精品课程生理学习题库 Urinary Systen Instructions: Select the single best answer to the numbered question. Glomerular Filtration Question 1 Which of the following statements about glorular filtration is NOT true? er to the passage of plasma proteins B.The glonerular basement membrane prevents the filtration of large plasma proteins. C.The filtration slits between the podocytes help to retard the filtration of plasma proteins. D.About 7 grams of albumin are filtered daily and reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. e.Reducing the net negative charge on the components of the glomerular barrier will result in increased filtration of plasma proteins. Question #2 Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration is NOT true? A.The hydrostatic pressure drop across the glomerular capillary bed is small. B.The oncotic pressure in capillary blood increases as blood flows through the glomerular capillary. C.Increasing gloaerular blood flo tends to increase glomerular filtration rate D.The filtration coefficient (Kf)of the glomerular capillaries is similar to that of most other capillary beds. E.Contraction of mesangial cells may decrease the GFR by reducing Kf. Question#3 Apatient'sGFR as measured fro the inulin clearance is 125 l/i The patient's plasma creatinin is 0.01 mg/ml.The patient's urine flow rate is 1 ml/min and the concentration of creatinine in her urine is 1.35 mg/ml.Which of the following statements is not true? A.The rate of filtration of creatinine is 1.25 mg/min B.The clearance of creatinine is 125 ml/nin. C.The net rate of secretion of creatinine by the tubules is 0.1 mg/min. D.The rate of creatinine excretion is 1.35 mg/min. E.If the patient's plasma creatinine is in the steady state,the net rate of creatinine release from muscle and other cells is 1.35 ng/min. A patient's GFR is 125 al/min and his plasma glucose is 4 mg/ml.The patient's urine flow rate is 2 ml/min and the concentration of glucose in his urine is 60 mg/ml.Which of the following statements
精品课程生理学习题库 Urinary System Instructions: Select the single best answer to the numbered question. Glomerular Filtration Question # 1 Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration is NOT true? A. The endothelium of the glomerular capillary is an important barrier to the passage of plasma proteins. B. The glomerular basement membrane prevents the filtration of large plasma proteins. C. The filtration slits between the podocytes help to retard the filtration of plasma proteins. D. About 7 grams of albumin are filtered daily and reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. E. Reducing the net negative charge on the components of the glomerular barrier will result in increased filtration of plasma proteins. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 2 Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration is NOT true? A. The hydrostatic pressure drop across the glomerular capillary bed is small. B. The oncotic pressure in capillary blood increases as blood flows through the glomerular capillary. C. Increasing glomerular blood flow tends to increase glomerular filtration rate. D. The filtration coefficient (Kf) of the glomerular capillaries is similar to that of most other capillary beds. E. Contraction of mesangial cells may decrease the GFR by reducing Kf. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 3 A patient's GFR as measured from the inulin clearance is 125 ml/min. The patient's plasma creatinine is 0.01 mg/ml. The patient's urine flow rate is 1 ml/min and the concentration of creatinine in her urine is 1.35 mg/ml. Which of the following statements is not true? A. The rate of filtration of creatinine is 1.25 mg/min B. The clearance of creatinine is 125 ml/min. C. The net rate of secretion of creatinine by the tubules is 0.1 mg/min. D. The rate of creatinine excretion is 1.35 mg/min. E. If the patient's plasma creatinine is in the steady state, the net rate of creatinine release from muscle and other cells is 1.35 mg/min. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 4 A patient's GFR is 125 ml/min and his plasma glucose is 4 mg/ml. The patient's urine flow rate is 2 ml/min and the concentration of glucose in his urine is 60 mg/ml. Which of the following statements
is nat true? A The rate at which glucose is filtered at the glomerulus is 500ng/min B.The rate at which glucose is excreted is 120 mg/min. C.The net rate of tubular reabsorption of glucose is 380 mg/min. D.The highest plasma level for which all the filtered glucose could be reabsorbed is 2.5 ag/ml. E.The renal function of this patient,so far as glucose is concerned,is nornal. Question #5 Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration is NOT correct? A.The basal lamina (basement membrane)of the glonerular capillaries is the nost important barrier to passage of plasna proteins. B.If myoglobin is present in plasaa.much of it will be filtered at the glomerulus. The filtration fraction is defined as GFR/RPF and it is normlly between 0.15 and 0.20 E.A disease that diminished the density of negative sialic acid moieties in the glomerular filtration barrier would result in greater filtration of plasna proteins. Question#6 Which of the stateaents about glomerular filtration is NOT correct? A.The net filtration pressure in glomerular capillaries is not mch different from that in other capillaries,but the filtration coefficient of the glomerulus is much greater than that of a typical capillary bed. B.If the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary blood is 40 mm Hg.the capillary oncotic pressure is 25m and the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space is 15m Hg.then the net filtratior pressure is zero. C.Increasing renal blood flow will increase GFR,because when blood flow is increased the hydrostatic pressure decrease from the arterial end of the glonerular capillary to the venous end will be less. D.Contraction of mesangial cells can decrease GFR by diminishing Kf (the filtration coefficient). E Dilation of the efferent arteriole should increase RPF,but should decrease GFR. Question#7 Which of the following statements about the use of clearance methods to estimate GFR is NOT correct? A.If 15%of the blood flow to a diseased kidney did not flow through the glomeruli,then the clearance of inulin would underestimate the true GFR by about 15%. B.Creatinine clearance overestimtes the GFR slightly due to secretion of creatinine in the proximl C.If an individual with renal disease has a plasma creatinine of 3 mg/dl (1 ng/dl is normal),then that person's GFR is about 1/3 of the normal GFR. D.If a substance is freely filtered at the glomerulus and is secreted and reabsorbed to the same extent (rate of secretion =rate of reabsorption),then its clearance would be a good estimate of GFR. E.If a70 kg person has a norml GFR and a plas. creatinine/dl,then ha individual is expected to excrete creatinine at a rate of 1.25 mg/min.regardless of the urine flow rate
