国家开放大学：2016年秋季学期“开放专科”英语专业综合英语（2）期末试题（1月）.pdf_大学文库

designs of these Japanese woodblock prints. Making a woodblock print has three 29 stages:cutting,inking and printing.First the artist takes a block of soft wood,usually pine,and cuts away parts of the wood with a sharp tool.The design is the part of the wood that is left uncut and upraised.Next the design is coated with30,and a sheet of paper is placed over it.,rubbing the paper then transfers the ink from the woodblock to the surface of the paper.For different colors, different blocks of wood are used,one for each color. 21.A.1960 B.the 1960 C.1960s D.the 1960s 22.A.interest B.interested C.interesting D.interests 23.A.seventeen B.seventeen's C.seventeenth D.seventeenths 24.A.subjects B.names C.pictures D.paper 25.A.mean B.means C.meant D.meaning 26.A.on B.to C.up D.for 27.A.found B.invented C.captured D.created 28.A.unusual B.usual C.ordinary D.common 29.A.big B.small C.minor D.major 30.A.ink B.paper C.plastic D.wood IV.Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) Questions 31~35 are based on the following passage. Although the use of cloning to produce copies of humans has been suggested,many people would judge this to be morally wrong.In addition,the prospect of cloning humans raises false expectations,since human personality is only partly determined by genes. Cloning a sick or dying relative would provide a genetically identical copy of that person,but this new individual would likely develop a quite different personality.Similarly,a copy of an athlete,movie star,or scientist might well choose another career because of chance events during his or her lifetime.One hypothetical scenario involves a childless couple who wish to make a copy of one or the other partner rather than having a child by artificial insemination ()The social concern is that the parents would not be able to treat naturally a child who was a copy of one of them. 543

designs of these J apanese woodblock prints. Making a woodblock print has three 29 stages: cutting , inking and printing. First the artist takes a block of soft wood , usually pine , and cuts away parts of the wood with a sharp too1. The design is the part of the wood that is left uncut and upraised. Next the design is coated with 30 , and a sheet of paper is placed over it. , rubbing the paper then transfers the ink from the woodblock to the surface of the paper. For different colors, different blocks of wood are used , one for each color. 21. A. 1960 B. the 1960 C. 1960s D. the 1960s 22. A. interest B. interested C. interesting D. interests 23. A. seventeen B. seventeen' s C. seventeenth D. seventeenths 24. A. subjects B. names C. pictures D. paper 25. A. mean B. means C. meant D. meaning 26. A. on B. to C. up D. for 27. A. found B. invented C. captured D. created 28. A. unusual B. usual C. ordinary D. common 29. A. big B. small C. minor D. major 30. A. ink B. paper C. plastic D. wood N. Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A. B. C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) Questions 31~35 are based on the following passage. Although the use of cloning to produce copies of humans has been suggested , many people would judge this to be morally wrong. 1n addition , the prospect of cloning humans raises false expectations, since human personality is only partly determined by genes. Cloning a sick or dying relative would provide a genetically identical copy of that person , but this new individual would likely develop a quite different personality. Similarly , a copy of an athlete , movie star, or scientist might well choose another career because of chance events during his or her lifetime. One hypothetical scenario involves a childless couple who wish to make a copy of one or the other partner rather than having a child by artificial insemination (授精). The social concern is that the parents would not be able to treat naturally a child who was a copy of one of them. 543

The impetus()behind the research that led to Dolly was not to find a way to clone humans but rather to develop genetically engineered animals that would serve a variety of purposes.As there are great genetic differences in cattle herds and sheep flocks,breeding copies of selected livestock would increase the efficiency of agricultural productivity and help improve the quality of such commercial products as milk,beef,and wool. As in the management of other breeding schemes,it will be important for scientists to maintain the balance between intense selection of livestock and the maintenance of genetic variability.Preservation of frozen cells from a large number of representatives of different breeds would allow nuclei from those donor cells to be used as required.The ethical issues in animal cloning are perhaps less controversial than with humans;nevertheless,some people worry that producing large numbers of animal clones only increase the likelihood that these animals will be mistreated. Genetic modification of livestock will also provide new opportunities in medicine and research.Today many patients in need of transplants die before organs become available from suitable donors.Cloning pigs has been suggested as a means of rapidly achieving xenotransplantation ()the use of animal organs to replace organs in human patients.Organs transplanted between species are in danger of being destroyed within minutes by the acute immune response of the body receiving the transplant;however, strategies are being developed to modify pigs genetically so that rejection by the immune system may be effectively prevented. 31.According to the passage people object to the use of cloning to produce copies of humans mainly because A.its technique is not good enough B.it is immoral and leads to wrong expectations C.it may lead to parents'unnatural behavior to the copy of them D.it may lead to many people's unemployment 32.Which of the following words can be used to replace the word "well"in Para.1, Line 6? A.easily B.as one would wish C.quite possibly D.skillfully 544

