《决胜四级阅读》（英文版） 阅读三

决胜四级-阅读(3) It is hard to get any agreement on the accurate meaning of the term social class". In everyday life people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consid er higher or lower than themselves in the social scale the criteria we use to“ place” a new acquaintance(熟人), however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress, way of speaking, area of residence in a given city or province, education and manners all play a part In Greece, after the sixth century B. C, there was a growing conflict between the peasants and the landed aristocrats(tl, and a gradual decrease in the power of the aristocracy when a kind of middle class"of traders and skilled yorkers grew up. The population of Athens for example, was divided into three main classses which were politically and legally distinct. about one third of the total were slaves, who did not count politically at all, a fact often forgotten by those who praise Athens as the nursery of democracy. The next main group consisted of resident foreigners, the metics", who were freemen, though they two were allowed no share in political life. The third group was the powerful body of "citizens", who were themselves divided into sub classes In the later Middle Ages, however, the development of monetary economy nd th growth of cities and trade led to the rise of another class, the burghers"or city merchants and mayors. These were the predecessors of the modern middle classes. Gradually high office and occupation assumed importance in determining social position, as it became more and more possible for a person born to one station in life to move to another. This change affected the towns more than the country areas, where remnants of feudalism lasted much longer. With the break up of the feudal economy the increasing division of labour, and the growing power of the town burghers (Ae), the commercial and professional middle class became more and more important in Europe, and the older

决胜四级--阅读（3） 1 It is hard to get any agreement on the accurate meaning of the term “social class”. In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consid er higher or lower than themselves in the social scale. The criteria we use to “place” a new acquaintance(熟人), however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress, way of speaking, area of residence in a given city or province, education and manners all play a part. In Greece, after the sixth century B.C., there was a growing conflict between the peasants and the landed aristocrats(贵族), and a gradual decrease in the power of the aristocracy when a kind of “middle class” of traders and skilled workers grew up. The population of Athens, for example, was divided into three main classses which were politically and legally distinct. About one third of the total were slaves, who did not count politically at all, a fact often forgotten by those who praise Athens as the nursery of democracy. The next main group consisted of resident foreigners, the “metics”, who were freemen, though they two were allowed no share in political life. The third group was the powerful body of “citizens”, who were themselves divided into sub classes. In the later Middle Ages, however, the development of monetary economy and the growth of cities and trade led to the rise of another class, the “burghers” or city merchants and mayors. These were the predecessors of the modern middle classes. Gradually high office and occupation assumed importance in determining social position, as it became more and more possible for a person born to one station in life to move to another. This change affected the towns more than the country areas, where remnants of feudalism lasted much longer. With the break up of the feudal economy, the increasing division of labour, and the growing power of the town burghers( 公民), the commercial and professional middle class became more and more important in Europe, and the older

privileged class, the landed aristocracy began to lose some of its power. 1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that A to define the term social class does not involve much difficulty B. there is much alternation in people's social classes C to evaluate a persons social class is a very complex procedure D. we can tell which social class a person belongs to by the way he behaves 2. In Line 5 Paragraph 1," criteria" most probably means A standards of judgement B. ways C. criticism d. characteristic 3. The decline of the greek aristocracy's power in the sixth century B C. was the result of A. the conflicts between the peasants and the landed aristocrats B. the foreign residents C. slaves D. the newly emerging middle class in the sixth century 4. Which of the following statements is NoT TRUE, according to the passage? A slaves in Greece in the sixth century B C. were not politically significant B. The "burghers"of the later Middle ages constituted an entirely new social class C. To some extent social mobility can be attributed to the growth of trade D. The new class made up of traders and executive officials of the later

privileged class, the landed aristocracy, began to lose some of its power. 1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ____. A. to define the term social class does not involve much difficulty B. there is much alternation in people’s social classes C. to evaluate a person’s social class is a very complex procedure D. we can tell which social class a person belongs to by the way he behaves 2. In Line 5 Paragraph 1, “criteria” most probably means ____. A. standards of judgement B. ways C. criticism D. characteristic 3. The decline of the Greek aristocracy’s power in the sixth century B.C. was the result of ____. A. the conflicts between the peasants and the landed aristocrats B. the foreign residents C. slaves D. the newly emerging middle class in the sixth century 4. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE, according to the passage? A. Slaves in Greece in the sixth century B.C. were not politically significant. B. The “burghers” of the later Middle Ages constituted an entirely new social class. C. To some extent, social mobility can be attributed to the growth of trade. D. The new class made up of traders and executive officials of the later

