具体的百分比，通常用在一些形容词 或起形容词作用的词（如 large，small 等）之后，也可单独使用。 Only twenty percent of families living in the cities owned a television in 1980s. 在 20 世纪 80 年代，城市里只有 20%的家庭有电视机。 A large percentage of the population has their own houses. 大多数人都有自己的房子了。 【注意】：百分比作修饰语，前面不加冠词且不能加复数；不可数名词的百分比用 单数，可数名词的百分比则用复数；表示增加或减少的数量的百分比，用“by+百分数” 表示。 Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. 人类活动释放出的物质进入空气，其中的一些会对人类﹑植物和动物造成影响。 “which”在后置的非限制性定语从句中代替上文出现的事物或情况。在此句中， 它的先行词是“substances”。 “cause”作动词是“引起”的意思，作名词是“原因”的意思
“cause'主要指导致某种结果或客观存在的原因.它是相对于"effect”来说的。"cause of意为…的起因”。 Was the noise a cause of the illness,or were the complaints about noise merely a symptom? 噪音是病因呢，还是对噪音的抱怨仅仅是一种症状呢？ Every effect must have an adequatecause. 每一种结果都必须有充分的原因。 These include smog,acid rain,the greenhouse effect,and"holes"in the ozonelayer. 它们包括烟尘、酸雨、温室效应和臭氧层“空洞”。 句中的"acid rain”指因排入大气的硫、氧化氮等污染物质在雨滴中生成硫酸、硝 酸而导致的酸雨。 【辨析】：fog,mist和smog 这些名词都可表示“雾”之意。 fog指较浓的雾、大雾。 There will be a thick fog tomorrow morning. 明天早上将有大雾。 "mist”指轻雾、薄雾.比“fog”淡.也可以称为“霭”。“mist既指自然界中的 雾，也指因情绪波动眼中生出的雾翳。 The mist came down over the mountains. 薄雾降下笼罩群山。 He looked at his hometown through the mist of tears. 他透过朦胧的泪眼看着故乡。 "smog”意为“烟雾"，它是由"smoke'与fog”合成而来的，也可指工业区的 烟和雾相混合而造成的又黑又浓的烟雾。 There is some smogover the village because the villagers began to cook. 村庄上烟雾缭绕.因为村民们开始做饭了。 This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as"black carbon"pollution
“cause”主要指导致某种结果或客观存在的原因，它是相对于“effect”来说的。“cause of”意为“……的起因”。 Was the noise a cause of the illness, or were the complaints about noise merely a symptom？ 噪音是病因呢，还是对噪音的抱怨仅仅是一种症状呢？ Every effect must have an adequate cause. 每一种结果都必须有充分的原因。 These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and "holes" in the ozone layer. 它们包括烟尘﹑酸雨﹑温室效应和臭氧层“空洞”。 句中的“acid rain”指因排入大气的硫、氧化氮等污染物质在雨滴中生成硫酸、硝 酸而导致的酸雨。 【辨析】：fog，mist 和 smog 这些名词都可表示“雾”之意。 “fog”指较浓的雾、大雾。 There will be a thick fog tomorrow morning. 明天早上将有大雾。 “mist”指轻雾、薄雾，比“fog”淡，也可以称为“霭”。“mist”既指自然界中的 雾，也指因情绪波动眼中生出的雾翳。 The mist came down over the mountains. 薄雾降下笼罩群山。 He looked at his hometown through the mist of tears. 他透过朦胧的泪眼看着故乡。 “smog”意为“烟雾”，它是由“smoke”与“fog”合成而来的，也可指工业区的 烟和雾相混合而造成的又黑又浓的烟雾。 There is some smog over the village because the villagers began to cook. 村庄上烟雾缭绕，因为村民们开始做饭了。 This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as "black carbon" pollution
这种类型的污染有时被称为“炭黑”污染。 "refer to'的具体用法如下。 (1)表示“查阅”或“参考”之意。 If you wantto know his telephone number,you may refer to the telephone directory. 如果你想知道他的电话号码，你可以查电话簿。 (2)表示“谈到”或提到”之意。 Please don'trefer to his past again 请别再提他的往事了。 The old soldier referred to his experiences duringthe Long March. 老战士谈到了长征时的一些经历。 (3)表示“适用于”或“涉及”之意。 These books refer to Asian problems. 这些书涉及亚洲问题。 These regulations refer only to children. 这些规矩只适用于儿童。 “refer to.…a5”意为“把…称作”。 He is referred to as a living Lei Feng. 他被称作“活雷锋”。 That man referred to himself as a writer 那个人称自己为作家。 The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles,homes,and industries is a majorsource of pollution in the air. 汽车、住家及工业燃烧燃料所排出的废气是空气中一个主要的污染来源
这种类型的污染有时被称为“炭黑”污染。 “refer to”的具体用法如下。 （1）表示“查阅”或“参考”之意。 If you want to know his telephone number, you may refer to the telephone directory. 如果你想知道他的电话号码，你可以查电话簿。 （2）表示“谈到”或“提到”之意。 Please don't refer to his past again. 请别再提他的往事了。 The old soldier referred to his experiences during the Long March. 老战士谈到了长征时的一些经历。 （3）表示“适用于”或“涉及”之意。 These books refer to Asian problems. 这些书涉及亚洲问题。 These regulations refer only to children. 这些规矩只适用于儿童。 “refer to ... as ...”意为“把……称作……”。 He is referred to as a living Lei Feng. 他被称作“活雷锋”。 That man referred to himself as a writer. 那个人称自己为作家。 The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. 汽车﹑住家及工业燃烧燃料所排出的废气是空气中一个主要的污染来源
