Martin Jay N OF THE于 RANKFURT SCHOOL AND THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 1923-1950
ay 2
THE DⅠ ALECTICAL MAGINATION
WEIMAR AND NOW: GERMAN CULTURAL CRITICISM Martin Jay and Anton Kaes, General Editors I Heritage of Our Times, by Ernst Bloch 2 The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890-1990, Steven Aschheim 3 The Weimar Republic Sourcebook, edited by Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg 4. Batteries of Life: On the History of Things and Their Perception n Modernity, by Christoph Asendorf 5. Profane Illumination: Walter Benjamin and the Paris of Surrealist Revolution, by Margaret Cohen 6 Hollywood in Beriin: American Cinema and Weimar Germany by Thomas J. Saunders 7 Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption, by Richard Wolin 8 The New Typog raphy by Jan Tschichold(translated by Ruari Mclean) 9 The Rule of Law: Selected Essays of franz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer, edited by William E. Scheuerman 10 The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the frankfurt School and the institute of Social Research, 1923-1950, by Martin Jay
THE DIALECTICAL IMAGINATION A History of the frankfurt School and the institute of social research 1923-1950 MARTIN JAY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley. Los Angeles.London 3025731849
University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, Californi University of California Press, Ltd Copyright o 1973 by Martin Jay Preface copyright o 1996 by Martin Jay First California Paperback 1996 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jay, Martin, 1944- The dialectical imagination a history of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research. 1923-1950/ Martin Jay P. cm -(Weimar and now 10) Originally published: Boston: Little, Brown, 1973 Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-520-20423-9(pbk: alk. paper) 1. Institut fur Sozialforschung(Frankfurt am Main, Germany)- History. 2. Social sciences--Research-United States 3. Frankfurt school of sociology. I. Title. IL. Series H62.J37199 95-37290 300′.720434164—dc2 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The author is grateful for permission to quote from the following previously copy righted works The Authoritarian Personality by T. w. Adorno et al. Quotations from pages vii, ix, I5,I8,II,176,228359,371,671,676,747,759and976. Published by Harper& ow, 1950. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Prisms by Theodor W. Adorno. Published by Neville Spearman Limited, 1967, Lon- don. Reprinted by permission of the publish ons by Walter Benjamin, edited with an introducti Translated by Harry Zohn. Published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Copyright o 1955 by Suhrkamp Verlag. Translation Copyright 1968 by Harcourt B Jovanovich. Reprinted by permission of the publisher Politics, Law and Social Change: Selected Essays of Kirchheimer edited by Frederic S. Burin and Kurt L. Shell. Quotations from pages 15, 32, 79, 86 and xvi published by Columbia University Press. Copyright 69 by Columbia University Press. Re- rinted by permission of the publisher. Material reprinted from pages 93, 99, 108, 131, I55, 158-9 of this volume was originally published on pages 264-289 and 456- 475 of Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, IX (1941), a periodical former published by the Institute of Social Research. These excerpts are used here by per mission of the former editor of this publication, Professor Max Horkheimer The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960, Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, eds, Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969, pages 286, 301, 325, 341, 343, 361 and 363. Reprinted by permission of om Freedom by Erich Fromm. Published by Holt, Rinehart and w York. Published as The Fear of Freedom by Routledge and London, 1942. Copyright 194I 1969 by Erich Fromm. Reprint
Max Horkheimer under the Heinrich by Oprecht and Helbling in Zurich, Switzerland in 1934. Reprinted by permission of The Eclipse of Reason by Max Horkheimer. Published by Oxford University Press. Copyright 1947 by Oxford University Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Literature and the Image of Man by Leo Lowenthal. Pubiished by Beacon Press. Copyright@ 1957 by Leo Lowenthal. Reprinted by permission of the publisher Eros and Civilization by Herbert Marcuse. Published by Beacon Press. Copyright 1955 by the Beacon Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Herbert m ar ret inted by, Pub lsed by ghe ub ishes. Copyright o t968 by Reason and Revolution by Herbert Marcuse. Published by Beacon 194I by Oxford University Press, New York, Inc. Second edition C 出 Marcuse. Reprinted by permission of Humanities Press, Inc. Behemoth by Franz Neumann. Published by Octagon Books, a sub-division of Farrar, Straus Giroux, Inc. Copyright 1942, 1944 by Oxford University Press, New York Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. The Democratic and the Authoritarian State by Franz Neumann. Published by The Macmillan Company. Copyright 1957 by The Free Press, a Corporation. Reprinted by permission of the publisher A portion of the second chapter of this volume has appeared in The Unknown Dimen sion: European Marxism since Lenin, edited by Dick Howard and Karl Klare. Pub lished by Basic Books. Copyright 1972 by Basic Books. It is reprinted here by sIon of the publisher The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984@ 11Rl厶9o
my parents, Edward and Sari Jay
Contents Preface to the 1996 Edition Foreword by Max Horkheimer Introduction XXVI Acknowledgments I. The Creation of the Institut fur Sozialforschung and Its first frankfurt Years /2. The Genesis of Critical Theory 4 3.The Integration of Psychoanalysis 4. The Institut's First Studies of Authority 5. The Iestitut's Analysis of Nazism 143 v6. Aesthetic Theory and the Critique of Mass Culture 173 7. The cal Work of the Institut in the 1940s Toward a Philosophy of History: The Critique of the Enlightenment 53 Chapter References 303 Index 373
Preface to the 1996 edition I arrived in Berkeley for the first time in August I968, a twenty-four year old graduate student, invited by Leo Lowenthal to examine hi extensive personal archive of materials from the Institute of Social Re- search. As I spent long hours poring over years of letters and unpub- listed manuscripts, amassing questions about figures, events and ideas that Lowenthal patiently answered, the world outside was convulsed by a series of cataclysmic events. On the 21st of August, tanks from the Soviet Union and its allies rumbled into Prague, violently ending the experiment in"Marxism with a Human Face"that had so capti vated the imaginations of non-doctrinaire leftists earlier that year. Only a few days later as"the whole world was watching, "the Democratic convention in Chicago was disrupted by protestors enraged by both President Johnson's policies in Vietnam and the likelihood that the party's nominee, Hubert Humphrey, would continue his predecessor's sorry course On the daily walk from my apartment to Lowenthals office, I passed the forlorn, now empty Berkeley campaign headquarters of Robert Kennedy, whose assassination two months earlier had meant the end for many of the hopes that fundamental change might come, in the catch- phrase of the time, by"working within the system. The Berkeley cam- pus was itself a site for escalating confrontations between students and authorities egged on by a state administration headed by then gover- nor Ronald Reagan. In the surrounding community, the Black Panther Party was an insistent presence, bearing witness to the still volatile