Middle Ages made the development of a money economy possible. 5. The best title of the passage might be A. The Criteria for Classifying Social Groups B. Social classes C Changes in Social System D. The Evolution of Human Society It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience teaches the child something and the effects are cumulative Upbringing"is normally used to refer to the treatment and training of the child within the home this is closely related to the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually distinguished by the term education. In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent. The ideals and practices of child rearing vary from culture to culture In general, the more rural the community the more uniform are the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically developed societies, the period of childhood and adolescence(青春期) tends to be extended over a long time, resulting in more opportunity for education and greater variety in character development Early upbringing in the home is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parents' capabilities and their aims and depends not only on upbringing and education but also on the innate abilities of the child Wide differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children

Middle Ages made the development of a money economy possible. 5. The best title of the passage might be ____. A. The Criteria for Classifying Social Groups B. Social Classes C. Changes in Social System D. The Evolution of Human Society 2 It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience teaches the child something and the effects are cumulative. “Upbringing” is normally used to refer to the treatment and training of the child within the home. This is closely related to the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually distinguished by the term “education”. In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent. The ideals and practices of child rearing vary from culture to culture. In general, the more rural the community, the more uniform are the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically developed societies, the period of childhood and adolescence(青春期) tends to be extended over a long time, resulting in more opportunity for education and greater variety in character development. Early upbringing in the home is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parents’ capabilities and their aims and depends not only on upbringing and education but also on the innate abilities of the child. Wide differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children

of the same family. Intelligent parents, however, realize that the particular setting of each family is unique and there can be no rigid ( R a')general rules. they use general information only as a guide in making decisions and solving problems All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline. The younger the child the more readily the mother gives in to his demands to avoid disappointing him. She knows that if his energies are not given an outlet, her child's continuing development may be warped a child must be allowed to enjoy this "messy "but tactile stage of discovery before he is ready to go on to the less physical pleasures of toys and books Similarly, throughout life, each stage depends on the satisfactory completion of the one before 6. It's a general belief that a childs later character and personality is decided by his early experiences both at home and in school A chiefly B by chance C. entirely D. seldom 7. The word "cumulative" in Line 3 most probably means A decisive B extremely beneficial C strong D. progressively greater 8. It can be seen from the passage that A. the cultural pattern is the single factor that affects a child's upbringing the home B. by no means does the technological development of a community contribute to the development of children s character C. there are advisable rules for parents to go by in bringing up their ch Ildren D. upbringing and education are mutually complementary

of the same family. Intelligent parents, however, realize that the particular setting of each family is unique, and there can be no rigid(严格的) general rules. They use general information only as a guide in making decisions and solving problems. All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline. The younger the child, the more readily the mother gives in to his demands to avoid disappointing him. She knows that if his energies are not given an outlet, her child’s continuing development may be warped. A child must be allowed to enjoy this “messy” but tactile stage of discovery before he is ready to go on to the less physical pleasures of toys and books. Similarly, throughout life, each stage depends on the satisfactory completion of the one before. 6. It’s a general belief that a child’s later character and personality is ____ decided by his early experiences both at home and in school. A. chiefly B. by chance C. entirely D. seldom 7. The word “cumulative” in Line 3 most probably means ____. A. decisive B. extremely beneficial C. strong D. progressively greater 8. It can be seen from the passage that ____. A. the cultural pattern is the single factor that affects a child’s upbringing in the home B. by no means does the technological development of a community contribute to the development of children’s character C. there are advisable rules for parents to go by in bringing up their ch Ildren D. upbringing and education are mutually complementary

