EarthTrends Data Tables. Watersheds of the world 2005 Source: World Resources Institute, World Conservation Union, Intemational Water Management Institute Red River) Huang He (Yelow Rier) 温量 鲁日31日 Yalu liang 4552 2300 395610 8 62312 0813s Dniester (Nistru) 31 335 7a404 07 000 mAas Medium 7215131131067518
Watersheds of the World 2005 Watershed ASIA Amu Darya 534,739 38.81 5 .. 3,211 .. High 22.4 0.1 57.3 0.0 3.7 72.0 7.5 2.1 68.0 5 .. Amur 1,929,955 33.23 3 a 3 4,917 .. Medium 18.4 53.8 8.8 4.4 2.6 15.1 0.8 3.5 120 11 54 Brahmaputra 651,335 181.61 4 a .. .. 11 .. 29.4 18.5 44.7 20.7 2.4 0.0 3.7 3.1 126 2 50 Chao Phrya 178,785 119.02 1 .. 1,237 .. High 44.7 35.4 11.1 8.4 9.2 0.0 12.5 11.7 222 .. 4 Ganges 1,016,124 401.18 4 a 14 .. 14 .. 72.4 4.2 13.4 17.7 6.3 26.0 22.7 3.5 141 9 67 Godavari 319,810 202.43 1 .. 1,602 .. .. 64.0 6.8 22.5 1.2 6.7 42.9 11.7 3.5 .. 1 8 Hong (Red River) 170,888 190.63 2 .. 3,083 .. .. 36.3 43.2 15.5 5.4 2.1 0.0 3.9 .. 180 1 .. Huang He (Yellow River) 944,970 156.43 1 .. 361 8 High 29.5 1.5 60.0 1.1 5.9 37.5 7.2 .. 160 1 .. Indigirka 274,818 0 1 .. 973,515 .. Low 0.0 2.4 69.7 3.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.3 .. .. 2 Indus 1,081,718 165.38 4 9 830 6 .. 30.0 0.4 46.4 4.2 4.6 62.6 24.1 4.3 147 19 50 Irrawaddy 413,710 79.07 3 .. 18,614 .. .. 30.5 56.2 9.7 6.3 1.9 0.0 3.4 0.4 79 1 35 Kizilirmak 122,277 56.09 1 .. 1,171 15 .. 38.0 1.6 52.0 3.4 6.4 84.9 4.1 .. .. 2 .. Kolyma 679,934 0.06 1 .. 722,456 .. Medium 0.0 0.7 45.3 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 7.2 29 .. .. Krishna 226,037 264.91 1 .. 786 .. .. 66.4 2.8 22.7 16.2 8.8 41.3 16.2 2.7 .. 1 Kura-Araks 205,037 75.38 5 2 1,121 8 High 54.0 7.1 30.6 0.9 6.3 25.4 10.7 4.6 47 3 .. Lake Balkhash 512,015 11.11 2 .. 439 .. .. 23.2 4.0 61.1 4.7 1.5 91.6 1.9 3.9 36 .. 3 Lena 2,306,743 0.23 1 .. 161,359 .. Medium 1.7 64.7 11.4 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.0 4.0 43 .. 3 Mahanadi 145,816 201.31 1 .. 2,171 .. .. 59.5 8.1 26.7 0.2 4.9 0.0 17.4 3.2 .. 1 Mekong 805,604 71.19 6 5 8,934 11 Medium 37.8 41.5 17.2 8.7 2.1 0.0 2.9 6.1 244 b 4 60 Narmada 96,271 178.44 1 .. 2,159 .. .. 76.5 0.8 15.8 0.8 6.1 25.8 24.0 3.9 77 .. 3 Ob 2,972,493 9.73 4 1 14,937 .. Medium 36.9 33.9 16.0 11.2 3.0 42.5 0.5 5.3 43 5 5 Salween 271,914 22.32 3 .. 23,796 16 .. 5.5 43.4 48.3 9.5 0.5 0.0 0.4 1.0 143 .. 2 Syr Darya 782,617 27.45 4 .. 1,171 .. High 22.2 2.4 67.4 2.0 3.2 88.5 5.4 3.2 48 2 .. Tapti 74,627 239.69 1 .. 1,107 .. .. 78.3 0.2 14.7 0.8 7.6 63.7 13.3 4.0 .. .. .. Tarim 1,152,448 7.03 2 .. 754 .. High 2.3 0.0 35.3 16.3 0.3 61.4 0.6 0.2 14 1 17 Tigris & Euphrates 765,742 57.17 4 7 2,189 26 .. 25.4 1.2 47.7 2.9 6.2 90.9 9.1 0.4 92 2 .. Xun Jiang 409,480 193.86 2 .. 3,169 10 .. 66.5 9.6 6.1 1.3 5.3 0.0 5.2 0.1 280 .. 4 Yalu Jiang 48,331 102.66 2 .. 3,628 .. High 41.6 51.2 2.2 1.0 2.9 0.0 4.4 .. 74 .. 3 Yangtze 1,722,193 214.09 1 .. 2,265 46 Medium 47.6 6.3 28.2 3.0 3.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 322 4 24 Yenisey 2,554,388 2.76 2 .. 79,083 .. High 12.8 39.7 32.4 2.7 1.3 10.9 0.0 5.9 42 4 23 EUROPE Dalalven 30,410 9.68 1 .. 