is not true? A. The rate at which glucose is filtered at the glomerulus is 500 mg/min. B. The rate at which glucose is excreted is 120 mg/min. C. The net rate of tubular reabsorption of glucose is 380 mg/min. D. The highest plasma level for which all the filtered glucose could be reabsorbed is 2.5 mg/ml. E. The renal function of this patient, so far as glucose is concerned, is normal. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 5 Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration is NOT correct? A. The basal lamina (basement membrane) of the glomerular capillaries is the most important barrier to passage of plasma proteins. B. If myoglobin is present in plasma, much of it will be filtered at the glomerulus. C. Essentially no serum albumin is filtered, thus its daily filtered load is close to zero. D. The filtration fraction is defined as GFR/RPF and it is normally between 0.15 and 0.20. E. A disease that diminished the density of negative sialic acid moieties in the glomerular filtration barrier would result in greater filtration of plasma proteins. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 6 Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration is NOT correct? A. The net filtration pressure in glomerular capillaries is not much different from that in other capillaries, but the filtration coefficient of the glomerulus is much greater than that of a typical capillary bed. B. If the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary blood is 40 mm Hg, the capillary oncotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space is 15 mm Hg, then the net filtration pressure is zero. C. Increasing renal blood flow will increase GFR , because when blood flow is increased the hydrostatic pressure decrease from the arterial end of the glomerular capillary to the venous end will be less. D. Contraction of mesangial cells can decrease GFR by diminishing Kf (the filtration coefficient). E. Dilation of the efferent arteriole should increase RPF, but should decrease GFR. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 7 Which of the following statements about the use of clearance methods to estimate GFR is NOT correct? A. If 15% of the blood flow to a diseased kidney did not flow through the glomeruli, then the clearance of inulin would underestimate the true GFR by about 15%. B. Creatinine clearance overestimates the GFR slightly due to secretion of creatinine in the proximal tubule. C. If an individual with renal disease has a plasma creatinine of 3 mg/dl (1 mg/dl is normal), then that person's GFR is about 1/3 of the normal GFR. D. If a substance is freely filtered at the glomerulus and is secreted and reabsorbed to the same extent (rate of secretion = rate of reabsorption), then its clearance would be a good estimate of GFR. E. If a 70 kg person has a normal GFR and a plasma creatinine of 1 mg/dl, then that individual is expected to excrete creatinine at a rate of 1.25 mg/min, regardless of the urine flow rate
Question#8 In a normal 70 kg human,we simultaneously measure the plasma levels of inulin and creatinine,the concentrations of inulin and creatinine in the urine,and the urine flow rate.Which of the following statements is NOT true? A.The clearance of inulin will be about 125 ml/min. B.The U/P ratio for inulin will be slightly less than the U/P for creatinine. C.The GFR estimted from the creatinine clearance il be a slight overestimte of the actual GFR. D.The clearance of creatininevill be slightly greate than the clearance of inulin E.We don't have enough information to estimate the net rate of creatinine absorption or secretion by the tubules. Question#9 hich of the following statements about glomerular filtration is MOT true? A As blood flows through the gloerlar capillaries,its hydrostatic pressure drops relatively little out the plasma oncotic pressure rises significantly. B.Anions are preferentially filtered over cations. C.The glonerular basement membrane and rectangtular pores or slits in the membrane that bridges the esses of the podocytes may constitute the limiting barrier to large lecules E.A small fraction of plasma protein is filtered into Bowman's Space. Question #10 A person has a urine flow rate of 1 ml/nin:plasma inulin =8.33 mg/100ml:plasma creatinine =2 mg/100ml rine inulin-10g/:urine creatinine2.6ng/ml.Which of the following statements is not true? The imlin clearance B.The creatinine clearance is 130 ml/min. C.The rate of creatinine secretion is 0.I mg/min. D.The creatinine clearance overestinates the GFR by about 8.3% E The U/P ratio for creatinine is greater than that for inulin. Question#11 Which of the following statements about the renal handling of creatinine and inulin is NOT true? A.In humans,creatinine clearance is always greater than inulin clearance. B.The inulin clearance of a 50 kg person should be about 90 ml/min. C.Creatinine clearance in D.Ina person with reduced GFR due togloerular disease,but nor tubular function,creatinine clearance will overestimate GFR by a smaller fraction than in a normal individual. E The rate of creatinine secretion can be computed as the rate of creatinine excretion minus the filtered load of creatinine