9. A child's development might well be adversely affected if A. he were subjected to unusually strict discipline B. his mot her often gave in to his demands C. his energies were freely given an outlet D he were brought up in a hap environment 10.As it is presented in the passage, rather than a smooth progression the development of the human character and personality is a series of A acts B stages C functions D. completions It's often hard for those of us who have achieved the status of honoured parent to appreciate quite how spoilt the children of the 1980s are when it comes to TV and films. Anything less than total visual perfection and watch out for trouble as you shuffle out through the doorway marked"EXIT But we must be firm occasionally, so next time your child observes that, personally he would have expected a decaying body to have had a somewhat greener colour, seize him by the ear and remind him that when you were young, people used to run out of the cInema crying with terror as a cloth covered rubber gorilla sat on top of a cardboard skyscraper and snatched balsawood aeroplanes out of the sky If any one man may be held responsible for this state of affairs then it must be Tony Dyson, creator of R2D2 in the film The Empire Strikes Back If it were not for him, then film special effects would still be back in the far off innocent days of jerky paper dinosaurs. Brian Johnson, who was in charge of the special effects of The Empire Strikes Back ordered not just one but eight editions of the robot which was soon to win the hearts of audiences the world

9. A child’s development might well be adversely affected if ____. A. he were subjected to unusually strict discipline B. his mot her often gave in to his demands C. his energies were freely given an outlet D. he were brought up in a happy environment 10.As it is presented in the passage, rather than a smooth progression the development of the human character and personality is a series of ____. A. acts B. stages C. functions D. completions 3 It’s often hard for those of us who have achieved the status of honoured parent to appreciate quite how spoilt the children of the 1980s are when it comes to TV and films. Anything less than total visual perfection and watch out for trouble as you shuffle out through the doorway marked “EXIT”. But we must be firm occasionally, so next time your child observes that, personally, he would have expected a decaying body to have had a somewhat greener colour, seize him by the ear and remind him that when you were young, people used to run out of the cinema crying with terror as a cloth covered rubber gorilla sat on top of a cardboard skyscraper and snatched balsawood aeroplanes out of the sky. If any one man may be held responsible for this state of affairs then it must be Tony Dyson, creator of R2D2 in the film The Empire Strikes Back . If it were not for him, then film special effects would still be back in the far off innocent days of jerky paper dinosaurs. Brian Johnson, who was in charge of the special effects of The Empire Strikes Back , ordered not just one, but eight editions of the robot which was soon to win the hearts of audiences the world

over as R2D2. It took the Dyson workshop five months of frantic labour but the order was met in time for the start of the shooting of the film After the success of R2D2, other film and television work followed a great deal for the Oxford Scientific Film series of wildlife documentaries. But Tony Dyson has always been an enthusiastic reader of science fiction, ever since childhood, and his old interest soon led him back to robots of one kind or another and this time to robots for advertising purposes. Phil the robot was designed for Philips domestic appliances and this two metre robot has appeared in children's TV programmes, in stores up and down the country at exhibitions as well as in television commercials Tony has now completed work on Harry an animated advertising cartoon with a difference in that he holds conversations with his audiences but his main interest at the moment is the launching of Droid Factory Ltd; a company set up specially to rent out promotional robots to marketing companies 11 Children nowadays are different from their parents in the way that A. they cause trouble in cinemas B. they are more visually aware C. they have perfect eyesight D. they are more easy to spoil 12. The writer suggests that parents should A. encourage their children to see old films B. control their children by twisting their ears C. stand no nonsense from their children scare their children by taking them to horror films 13. The importance of Tony Dyson to the cinema is A. he was the first man to produce special effects B. he changed people's expectations of special effects

