Week 7: The New Policies Reforms THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND THE WESTERNISATION OF THE GOVERMENTAL DESIGN
Week 7: The New Policies Reforms THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND THE WESTERNISATION OF THE GOVERMENTAL DESIGN
China's Three Responses THE 1ST RESPONSE THE 2ND RESPONSE Self-Strengthening Movement(1864-1895) Hundred Days'Reform(1898) Reason of Initiation:the Arrow War and the Reason of Initiation:the First Sino-Japanese Taiping rebellion War Reason of failure:the First Sino-Japanese War Reason of failure: of1894-5 The Empress Dowager's intervention
China’s Three Responses THE 1ST RESPONSE Self-Strengthening Movement (1864-1895) Reason of Initiation: the Arrow War and the Taiping rebellion Reason of failure: the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 THE 2ND RESPONSE Hundred Days’ Reform (1898) Reason of Initiation: the First Sino-Japanese War Reason of failure: The Empress Dowager’s intervention
The 3rd Response: The New Policies Reforms THE FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR THE BOXER WAR 1898 The Hundred Days' 1901 The New Policies Reforms Reforms/The Coup 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War Return of Traditional Hardliners 1906 5 Ministers'investigation The Boxer uprising/rebellion 1908 Cixi and Guangxu died 1911 The end of the Qing Empire
The 3rd Response: The New Policies Reforms THE FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1898 The Hundred Days’ Reforms/The Coup Return of Traditional Hardliners The Boxer uprising/rebellion THE BOXER WAR 1901 The New Policies Reforms 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War 1906 5 Ministers’ investigation 1908 Cixi and Guangxu died 1911 The end of the Qing Empire
《江楚会奏变法三折》 提倡者：两江总督刘坤一、湖广总督张之洞 Aonw.com 撰写者：张之洞主稿，立宪派张謇、沈曾植、汤寿潜 内容：《变通政治人才为先遵旨筹议折》，《遵旨筹议 变法拟整顿中法十二条折》，《遵旨筹议变法拟采用西 法十一条折》，《请筹巨款举行要政片》 見通月保等团欽此見我 才始出如何而度支始着如何 袋通政治人才先 武備如各所知各行所 當省當供取人求已如何而努如典如何面 西政要泉儿朝章园史治民生学科重政财政因 土六部九出使各园大臣各省督各就现在情形韵 法合不更智不被就求作富議更强苦重大臣大 聖事等然奉光二十六年十二月初十日
《江楚会奏变法三折》 提倡者：两江总督刘坤一、湖广总督张之洞 撰写者：张之洞主稿，立宪派 张謇、沈曾植、汤寿潜。 内容：《变通政治人才为先遵旨筹议折》，《遵旨筹议 变法拟整顿中法十二条折》，《遵旨筹议变法拟采用西 法十一条折》，《请筹巨款举行要政片》
Initiators Court Central Local Government Authorities Self- Zen Guofang, The Empress Prince Gong, Li Hongzhang Strengthening Li Hongzhang, Dowager, Wenxiang Zuo Zongtang, Movement of and Zuo Emperor and Zhang 1863-95 Zongtang Tongzhi and Zhidong Guangxu Hundred Days' Kang Youwei, Emperor None None reforms of Liang Qichao Guangxu 1898 New Policy The Empress The Empress Prince Qing, Yuan Shikai, reforms of Dowager Dowager(1901 Yuan Shikai. Zhang 1901-12 -08),and and Qu Hongji Zhidong,and Regent Prince Luo Kuanyi Chun(1908-12)
A lesson from the Boxer War Why do we need to change? On 29 January 1901,when the Throne was still in Xian,Cixi and Guangxu issued a joint edict,marking the initiation of the New Policy: The weakness of China is caused by the strength of convention and the rigid network of regulations... The government official exchange numerous documents but they never touch reality.The appointment of capable men is restricted by regulations so rigid that even men of exceptional talent are missed.What mislead the country can be expressed in one word,selfishness,and what suffocates all under heaven is precedent
A lesson from the Boxer War Why do we need to change? On 29 January 1901, when the Throne was still in Xian, Cixi and Guangxu issued a joint edict, marking the initiation of the New Policy: The weakness of China is caused by the strength of convention and the rigid network of regulations… The government official exchange numerous documents but they never touch reality. The appointment of capable men is restricted by regulations so rigid that even men of exceptional talent are missed. What mislead the country can be expressed in one word, selfishness, and what suffocates all under heaven is precedent
李鴻章潰言 伏念臣受知最早，蒙恩最深，每念时局艰危，不敢自称 衰病，惟冀稍延余息，重睹中兴。赍志以终，殁身难暝。 现值京师初复，銮辂未归，和议新成，东事尚棘。根本 至计，处处可虞。窃念多难兴邦，殷忧启圣。优读迭次 谕旨，举行新政，力图自强。庆亲王等皆臣久经共事之 人，此次复同更患难，定能一心协力，翼赞计谟，臣在 九原，庶无遗憾。至臣子孙，皆受国厚恩，惟有勖其守 身读书，勉图报效。属纩在即，瞻望无时，长辞圣明， 无任依恋之至。谨叩谢天恩，伏乞皇太后，皇上圣鉴 。 谨奏
李鴻章遺言 伏念臣受知最早，蒙恩最深，每念时局艰危，不敢自称 衰病，惟冀稍延余息，重睹中兴。赍志以终，殁身难暝。 现值京师初复，銮辂未归，和议新成，东事尚棘。根本 至计，处处可虞。窃念多难兴邦，殷忧启圣。优读迭次 谕旨，举行新政，力图自强。庆亲王等皆臣久经共事之 人，此次复同更患难，定能一心协力，翼赞计谟，臣在 九原，庶无遗憾。至臣子孙，皆受国厚恩，惟有勖其守 身读书，勉图报效。属纩在即，瞻望无时，长辞圣明， 无任依恋之至。谨叩谢天恩，伏乞皇太后，皇上圣鉴。 谨奏