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 8 In a normal 70 kg human, we simultaneously measure the plasma levels of inulin and creatinine, the concentrations of inulin and creatinine in the urine, and the urine flow rate. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. The clearance of inulin will be about 125 ml/min. B. The U/P ratio for inulin will be slightly less than the U/P for creatinine. C. The GFR estimated from the creatinine clearance will be a slight overestimate of the actual GFR. D. The clearance of creatinine will be slightly greater than the clearance of inulin. E. We don't have enough information to estimate the net rate of creatinine absorption or secretion by the tubules. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 9 Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration is NOT true? A. As blood flows through the glomerular capillaries, its hydrostatic pressure drops relatively little, but the plasma oncotic pressure rises significantly. B. Anions are preferentially filtered over cations. C. The glomerular basement membrane and rectangtular pores or slits in the membrane that bridges the processes of the podocytes may constitute the limiting barrier to large molecules. D. At low renal blood flow rates, glomerular filtration rate may drop. E. A small fraction of plasma protein is filtered into Bowman's Space. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 10 A person has a urine flow rate of 1 ml/min; plasma inulin = 8.33 mg/100ml; plasma creatinine = 2 mg/100ml; urine inulin = 10 mg/ml; urine creatinine = 2.6 mg/ml. Which of the following statements is not true? A. The inulin clearance is 120 ml/min. B. The creatinine clearance is 130 ml/min. C. The rate of creatinine secretion is 0.1 mg/min. D. The creatinine clearance overestimates the GFR by about 8.3% E. The U/P ratio for creatinine is greater than that for inulin. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 11 Which of the following statements about the renal handling of creatinine and inulin is NOT true? A. In humans, creatinine clearance is always greater than inulin clearance. B. The inulin clearance of a 50 kg person should be about 90 ml/min. C. Creatinine clearance in normal humans overestimates GFR by about 10%. D. In a person with reduced GFR due to glomerular disease, but normal tubular function, creatinine clearance will overestimate GFR by a smaller fraction than in a normal individual. E. The rate of creatinine secretion can be computed as the rate of creatinine excretion minus the filtered load of creatinine --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question#12 Which of the following statenents about glomerular filtration is Not true? A.The capillary filtration coefficient of capillaries is50 greater than tha of most other capillary beds. B.The net filtration pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary minus the hydrostatic pressure in Bowranis space. C.Increasing plasma flow rate in a glomerulus should tends to increase the overall rate of glomerular filtration in that glomerulus. D.The net filtration pressure at the end of the glomerular capillary bed closest to the afferent arteriole is about 10 am Hg. E.The net filtration pressure diminishes as blood flows along the glomerular capillaries. Question #13 ich of the following stateents about control of GFR is NOT true? A.An increase in the GFR in a particular nephron tends to increase the amount of salt and water reabsorbed from the proximal tubule of the sane nephron. B.The phenonenon described in A is partly due to decreased oncotic pressure and increased hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries of a nephron ith increased GFR. 、 sed flo rate in the macula densa of a nephron brings about diainished GFR in the gloerulus of the same nephron. D.Contraction of mesangial cells may reduce GFR. E.Renal disease may involve increased or decreased glomerular capillary permeability to macromolecules. Answer: LA2.D3.B4D5.C6.C7.A8.E9.B10.C 11.D12.B13.B Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance Question Which of the olloing stateaents about therole of the kidney in acid-base balance is NOT true? A.About 50 to 100 mmole of H+are excreted each day. B.Renal compensation for an imbalance of the bodyas acid-base status is complete in approximately 6 hours. C.Phosphate and ammonia are the mjor buffers of H+in urine. In an plasma the kidney reabsorbs essentially all filtered bicabonate. E.The kidney is responsible for net production of bicarbonate,which helps to compensate for depletion of bicarbonate stores due to respiratory loss of 2. Question#2
Question # 12 Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration is NOT true? A. The capillary filtration coefficient of glomerular capillaries is 50 to 100 times greater than that of most other capillary beds. B. The net filtration pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary minus the hydrostatic pressure in Bowmanís space. C. Increasing plasma flow rate in a glomerulus should tends to increase the overall rate of glomerular filtration in that glomerulus. D. The net filtration pressure at the end of the glomerular capillary bed closest to the afferent arteriole is about 10 mm Hg. E. The net filtration pressure diminishes as blood flows along the glomerular capillaries. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 13 Which of the following statements about control of GFR is NOT true? A. An increase in the GFR in a particular nephron tends to increase the amount of salt and water reabsorbed from the proximal tubule of the same nephron. B. The phenomenon described in A is partly due to decreased oncotic pressure and increased hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries of a nephron with increased GFR. C. Increased flow rate in the macula densa of a nephron brings about diminished GFR in the glomerulus of the same nephron. D. Contraction of mesangial cells may reduce GFR. E. Renal disease may involve increased or decreased glomerular capillary permeability to macromolecules. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Answer： 1.A 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.E 9.B 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.B Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance Question # 1 Which of the following statements about the role of the kidney in acid-base balance is NOT true? A. About 50 to 100 mmole of H+ are excreted each day. B. Renal compensation for an imbalance of the bodyas acid-base status is complete in approximately 6 hours. C. Phosphate and ammonia are the major buffers of H+ in urine. D. In an individual with normal plasma pH, the kidney reabsorbs essentially all filtered bicarbonate. E. The kidney is responsible for net production of bicarbonate, which helps to compensate for depletion of bicarbonate stores due to respiratory loss of CO2. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 2
Which of the following statements about the role of the kidney in acid-base balance is NOT true? A Systemic acidosis promotes increased Ht secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption. B.The titratable acidity of the ine isde by phosphat C.The capacity of the kidney to metabolize glutamine to amoniun and bicarbonate increases in response to acidosis. D.The lower the pH of the fluid in the collecting duct,the greater its concentration of NH3 relative to the [NH3]in the medullary interstitium.This is called diffusional trapping of NH3. E The ainimum pH of urine is about 4. Question#3 Which of the following statements about the role of the kidney in acid-base balance is NOT correct? A In order to naintain homeostasis the net excretion of H+by the kidney must be very close to the net netabolic production of nonvolatile acid. B.Inan individual innormalacid-base balanc greater than9of ftered bicarbonate is reabsorbed. C.that is secreted by the nephron accomplishes two things:reabsorption of bicarbonate and net excretion of H+. D.The amount of H+secreted in order to reabsorb bicarbonate is approximately equal to the net H+ excretion in the urine E.In an alkalotic individual a significant anount of bicarbonate is excreted in the urine Question Which of the following statements about the role of the kidney in acid-base balance is NOT correct? A.The thick ascending lirb,by virtue of its high metabolic activity,is the ma jor site of production of NH4+from glutamine. B.is reab a the thic ding limb C.N4+excretion will be enhanced,in a matter of hours,in an acidotic individual,due to increased diffusion trapping in the lower pH urine. D.The kidney produces "new"bicarbonate,the reabsorption of which helps to maintain the body's store of bicarbonate for buffering. Over several days.the kidney increases the levels of the enyes that Question年5 Which of the following statenents about acid-base balance is NOT true? A.Metabolically produced H+is first buffered in the extracellular fluid,predominantly by bicarbonate B.As a consequence of buffering carbon dioxide is blom off in the lungs.This reduces the total entration of bicarbonate in the C.The kidney reabsorbs more than 99%of filtered bicarbonate. D.H+secretion at the brush border membrane is responsible for reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate. E.Excretion of each NH4+ion in the urine represents the secretion of one H+,but has no effect on the bicarbonate stores in the extracellular fluid
Which of the following statements about the role of the kidney in acid-base balance is NOT true? A. Systemic acidosis promotes increased H+ secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption. B. The titratable acidity of the urine is due mostly to H+ buffered by phosphate. C. The capacity of the kidney to metabolize glutamine to ammonium and bicarbonate increases in response to acidosis. D. The lower the pH of the fluid in the collecting duct, the greater its concentration of NH3 relative to the [NH3] in the medullary interstitium. This is called diffusional trapping of NH3. E. The minimum pH of urine is about 4. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 3 Which of the following statements about the role of the kidney in acid-base balance is NOT correct? A. In order to maintain homeostasis the net excretion of H+ by the kidney must be very close to the net metabolic production of nonvolatile acid. B. In an individual in normal acid-base balance, greater than 99.5% of filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed. C. H+ that is secreted by the nephron accomplishes two things: reabsorption of bicarbonate and net excretion of H+. D. The amount of H+ secreted in order to reabsorb bicarbonate is approximately equal to the net H+ excretion in the urine. E. In an alkalotic individual a significant amount of bicarbonate is excreted in the urine. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 4 Which of the following statements about the role of the kidney in acid-base balance is NOT correct? A. The thick ascending limb, by virtue of its high metabolic activity, is the major site of production of NH4+ from glutamine. B. NH4+ is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb. C. NH4+ excretion will be enhanced, in a matter of hours, in an acidotic individual, due to increased diffusion trapping in the lower pH urine. D. The kidney produces "new" bicarbonate, the reabsorption of which helps to maintain the body's store of bicarbonate for buffering. E. Over several days, the kidney increases the levels of the enzymes that catabolize glutamine to NH4+. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 5 Which of the following statements about acid-base balance is NOT true? A. Metabolically produced H+ is first buffered in the extracellular fluid, predominantly by bicarbonate. B. As a consequence of buffering H+, carbon dioxide is blown off in the lungs. This reduces the total concentration of bicarbonate in the extracellular fluid. C. The kidney reabsorbs more than 99% of filtered bicarbonate. D. H+ secretion at the brush border membrane is responsible for reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate. E. Excretion of each NH4+ ion in the urine represents the secretion of one H+, but has no effect on the bicarbonate stores in the extracellular fluid. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question#6 Which of the following statenents about acid-base balance is nor true? A Titratable acid rep to certain buffers,notably phosphate and N4 in the B.Titratable acidity is estimted by determining the amount of strong base that mst be added toa known volune of urine to bring the pli to 7.4. C.NH4+in urine derives largely from NH4+produced in renal tubular epithelial cells,largely from motabolisn of olutamine D.The amount of NH4+excreted in urine increases in acidosis. E secretion by tubular epithelial cells plays a central role in foreation of titratable acidity and in NH4+excretion. Question 7 Which of the following factors does NOT increase bicarbonate reabsorption? B.Systemic acidosis. C.Increase in glomerular filtration rate. D.Decrease in plasma aldosterone levels. On astandard western diet,an individual produces 50-100of nonvolatile acids.Therefore,inorde to stay in acid-base balance the kidney needs to perform the following essential functions EXCEPT: A.Reabsorb nearly all of the filtered bicarbonate. B.Generate new bicarbonate by excreting hydrogen ions with urinary buffers. C.Reabsorb ammonium so that amonium delivered to the liver can be converted into bicarbonate D.Extract glutamine from the systemic circulation in order to generate amonius Question #9 Which of the the following statements about ammonium production IS true during metabolic acidosis? A.Anmoniun is synthesized by collecting duct cells. BAmonium is synthesized and its excretion is regulated by systemic C.Because the filtered load phosphate is the ost important urinary buffer during metabolic acidosis D.Ammoniun production decreases in response to systemic acidosis. n B2.D3.D4.A5.E6.A7.D8.C9. Tubular Function Question 1
Question # 6 Which of the following statements about acid-base balance is NOT true? A. Titratable acid represents H+ bound to certain buffers, notably phosphate and NH4+, in the urine. B. Titratable acidity is estimated by determining the amount of strong base that must be added to a known volume of urine to bring the pH to 7.4. C. NH4+ in urine derives largely from NH4+ produced in renal tubular epithelial cells, largely from metabolism of glutamine. D. The amount of NH4+ excreted in urine increases in acidosis. E. H+ secretion by tubular epithelial cells plays a central role in formation of titratable acidity and in NH4+ excretion. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 7 Which of the following factors does NOT increase bicarbonate reabsorption? A. Extracellular volume depletion. B. Systemic acidosis. C. Increase in glomerular filtration rate. D. Decrease in plasma aldosterone levels. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 8 On a standard western diet, an individual produces 50-100 mEq of nonvolatile acids. Therefore, in order to stay in acid-base balance the kidney needs to perform the following essential functions EXCEPT: A. Reabsorb nearly all of the filtered bicarbonate. B. Generate new bicarbonate by excreting hydrogen ions with urinary buffers. C. Reabsorb ammonium so that ammonium delivered to the liver can be converted into bicarbonate. D. Extract glutamine from the systemic circulation in order to generate ammonium. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 9 Which of the the following statements about ammonium production IS true during metabolic acidosis? A. Ammonium is synthesized by collecting duct cells. B. Ammonium is synthesized and its excretion is regulated by systemic pH. C. Because the filtered load of ammonium, urinary phosphate is the most important urinary buffer during metabolic acidosis. D. Ammonium production decreases in response to systemic acidosis. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Answer： 1.B 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.E 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.B Tubular Function Question # 1
Which of the following statements about the proximal tubule is NOT true? A About two-thirds of filtered water and Nacl are reabsorbed there B.st of the iterd reabsobed there. C.Several organic acids and bases are secreted by the second half of the proxiaal tubule. D.Carbonic anhydrase aids in the reabsorption of filtered chloride and bicarbonate. E.Significant flux of water and ions occurs via the paracellular pathway. Question #2 Which of the following statements about the thick ascendingi(TAL)is NOT true? A.The Na,K.2C1 transporter in the luminal membrane plays a central role in active reabsorption of NaCl. B.The TAL is the first place in the nephron where fluid becones hypotonic to plasna. C.The Na.K-AIPase is the only primary active transporter. D.Significant reabsorption of bicarbonate occurs E The epithelium is highly impermeable to water,but significantly permeable to Nacl Question #3 Which of the following statements about the distal tubule and collecting duct is NOT true? A.In the first part of the distal tubule Nacl is reabsorbed and the fluid can approach 100 milliosmoles/liter B.The water permeability of the first part of the distal tubule is regulated by ADH C.Principal cells can secrete K+. D.Intercalated cells secrete H+and actively take up K+. E.Osmolarity at beginning of the collecting duct varies from hypo-to isotonic relative to plasma Question Which of the following statements about the proximal tubular transport processes is NOT correct? A.About 2/3 of water and NaCl filtered are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. B.In the first part of the proximal tubule the amounts of bicarbonate and Cl-reabsorbed are roughly eoual C.Secretion of organic anions and cations occurs ostly in the second part of the proximal tubule D.The Na/exchanger in the luminal mmbrane plays a central role in the reabsorption of bicarbonate E.The reabsorption of glucose and amino acids promotes the reabsorption of Nacl and water in the firs part of the proximal tubule. Which of the following about ion transport processes in the kidney is NOT correct? A.In the thick ascending limb (TAL)the active reabsorption of cl-is mediated by the combined actio of Na/K/2CI transporters in the luminal membrane and electrogenic Cl-channels in the basolateral meubrane】 B.Loop diuretics block the basolateral Cl-channels in the TAL. C.In the late distal tubule and the colleting duct there are two different cell types with differen