over as R2D2. It took the Dyson workshop five months of frantic labour but the order was met in time for the start of the shooting of the film. After the success of R2D2, other film and television work followed; a great deal for the Oxford Scientific Film series of wildlife documentaries. But Tony Dyson has always been an enthusiastic reader of science fiction, ever since childhood, and his old interest soon led him back to robots of one kind or another, and this time to robots for advertising purposes. Phil the robot was designed for Philips domestic appliances and this two metre robot has appeared in children’s TV programmes, in stores up and down the country, at exhibitions as well as in television commercials. Tony has now completed work on Harry, an animated advertising cartoon with a difference in that he holds conversations with his audiences. But his main interest at the moment is the launching of Droid Factory Ltd; a company set up specially to rent out promotional robots to marketing companies. 11.Children nowadays are different from their parents in the way that ____. A. they cause trouble in cinemas B. they are more visually aware C. they have perfect eyesight D. they are more easy to spoil 12.The writer suggests that parents should ____. A. encourage their children to see old films B. control their children by twisting their ears C. stand no nonsense from their children D. scare their children by taking them to horror films 13.The importance of Tony Dyson to the cinema is ____. A. he was the first man to produce special effects B. he changed people’s expectations of special effects

C. he produced models of dinosaurs out of paper he created the film the empire strikes back 14.Dyson invented Phil the robot to A advertise a product B. make appearance on television C be displayed in shops D. appear at exhibitions 15.Nowadays Dyson is mainly interested in A having conversations with robots B appearing in supermarkets C selling promotional robots D. establishing a company In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religi ous associations. The olympian athletic festival, held every four years in honour of Zeus, eventually lost its local character, bacame first a national event, and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been waived, international No one knows exactly how far back the olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B c The Games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many housands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain but events included boys gymnastics, horse racing field events such as discus and javelin throwing, and the very important foot races. There was also boxing and wrestling and special tests of varied ability such as the pentathlon, the winner of which excelled in running, jumping discus and javelin throwing and wrestling The evening of the third day was devoted to sacrificial offerings to the heroes of

C. he produced models of dinosaurs out of paper D. he created the film The Empire Strikes Back 14.Dyson invented Phil the robot to ____. A. advertise a product B. make appearance on television C. be displayed in shops D. appear at exhibitions 15.Nowadays Dyson is mainly interested in ____. A. having conversations with robots B. appearing in supermarkets C. selling promotional robots D. establishing a company 4 In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religi ous associations. The Olympian athletic festival, held every four years in honour of Zeus, eventually lost its local character, bacame first a national event, and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been waived , international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C. The Games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boys’ gymnastics, horse racing, field events such as discus and javelin throwing, and the very important foot races. There was also boxing and wrestling and special tests of varied ability such as the pentathlon, the winner of which excelled in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing and wrestling. The evening of the third day was devoted to sacrificial offerings to the heroes of

the day and the fourth day that of the full moon was set aside as a holy day. On the sixth and last day all the victors were crowned with holy garlands(tE Ji)of wild olive from a sacred wood so great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. The public honour also made the strict discipline of theten month training period worthwhile. In spite of the lengthy training, however runners were known to drop dead from strain at the winning post After an uninterrupted history of almost 1, 200 years, the Games were abolished in A D. 394, the Christian era, because of their pagan abd origin It was over 1, 500 years before there was another such international athletics gathering The Greek institution was revived in 1896 and the first small meeting took place in Athens. After the 1908 London Olympics, success was re established and nations sent their best representatives. In times of peace, the Games have taken place ever since at four yearly intervals. kFK)2 [CSXJ[CSD] 16. The first Olympic Games most probably took place A. in 776B. C. b. in 394 A D C before 776 B.C. D. 1, 500 years ago 17. The word "waived" in the first paragraph can be replaced by A. applied B abolished C. accepted D. argued 18. The order of athletic events at the ancient olympic Games A was carefully planned B varied according to the phases of the moon C was decided by authorities D was not definitely set 19. Which of the following statements is NOT tRue according to the passage? A. The ancient Olympic Games was originally held for religious purpose