英日同盟（1902-1923 ) Our East is East,and West is West...but there is neither East nor West,Border,nor Breed nor Birth.When two strong men stand face to face,though they come from the ends of the Earth. Rudyard Kipling 4 Oct 1905. 1902年1月30日，英國與日本簽訂盟約，即第一次英日同盟 1905年8月12日再續盟約，簽钉第二次英日同盟。 1911年7月13日再續盟約，簽钉第三次英日同盟。 1923年8月11日，英日同盟失效。 AuEs
英日同盟（1902-1923） Our East is East, and West is West… but there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed nor Birth. When two strong men stand face to face, though they come from the ends of the Earth. Rudyard Kipling 4 Oct 1905. 1902年1月30日，英國與日本簽訂盟約，即第一次英日同盟。 1905年8月12日再續盟約，簽訂第二次英日同盟。 1911年7月13日再續盟約，簽訂第三次英日同盟。 1923年8月11日，英日同盟失效
Article 1 The High Contracting parties,having mutually recognized the independence of China and Korea,declare themselves to be entirely uninfluenced by aggressive tendencies in either country,having in view,however,their special interests,of which those of Great Britain relate principally to China,whilst Japan,in addition to the interests which she possesses in China,is interested in a peculiar degree,politically as well as commercially and industrially in Korea,the High Contracting parties recognize that it will be admissible for either of them to take such measures as may be indispensable in order to safeguard those interests if threatened either by the aggressive action of any other Power,or by disturbances arising in China or Korea,and necessitating the intervention of either of the High Contracting parties for the protection of the lives and properties of its subjects. Article 2 Declaration of neutrality if either signatory becomes involved in war through Article 1. Article 3 Promise of support if either signatory becomes involved in war with more than one Power. Article 4 Signatories promise not to enter into separate agreements with other Powers to the prejudice of this alliance. Article 5 The signatories promise to communicate frankly and fully with each other when any of the interests affected by this treaty are in jeopardy. Article 6 Treaty to remain in force for five years and then at one years'notice,unless notice was given at the end of the fourth year
Article 1 The High Contracting parties, having mutually recognized the independence of China and Korea, declare themselves to be entirely uninfluenced by aggressive tendencies in either country, having in view, however, their special interests, of which those of Great Britain relate principally to China, whilst Japan, in addition to the interests which she possesses in China, is interested in a peculiar degree, politically as well as commercially and industrially in Korea, the High Contracting parties recognize that it will be admissible for either of them to take such measures as may be indispensable in order to safeguard those interests if threatened either by the aggressive action of any other Power, or by disturbances arising in China or Korea, and necessitating the intervention of either of the High Contracting parties for the protection of the lives and properties of its subjects. Article 2 Declaration of neutrality if either signatory becomes involved in war through Article 1. Article 3 Promise of support if either signatory becomes involved in war with more than one Power. Article 4 Signatories promise not to enter into separate agreements with other Powers to the prejudice of this alliance. Article 5 The signatories promise to communicate frankly and fully with each other when any of the interests affected by this treaty are in jeopardy. Article 6 Treaty to remain in force for five years and then at one years' notice, unless notice was given at the end of the fourth year
英日同盟論 日本自甲午戰勝以後，赫然列於世界大國之林。近年以來，全球之競爭點皆集於中國，而 日本之位置乃益重要。前歲義和團之役，英國首電請其就近發師，是其證也。英人久執五 洲之牛耳，而於東方利害所關尤重，故今不得不求友助於遠東·亦勢使之然也。 其同盟約章凡六款，大率以保全中國、高麗之獨立主權及其土地，而英、日兩國相提攜以 謀工商業之利益是也。其意亦良不惡。非惟不惡，於中國目前之局面或多賴焉… 近人二作内有一條，題日保全支那者。其言日：歐人、日本人動日保全支那，吾生平最不 喜聞此言。支那而須藉他人之保全也，則必不能保全；支那可以保全也，則必不藉他人之 保全。言保全人者，是調侵人自由，望人之保全我者，調放棄自由。彼歌舞英日同盟者， 盍一思之。 此約發布後數日，日本之時事新報繪一畫圖，為英、日兩大神之像，倚輪持戈，而保護中、 韓兩孩童於其膝下。嗚呼！吾國人見此圖者，當有何如之慨感乎？吾遂為、日膝下一弄兒 以自足乎？
英日同盟論 日本自甲午戰勝以後，赫然列於世界大國之林。近年以來，全球之競爭點皆集於中國，而 日本之位置乃益重要。前歲義和團之役，英國首電請其就近發師，是其證也。英人久執五 洲之牛耳，而於東方利害所關尤重，故今不得不求友助於遠東，亦勢使之然也。 其同盟約章凡六款，大率以保全中國、高麗之獨立主權及其土地，而英、日兩國相提攜以 謀工商業之利益是也。其意亦良不惡。非惟不惡，於中國目前之局面或多賴焉… 近人二作內有一條，題曰保全支那者。其言曰：歐人、日本人動曰保全支那，吾生平最不 喜聞此言。支那而須藉他人之保全也，則必不能保全；支那可以保全也，則必不藉他人之 保全。言保全人者，是謂侵人自由，望人之保全我者，謂放棄自由。彼歌舞英日同盟者， 盍一思之。 此約發布後數日，日本之時事新報繪一畫圖，為英、日兩大神之像，倚輪持戈，而保護中、 韓兩孩童於其膝下。嗚呼！吾國人見此圖者，當有何如之慨感乎？吾遂為、日膝下一弄兒 以自足乎？