Which of the following statements about the proximal tubule is NOT true? A. About two-thirds of filtered water and NaCl are reabsorbed there. B. Most of the filtered bicarbonate is reabsobed there. C. Several organic acids and bases are secreted by the second half of the proximal tubule. D. Carbonic anhydrase aids in the reabsorption of filtered chloride and bicarbonate. E. Significant flux of water and ions occurs via the paracellular pathway. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 2 Which of the following statements about the thick ascending limb (TAL) is NOT true? A. The Na,K,2Cl transporter in the luminal membrane plays a central role in active reabsorption of NaCl. B. The TAL is the first place in the nephron where fluid becomes hypotonic to plasma. C. The Na,K-ATPase is the only primary active transporter. D. Significant reabsorption of bicarbonate occurs. E. The epithelium is highly impermeable to water, but significantly permeable to NaCl. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 3 Which of the following statements about the distal tubule and collecting duct is NOT true? A. In the first part of the distal tubule NaCl is reabsorbed and the fluid can approach 100 milliosmoles/liter. B. The water permeability of the first part of the distal tubule is regulated by ADH. C. Principal cells can secrete K+. D. Intercalated cells secrete H+ and actively take up K+. E. Osmolarity at beginning of the collecting duct varies from hypo- to isotonic relative to plasma. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 4 Which of the following statements about the proximal tubular transport processes is NOT correct? A. About 2/3 of water and NaCl filtered are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. B. In the first part of the proximal tubule the amounts of bicarbonate and Cl- reabsorbed are roughly equal. C. Secretion of organic anions and cations occurs mostly in the second part of the proximal tubule. D. The Na/H exchanger in the luminal membrane plays a central role in the reabsorption of bicarbonate. E. The reabsorption of glucose and amino acids promotes the reabsorption of NaCl and water in the first part of the proximal tubule. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 5 Which of the following statements about ion transport processes in the kidney is NOT correct? A. In the thick ascending limb (TAL) the active reabsorption of Cl- is mediated by the combined action of Na/K/2Cl transporters in the luminal membrane and electrogenic Cl- channels in the basolateral membrane. B. Loop diuretics block the basolateral Cl- channels in the TAL. C. In the late distal tubule and the collecting duct there are two different cell types with different
transport processes:principal cells and intercalated cells. D.Intercalated cells secrete into the lumen and play an in acid-base balance. E.The late distal tubule and collecting duct can either secrete K+or reabsorb K+in the net sense Question 6 Which of the following statements about renal handling of glucose in a 70 kg person with normal GFR is NOT correct? A.The kidney does not participate in regulating the normal plasm glucose level. B.If plasna glucose is 1g/l,the filtered load of glucose is about 80g/min C.If we administer a drug that completely blocks glucose reabsorption,then at a plasma glucose of 1 mg/ml,glucose clearance would be about 125 ml/min. D.If glucose begins to appear in the urine at a plasna glucose of 3.5 ag/nl,then the Tm for glucose is about 440 mg/min. If the plasma glucose is 4 mg/ml and the Tm is 440ng/ain,then the glucose clearance is 15al/min Question 7 Which of the following statements about reabsorption in the proximal tubule is NOT true? A.Gradient-time behavior is characteristic of solutes with high passive permeability. B.Parathyroid horoe decreases the Tm fo phosphat ptio C.In the presence of parathyroid hormone,the plasma level of phosphate tends to decrease. D.In gout,the Tm for uric acid reabsorption is increased. E.The rate of uric acid (ura)reabsorption is equal to (Uura V)-GFR. Question#8 Which of the following statements about the renal handling of para-amino hippuric acid (PAR)is NOT true? A.The clearance of PAH is a slight over-estimate of renal plasma flow. B.The true rate of renal plasma flow is equal to UpahV divided by the arteriovenous PAH concentration difference C.For any substance subject to net secretion,e can,in principle,estimate renal plasa flo from Uxy divided by the A-y concentration difference for x across the kidney. D.The rate of PAH secretion can be estimated from:Upahy-CinulinPpah,where C denotes clearance. E.PAH in blood flowing in the vasa recta does not have all the PAH from it secreted into the urine. Question# Which of the following statements about the handling of ions and water in the proximal tubule is NOT true A.The amount of Na+reabsorbed is proportional to the GFR. B.Normally about 2/3 of the Na+filtered is reabsorbed. C.The fraction of ered Na+reabsorbed is. D.The fraction of filtered Nareab ored is appreciably smaller than the fraction of Cl-reabso