the day, and the fourth day, that of the full moon, was set aside as a holy day. On the sixth and last day, all the victors were crowned with holy garlands(花 冠) of wild olive from a sacred wood. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. The public honour also made the strict discipline of the ten month training period worthwhile. In spite of the lengthy training, however runners were known to drop dead from strain at the winning post. After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were abolished in A.D. 394, the Christian era, because of their pagan(异教的) origin. It was over 1,500 years before there was another such international athletics gathering. The Greek institution was revived in 1896 and the first small meeting took place in Athens. After the 1908 London Olympics, success was re established and nations sent their best representatives. In times of peace, the Games have taken place ever since at four yearly intervals.〖FK)〗[CSX][CSD] 16.The first Olympic Games most probably took place ____. A. in 776 B.C. B. in 394 A.D. C. before 776 B.C. D. 1,500 years ago 17.The word “waived” in the first paragraph can be replaced by ____. A. applied B. abolished C. accepted D. argued 18.The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympic Games ____. A. was carefully planned B. varied according to the phases of the moon C. was decided by authorities D. was not definitely set 19.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage? A. The ancient Olympic Games was originally held for religious purpose

B. During the ancient Games, the heroes were honored with sacrificial offerings on the evening before the moon was ful C So rigorous and so exhausting was the training that some athletes died of tiredness. D. The Games took place intermittently before 394 A D 20.The best title for the passage might be A. The Development of the olympic Games B. The History of the Olympic Games C. The Origin of the Olympic Games D. The Rules of the Olympic Games 答案部分 1 短文大意 本文讨论的是社会阶层。人们很难就“社会阶层”这个词的确切意思取得一致意见,评价 个人的社会阶层是一个很复杂的过程,在希腊公元前6世纪后,当中产阶级的商人和技工 成长起来时,贵族们的权力逐渐被削弱了。然而在中世纪后期由于货币经济的发展以及城市 与贸易的增长。另一个阶层一自由民或商人和市长崛起了 1.答案C 【参考译文】第一段的中心思想是评价一个人的社会阶层是一个很复杂的过程。 【试题分析】本题主要考查读者的整体和概括能力 【详细解答】在略读全文后,仔细地再回味一下第一段的意思。这一段大体是说,日常 生活中,人们对待社会阶层与自己不同和与自己相同的人的方式不尽相同,衡量人的标准也

B. During the ancient Games, the heroes were honored with sacrificial offerings on the evening before the moon was full. C. So rigorous and so exhausting was the training that some athletes died of tiredness. D. The Games took place intermittently before 394 A.D. 20.The best title for the passage might be ____. A. The Development of the Olympic Games B. The History of the Olympic Games C. The Origin of the Olympic Games D. The Rules of the Olympic Games 答案部分 1 短文大意 本文讨论的是社会阶层。人们很难就“社会阶层”这个词的确切意思取得一致意见，评价一 个人的社会阶层是一个很复杂的过程，在希腊公元前 6 世纪后，当中产阶级的商人和技工 成长起来时，贵族们的权力逐渐被削弱了。然而在中世纪后期由于货币经济的发展以及城市 与贸易的增长。另一个阶层—自由民或商人和市长崛起了。 1. 答案 C。 【参考译文】 第一段的中心思想是评价一个人的社会阶层是一个很复杂的过程。 【试题分析】 本题主要考查读者的整体和概括能力。 【详细解答】 在略读全文后，仔细地再回味一下第一段的意思。这一段大体是说，日常 生活中，人们对待社会阶层与自己不同和与自己相同的人的方式不尽相同，衡量人的标准也