The impetus( 推动力) behind the research that led to Dolly was not to find a way to clone humans but rather to develop genetically engineered animals that would serve a variety of purposes. As there are great genetic differences in cattle herds and sheep flocks. breeding copies of selected livestock would increase the efficiency of agricultural productivity and help improve the quality of such commercial products as milk. beef. and wool. As in the management of other breeding schemes. it will be important for scientists to maintain the balance between intense selection of livestock and the maintenance of genetic variability. Preservation of frozen cells from a large number of representatives of different breeds would allow nuclei from those donor cells to be used as required. The ethical issues in animal cloning are perhaps less controversial than with humans; nevertheless. some people worry that producing large numbers of animal clones only increase the likelihood that these animals will be mistreated. Genetic modification of livestock will also provide new opportunities in medicine and research. Today many patients in need of transplants die before organs become available from suitable donors. Cloning pigs has been suggested as a means of rapidly achieving xenotransplantation (异种移植). the use of animal organs to replace organs in human patients. Organs transplanted between species are in danger of being destroyed within minutes by the acute immune response of the body receiving the transplant; however. strategies are being developed to modify pigs genetically so that rejection by the irnrnune system may be effectively prevented. 31. According to the passage people object to the use of cloning to produce copies of humans mainly because 一一一一一· A. its technique is not good enough B. it is immoral and leads to wrong expectations C. it may lead to parents' unnatural behavior to the copy of them D. it may lead to many people' s unemployment 32. Which of the following words can be used to replace the word "well" in Para. 1. Line 6? A. easily B. as one would wish C. quite possibly D. skillfully 544

Because of an antitrust(反托拉斯的，反垄断的)dispute(争论)twenty-five years ago, Visa allows its member banks to join up with MasterCard as well.But it refuses to allow them to collaborate with any other network.The Justice Department is less appreciative.In October 1998-shortly before Paying with Plastic went to press-the government charged Visa and MasterCard with violating the Sherman Antitrust Act.(Wal-Mart and a group of big retailers have filed a related suit,charging that Visa and MasterCard have colluded()to keep fees on their debit cards()unfairly high.The trouble is that today Visa and MasterCard have pretty much the same member banks.Do two ventures with the same owners really have an incentive()to compete? According to the government's complaint,in 1987 MasterCard was prepared to introduce the first "smart card"-a card with an integrated circuit that could store personal data.But MasterCard's board refused to proceed without Visa's go-ahead.Today both brands are still developing a smart card,sharing information all the while.The situation doesn't exactly encourage competition.As Visa International's president and chief executive put it in an unguarded moment in 1992,"If you have got one foot firmly placed on both sides of the street,who cares?”· Some people insist that the Visa-MasterCard partnership does not harm competition or innovation.They point to Visa and MasterCard's rival advertising campaigns and to Citibank's recent decision to switch its primary allegiance()from Visa to MasterCard because only MasterCard would allow it to relegate the network insignia to the back of its plastic cards.The reason no one has introduced smart cards,says Evans,is because the chip (芯片)technology is too expensive,“It is a silly argument,”he says,“The Justice Department is trying to fix something that isn't broken.This industry is extraordinarily successful.” Indeed,however the case turns out,the most popular complaint against the consumer- credit business is likely to remain what it was a century ago:The industry succeeds all too well at putting expensive credit in the hands of weak-willed shoppers. 546

Because of an antitrustC 反托拉斯的，反垄断的) dispute 争论) twenty-five years ago , Visa allows its member banks to join up with MasterCard as well. But it refuses to allow them to collaborate with any other network. The J ustice Department is less appreciative. ln October 1998-shortly before Paying with Plastic went to press-the government charged Visa and MasterCard with violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. CWal-Mart and a group of big retailers have filed a related suit , charging that Visa and MasterCard have colludedC 句结)to keep fees on their debit cards 借记卡) unfairly high. ) The trouble is that today Visa and MasterCard have pretty much the same member banks. Do two ventures with the same owners really have an incentiveC 动机 )to compete? According to the government' s complaint , in 1987 MasterCard was prepared to introduce the first "smart card" - a card with an integrated circuit that could store personal data. But MasterCard' s board refused to proceed without Visa' s go-ahead. Today both brands are still developing a smart card , sharing information all the while. The situation doesn' t exactly encourage competition. As Visa lnternational' s president and chief executive put it in an unguarded moment in 1992 , "lf you have got one foot firmly placed on both sides of the street , who cares?" Some people insist that the Visa-MasterCard partnership does not harm competition or innovation. They point to Visa and MasterCard' s rival advertising campaigns and to Citibank' s recent decision to switch its primary allegiance 效忠) from Visa to MasterCard because only MasterCard would allow it to relegate the network insignia to the back of its plastic cards. The reason no one has introduced smart cards, says Evans, is because the chip (芯片) technology is too expensive. "It is a silly argument ," he says. "The J ustice Department is trying to fix something that isn' t broken. This industry is extraordinarily successful. " lndeed , however the case turns out , the most popular complaint against the consumer credit business is likely to remain what it was a century ago: The industry succeeds all too well at putting expensive credit in the hands of weak-willed shoppers. 546