transport processes: principal cells and intercalated cells. D. Intercalated cells secrete H+ into the lumen and play an important role in acid-base balance. E. The late distal tubule and collecting duct can either secrete K+ or reabsorb K+ in the net sense. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 6 Which of the following statements about renal handling of glucose in a 70 kg person with normal GFR is NOT correct? A. The kidney does not participate in regulating the normal plasma glucose level. B. If plasma glucose is 1 mg/ml, the filtered load of glucose is about 80 mg/min. C. If we administer a drug that completely blocks glucose reabsorption, then at a plasma glucose of 1 mg/ml, glucose clearance would be about 125 ml/min. D. If glucose begins to appear in the urine at a plasma glucose of 3.5 mg/ml, then the Tm for glucose is about 440 mg/min. E. If the plasma glucose is 4 mg/ml and the Tm is 440 mg/min, then the glucose clearance is 15 ml/min. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 7 Which of the following statements about reabsorption in the proximal tubule is NOT true? A. Gradient-time behavior is characteristic of solutes with high passive permeability. B. Parathyroid hormone decreases the Tm for phosphate reabsorption. C. In the presence of parathyroid hormone, the plasma level of phosphate tends to decrease. D. In gout, the Tm for uric acid reabsorption is increased. E. The rate of uric acid (ura) reabsorption is equal to (Uura V) - GFR. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 8 Which of the following statements about the renal handling of para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) is NOT true? A. The clearance of PAH is a slight over-estimate of renal plasma flow. B. The true rate of renal plasma flow is equal to UpahV divided by the arteriovenous PAH concentration difference. C. For any substance (x) subject to net secretion, we can, in principle, estimate renal plasma flow from UxV divided by the A-V concentration difference for x across the kidney. D. The rate of PAH secretion can be estimated from: UpahV - CinulinPpah, where C denotes clearance. E. PAH in blood flowing in the vasa recta does not have all the PAH from it secreted into the urine. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 9 Which of the following statements about the handling of ions and water in the proximal tubule is NOT true? A. The amount of Na+ reabsorbed is proportional to the GFR. B. Normally about 2/3 of the Na+ filtered is reabsorbed. C. The fraction of filtered Na+ reabsorbed is normally close to the fraction of filtered water reabsorbed. D. The fraction of filtered Na+ reabsorbed is appreciably smaller than the fraction of Cl- reabsorbed
E In the presence of an ospotic diuretic the fraction of filtered Na+reabsorbed is greater than the fraction of filtered vater reabsorbed. Question#10 A patient has GFR=120 ml/min and urine flow of 1 al/min.The plasma [K+]=4.5 nM and urine [K+]= 50 mM.The plasma [Na+]140 mM and urine [Na+]=75 mM. A The clearance of K+is 11.1 l/ain B.The net rate of K+secretion is 0.49 mmole/min C.The clearanc of Nat is 0.536 ml/i D.The rate of Na+reabsorption is 16.73 mmole/min. E.The fraction of filtered Na+being excreted is 0.004. Question #11 In an individual whose plasma [glucose]/mhich of the following statements about renal handling of glucose is NOT true A Splay in the threshold value of plasma glucose at which glucose first appears in the urine is due to the fact that not all blood perfusing the kidney supplies the proximal tubules. B.The Tn for glucose in a normal individual is about 3 tines greater than the filtered load of glucose C.The Tm for glucose is normally about 375 mg/min. function.The threshold plasma glucose concentration for the appearance of glucose in the urine of this patient will be about 3.75 mg/ml. E.In a normal individual the kidney does not play a role in regulatory mechanisms that maintain plasma glucose levels within range. Question#12 Which of the following statements about the function of the proximal tubules is NOT true? A.About 2/3 of filtered Na+,CI-,K+,and water is typically reabsorbed in the proximal tubule B.Acidification of the luminal fluid,via the Na+/H+exchanger,is responsible for much of the reabsorption of bicarbonate that occurs in the first half of the proximal tubule. C.The first half the proximal tubule is the site of the ost active reabsorption of glucose and amin acids D.The greatest fraction of Cl-reabsorption occurs in first half of the proxinal tubule. E.Carbonic anhydrase on the luminal surface of the brush border of the early proximal tubule plays an important role in bicarbonate reabsorption. Question#13 Which of the following statements about tubular function is NOT true? A In a person in neutral fluid balance,there is net reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule the distal tubule,the loop of Henle,and the collecting duct. B.In the thick ascending limb (TAL).Nat,CI-and certain other ions are reabsorbed
E. In the presence of an osmotic diuretic the fraction of filtered Na+ reabsorbed is greater than the fraction of filtered water reabsorbed. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 10 A patient has GFR = 120 ml/min and urine flow of 1 ml/min. The plasma [K+] = 4.5 mM and urine [K+] = 50 mM. The plasma [Na+] = 140 mM and urine [Na+] = 75 mM. A. The clearance of K+ is 11.1 ml/min. B. The net rate of K+ secretion is 0.49 mmole/min. C. The clearance of Na+ is 0.536 ml/min. D. The rate of Na+ reabsorption is 16.73 mmole/min. E. The fraction of filtered Na+ being excreted is 0.004. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 11 In an individual whose plasma [glucose] is 1 mg/ml, which of the following statements about renal handling of glucose is NOT true? A. Splay in the threshold value of plasma glucose at which glucose first appears in the urine is due to the fact that not all blood perfusing the kidney supplies the proximal tubules. B. The Tm for glucose in a normal individual is about 3 times greater than the filtered load of glucose. C. The Tm for glucose is normally about 375 mg/min. D. A patient with renal disease has a GFR that is reduced by 20% from normal, but has normal tubular function. The threshold plasma glucose concentration for the appearance of glucose in the urine of this patient will be about 3.75 mg/ml. E. In a normal individual the kidney does not play a role in regulatory mechanisms that maintain plasma glucose levels within the normal range. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 12 Which of the following statements about the function of the proximal tubules is NOT true? A. About 2/3 of filtered Na+, Cl-, K+, and water is typically reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. B. Acidification of the luminal fluid, via the Na+/H+ exchanger, is responsible for much of the reabsorption of bicarbonate that occurs in the first half of the proximal tubule. C. The first half the proximal tubule is the site of the most active reabsorption of glucose and amino acids. D. The greatest fraction of Cl- reabsorption occurs in first half of the proximal tubule. E. Carbonic anhydrase on the luminal surface of the brush border of the early proximal tubule plays an important role in bicarbonate reabsorption. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 13 Which of the following statements about tubular function is NOT true? A. In a person in neutral fluid balance, there is net reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule, the distal tubule, the loop of Henle, and the collecting duct. B. In the thick ascending limb (TAL), Na+, Cl- and certain other ions are reabsorbed
C.Tubular fluid at the beginning of the distal tubule fluid is typically isotonic to plasaa. D.Partly due tothe presence f K+-ATPase in the luminal plasm rae,intercalated ce reabsor K+and secrete H+ E.Reabsorption of Na+and Cl-occurs in the collecting ducts. Answer: 1.D2.E3.B4.B5.B6.B7.E8.A9.D10.B 11.A12.D13.c Renal Blood Flow Question 1 Which of the following statements ahout autoregulation of renal blood flow and GFR is NOT true? A Both renal blood flow and GFR tend to remain constant in the face of changes in mean arterial pressure from 90 to 180 mm Hg B.The myogenic mechanism contributes to autoregulation. C.The renal nerves play an important role in autoregulation. D.Tubuloglonerular feedback involving the juxtaglomerular apparatus brings about decreased renal blood flow and decreased GFR in response to an increased rate of fluid flow in the mcula densa. Th echanis depe s on th the affere teriole in respo to increased pressure and its relaxation in response to decreased arterial pressure. Question 2 Which of the following statements about estimates of renal blood flow is NOT true? A.The clearance of PAl is always an underestimate of the true renal plasma flow. B.The true renal plasma flow is equal to the rate of excretion of PAH divided by the arterio-venous plasna concentration difference for PAll C.Increasing the plasma concentration of PAH vill cause the PAH clearance to be a better estinate of renal plasna flow. D.Renal blood flow is equal to renal plasma flow divided by (1-hematocrit). E.Renal plasma flow in a 70 kg person is about 700 ml/min Question 3 Which of the following statements about regulation of GFR and renal blood flow (RBF)is NOT correct? A.GFR and RBF tend to remain constant despite significant changes in arterial blood pressure. B.The phenomenon described in A is called autoregulation.Autoregulation does not depend on the function the renal sympath etic nerves C.The myogenic mechanism contributes to autoregulation:when the afferent arterioles experience elevated pressure,they contract in response. D.The juxtaglomerular apparatus plays a role in autoregulation:increased delivery of Nacl to the macula densa leads to relaxation of the afferent arteriole. E Constriction of the efferent arteriole is expected to increase GFR and to decrease RBF
C. Tubular fluid at the beginning of the distal tubule fluid is typically isotonic to plasma. D. Partly due to the presence of H+,K+-ATPase in the luminal plasma membrane, intercalated cells reabsorb K+ and secrete H+. E. Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- occurs in the collecting ducts. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Answer： 1.D 2.E 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.E 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.A 12.D 13.C Renal Blood Flow Question # 1 Which of the following statements about autoregulation of renal blood flow and GFR is NOT true? A. Both renal blood flow and GFR tend to remain constant in the face of changes in mean arterial pressure from 90 to 180 mm Hg. B. The myogenic mechanism contributes to autoregulation. C. The renal nerves play an important role in autoregulation. D. Tubuloglomerular feedback involving the juxtaglomerular apparatus brings about decreased renal blood flow and decreased GFR in response to an increased rate of fluid flow in the macula densa. E. The myogenic mechanism depends on the contraction of the afferent arteriole in response to increased pressure and its relaxation in response to decreased arterial pressure. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 2 Which of the following statements about estimates of renal blood flow is NOT true? A. The clearance of PAH is always an underestimate of the true renal plasma flow. B. The true renal plasma flow is equal to the rate of excretion of PAH divided by the arterio-venous plasma concentration difference for PAH. C. Increasing the plasma concentration of PAH will cause the PAH clearance to be a better estimate of renal plasma flow. D. Renal blood flow is equal to renal plasma flow divided by (1-hematocrit). E. Renal plasma flow in a 70 kg person is about 700 ml/min. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question # 3 Which of the following statements about regulation of GFR and renal blood flow (RBF) is NOT correct? A. GFR and RBF tend to remain constant despite significant changes in arterial blood pressure. B. The phenomenon described in A is called autoregulation. Autoregulation does not depend on the function of the renal sympathetic nerves. C. The myogenic mechanism contributes to autoregulation: when the afferent arterioles experience elevated pressure, they contract in response. D. The juxtaglomerular apparatus plays a role in autoregulation: increased delivery of NaCl to the macula densa leads to relaxation of the afferent arteriole. E. Constriction of the efferent arteriole is expected to increase GFR and to decrease RBF