较为复杂,包括衣着谈吐,居所,教育和举止仪态等等。而第一句中的“社会阶层”一词只 是略有提到并未作定义或深究。而且第一句也认为关于社会阶层一词的确切意思也很难达成 统一。因此A项中认为“给‘社会阶层’下定义并非难事”的意思显然与原文不符。B项 认为人们的社会阶层有许多改动”这一点第一段中并未提到。C项认为是“评价一个人的社 会阶层是一个很复杂的过程”,这与原文相符。D项认为是“我们能从一个人的行为来判断 他属于哪个社会阶层”,而原文中提到衡量一人的标准不仅包括行为举止,还包括人的衣着, 谈吐,教育等诸多方面因素,因此D项不准确。所以此题应选C项。 2.答案A 【参考译文】第一段第五行的“ criteria”的意思最可能是“ standards of judgement”。 【试题分析】本题主要考查根据上下 文推测词义的能力 【详细解答】首先可以看到 criteria是我们用来 place(这里指评价)一个人的,另外上 一句也说到了社会标准( social scale),由此我们推断 criteria应该是一种尺度或标准,选 项中A项认为是判断的标准,B项认为是方式,C项认为批评,D项认为是特性,很明显A 是符合原文意思 3.答案D。 【参考译文】公元前六世纪希腊贵族权力的衰落是新兴中产阶级出现的结果。 【试题分析】本题要求考生在略读后再精读相关段落和细节。 【详细解答】首先找到出现了公元前6世纪的那一段即第二段,其中 提到当中层阶级的商人和技工成长起来时,贵族们的权力逐渐被削弱了。从这一细节我们不 难看出,D项的“新出现的中层阶级”是最合适的答案。而A项的“农民与地主贵族间的 冲突”并不是主要原因,只是描述了当时的社会背景,而B项和C项中的“外来居民”和 “奴隶”在政治上都没有权力自然也无法与贵族们抗争。 4.答案D。 【参考译文】根据本文,下面哪一句话不真实? 【试题分析】本题考查在对全文理解的基础上进行推理的能力。 【详细解答】A项认为“公元前6世纪的希腊,奴隶在政治上是无关紧要的”,这与原文 中所提到的奴隶无政治权的意思相符,所以不应选A 文中第三段写道:中世纪后期,货币经济的发展和城市与贸易的增长促进了另一个阶层的

较为复杂，包括衣着谈吐，居所，教育和举止仪态等等。而第一句中的“社会阶层”一词只 是略有提到并未作定义或深究。而且第一句也认为关于社会阶层一词的确切意思也很难达成 统一。因此 A 项中认为“给‘社会阶层’下定义并非难事”的意思显然与原文不符。B 项 认为人们的社会阶层有许多改动”这一点第一段中并未提到。C 项认为是“评价一个人的社 会阶层是一个很复杂的过程”，这与原文相符。D 项认为是“我们能从一个人的行为来判断 他属于哪个社会阶层”，而原文中提到衡量一人的标准不仅包括行为举止，还包括人的衣着， 谈吐，教育等诸多方面因素，因此 D 项不准确。所以此题应选 C 项。 2. 答案 A。 【参考译文】 第一段第五行的“criteria”的意思最可能是“standards of judgement”。 【试题分析】 本题主要考查根据上下 文推测词义的能力。 【详细解答】 首先可以看到 criteria 是我们用来 place(这里指评价)一个人的，另外上 一句也说到了社会标准(social scale)，由此我们推断 criteria 应该是一种尺度或标准，选 项中 A 项认为是判断的标准，B 项认为是方式，C 项认为批评，D 项认为是特性，很明显 A 是符合原文意思。 3. 答案 D。 【参考译文】 公元前六世纪希腊贵族权力的衰落是新兴中产阶级出现的结果。 【试题分析】 本题要求考生在略读后再精读相关段落和细节。 【详细解答】 首先找到出现了公元前 6 世纪的那一段即第二段，其中 提到当中层阶级的商人和技工成长起来时，贵族们的权力逐渐被削弱了。从这一细节我们不 难看出，D 项的“新出现的中层阶级”是最合适的答案。而 A 项的“农民与地主贵族间的 冲突”并不是主要原因，只是描述了当时的社会背景，而 B 项和 C 项中的“外来居民”和 “奴隶”在政治上都没有权力自然也无法与贵族们抗争。 4. 答案 D。 【参考译文】 根据本文，下面哪一句话不真实? 【试题分析】 本题考查在对全文理解的基础上进行推理的能力。 【详细解答】 A 项认为“公元前 6 世纪的希腊，奴隶在政治上是无关紧要的”，这与原文 中所提到的奴隶无政治权的意思相符，所以不应选 A。 文中第三段写道：中世纪后期，货币经济的发展和城市与贸易的增长促进了另一个阶层的