本句的主语带有一个后置定语，即"from burningfuels in automobiles,homes, and industries”,修饰"exhaust”。"exhaust”表示“废气”，这是作为名词时的用法。实 际上它更常用于动词，表示“用完，耗尽”。 exhaust one's patience 失去耐心 She did not cry out;tears were exhausted. 她没有哭出来，眼泪都已哭干了。 The travelers were exhausted,looking forward to a good night's sleep. 游客们筋疲力尽，盼望着晚上能睡个好觉。 These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere,forming smogand acid rain. 一旦它们进入大气，就会产生更为剧烈的化学反应，形成烟雾和酸雨。 在英语中，“oce”一词用法较多，意思也比较丰富，既可以用作副词，也可以用 作连词。其具体用法如下。 (（1)“once”用作连词时，意为一旦…就”，用于连接时间状语从句，相当于“as s00nas"。 Once youstart,you will never give up 一旦你开始了，你就不要放弃。 Once you begin to read it,you will like it. 一旦你开始读，你就会喜欢它。 【注意】：①"oce"”引导的是时间状语从句，从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。 ②once”与"assoon as/the moment 一样，都可表示主句的动作紧接在从句的动作之 后发生，但其有着细微的区别："once”强调的是条件，而'as soon as/themoment'”则强 调时间。 (2)oce”用作副词时，意为“曾经，一度，从前。它是一个不确定的时间副 词，其位置一般是在行为动词之前，系动词之后。 Once he lived in America,but now he lives in England. 他曾经生活在美国，但现在他生活在英国。 His song was once very popular among the young people
本句的主语带有一个后置定语，即“from burning fuels in automobiles，homes， and industries”，修饰“exhaust”。“exhaust”表示“废气”，这是作为名词时的用法。实 际上它更常用于动词，表示“用完，耗尽”。 exhaust one's patience 失去耐心 She did not cry out; tears were exhausted. 她没有哭出来，眼泪都已哭干了。 The travelers were exhausted, looking forward to a good night's sleep. 游客们筋疲力尽，盼望着晚上能睡个好觉。 These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain. 一旦它们进入大气，就会产生更为剧烈的化学反应，形成烟雾和酸雨。 在英语中，“once”一词用法较多，意思也比较丰富，既可以用作副词，也可以用 作连词。其具体用法如下。 （1）“once”用作连词时，意为“一旦……就……”，用于连接时间状语从句，相当于“as soon as”。 Once you start, you will never give up. 一旦你开始了，你就不要放弃。 Once you begin to read it, you will like it. 一旦你开始读，你就会喜欢它。 【注意】：①“once”引导的是时间状语从句，从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。 ② “once”与“as soon as/the moment”一样，都可表示主句的动作紧接在从句的动作之 后发生，但其有着细微的区别：“once”强调的是条件，而“assoon as/the moment”则强 调时间。 （2）“once”用作副词时，意为“曾经，一度，从前”。它是一个不确定的时间副 词，其位置一般是在行为动词之前，系动词之后。 Once he lived in America, but now he lives in England. 他曾经生活在美国，但现在他生活在英国。 His song was once very popular among the young people
他的歌一度在年轻人中很流行。 (3)"once”用作副词时，也有一次"的意思。“两次"是"twice”,三次 是"three times'”,四次"是four times”,以此类推。 The old professor comes to see us once a weel 那个老教授一周来看我们一次。 Tell us the story once more. 把故事再给我们讲一次。 【注意】：oce”用作副词时，在句中的位置不同表示的意思也不同。 I once went to Shanghai. 我曾经去过上海。 I wentto Shanghai once. 我去过上海一次。 【相关短语】：atonce立刻，马上 once again再一次，又一次（相当于once more) once in a while偶尔，间或 all at once突然（相当于suddenly) once upon a time很早以前，从前 Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes,offices,and schools. 在家中、办公室内和学校里也需要考虑到污染。 (1)"need”在本句中为实意动词，其后接动词不定式，即“need to do sth.”; “need”为情态动词时，其后接动词原形.即"need dosth..'。而句型“sth.needs."则 表示“某物应该…”，以主动形式表示被动意义。 We need to spend more time studying. 我们应该用更多的时间来学习。 We need spend more time studying 我们应该用更多的时间来学习。 The room needs cleaning
他的歌一度在年轻人中很流行。 （3）“once”用作副词时，也有“一次”的意思。“两次”是“twice”，“三次” 是“three times”，“四次”是“four times”，以此类推。 The old professor comes to see us once a week. 那个老教授一周来看我们一次。 Tell us the story once more. 把故事再给我们讲一次。 【注意】：“once”用作副词时，在句中的位置不同表示的意思也不同。 I once went to Shanghai. 我曾经去过上海。 I went to Shanghai once. 我去过上海一次。 【相关短语】：at once 立刻，马上 once again 再一次，又一次（相当于 once more） once in a while 偶尔，间或 all at once 突然（相当于 suddenly） once upon a time 很早以前，从前 Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. 在家中、办公室内和学校里也需要考虑到污染。 （1）“need”在本句中为实意动词，其后接动词不定式，即“need to do sth.”； “need”为情态动词时，其后接动词原形，即“need do sth.”。而句型“sth. needs ...”则 表示“某物应该……”，以主动形式表示被动意义。 We need to spend more time studying. 我们应该用更多的时间来学习。 We need spend more time studying. 我们应该用更多的时间来学习。 The room needs cleaning