18,476 .. High 2.3 71.6 3.4 19.1 13.5 0.0 0.0 9.4 41 4 2 Danube 795,656 102.02 13 a 43 2,519 8 High 66.9 18.2 3.2 1.4 10.7 2.6 5.2 0.8 103 67 97 Dnieper 533,966 63.77 3 1 1,552 .. High 86.5 2.2 1.3 5.9 8.8 3.4 1.8 3.0 50 6 47 Dniester (Nistru) 68,627 107.27 3 2 1,621 .. .. 82.8 5.2 1.9 1.1 9.3 5.8 3.8 5.6 57 1 1 Don 458,694 46.66 2 1 1,422 .. High 83.1 1.4 5.4 0.5 8.8 33.1 3.2 2.4 49 1 18 Duero 98,258 41.74 2 6 4,093 .. High 67.4 0.6 21.5 0.4 9.9 9.7 5.6 0.2 .. 2 1 Ebro 82,587 32.52 1 a 1 8,235 6 High 58.2 5.1 22.1 0.9 13.7 39.8 10.0 0.3 31 9 5 Elbe 148,919 168.99 4 10 1,195 .. High 75.7 2.0 3.2 1.7 18.2 0.0 1.3 0.0 51 14 34 Garonne 53,540 62.14 3 4 5,504 .. High 75.9 6.4 2.1 0.1 15.4 0.0 4.0 0.4 40 .. 2 Glomma-Laagen 41,795 28.97 1 1 17,907 .. High 1.3 46.0 25.0 1.8 15.4 0.0 0.7 4.0 31 4 4 Guadalquivir 52,664 70.33 1 .. 2,645 .. .. 52.7 0.5 27.2 3.2 18.9 34.6 10.4 0.0 29 3 3 Kemijoki 52,456 2.09 3 2 132,939 .. High 0.3 77.8 11.6 2.9 6.2 0.0 0.0 4.5 31 1 2 Loire 115,282 63.18 1 .. 3,386 .. Medium 83.7 1.6 0.1 0.9 14.3 0.0 0.7 0.2 43 3 6 North Dvina 357,075 6.44 1 .. 48,450 .. Medium 11.7 83.4 0.4 1.5 3.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 33 .. 2 Oder 124,164 120.35 3 6 1,271 .. Medium 82.3 0.7 2.7 0.3 13.3 0.0 0.4 0.4 44 4 28 Pechora 289,532 1.89 1 .. 215,057 .. Low 0.2 49.5 45.1 5.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 11.2 .. .. 3 Po 76,997 217.01 2 7 2,731 .. .. 50.2 13.0 12.7 1.8 20.0 0.0 16.2 1.9 47 9 14 Rhine-Maas 198,735 318.61 8 39 1,396 .. Medium 64.7 6.8 1.4 1.0 25.7 0.0 3.3 0.1 60 34 41 Rhône 100,543 102.5 2 12 5,401 .. High 62.0 11.0 5.3 1.0 20.1 0.0 4.1 2.6 58 5 7 Seine 78,919 200.73 1 a 1 965 .. Medium 79.0 1.6 0.0 0.1 19.2 0.0 1.4 0.1 30 1 5 Tagus 78,467 122.39 2 3 2,248 .. High 46.8 0.1 34.8 1.6 16.6 31.4 5.2 0.6 39 3 9 Ural 244,334 14.53 2 .. 2,003 .. .. 59.3 2.3 33.4 0.2 4.2 99.6 0.9 1.5 48 .. 3 Vistula 180,156 137.08 4 a 4 1,367 .. Medium 83.2 1.8 2.2 3.2 11.7 0.0 0.2 1.8 59 5 21 Volga 1,410,951 43.02 2 a 1 4,260 .. High 60.2 22.5 7.3 1.1 8.2 19.6 0.4 5.1 88 2 58 Weser 45,138 203.08 1 .. 1,567 .. High 78.7 1.8 1.0 0.1 18.3 0.0 1.7 .. 48 4 7 West Dvina 79,389 27.98 3 .. 6,626 .. High 84.8 7.2 0.0 3.4 5.5 0.0 0.2 7.3 .. 2 10 Average Population Density Modeled Watershed Area (km2) (per km2) Total Fish (m Species 3/year) tion Cropland Forest land Water Available Per Capita Number of Transboundary Treaties Dams Planned & Under Construcoped Arid Irrigated Area Bird Areas, Number Wetland Dependent Ramsar Important Sites, Countries Within the Protected Degree of River FragPercent of Watershed that is: number Grass- Devel- (number) mentation Wetlands Area EarthTrends Data Tables: Water Resources and Freshwater Source: World Resources Institute, World Conservation Union, International Water Management Institute, Ecosystems Ramsar Convention 1
Watersheds of the world 2005 205 5775 0457 Came 35.8 Rio Grande de Santago 1450002 2 UTH AMERICA kes Titicaca and salar de Uyuni Maddalena urdekinr-Belyando 780u56600 13:9 32a 59120 Murray-Dar ing ed in victoria, BC in June 2001. c Fro Managing Goba Fisheries for Ewodwversity Trustd.valueisfromtheMurray-darlingBasinCommission(pleaseseehttp:www.mdbc.gov.au
Watersheds of the World 2005 Watershed AFRICA Congo 3,730,881 14.88 9 2 22,752 .. Medium 7.2 44.0 45.4 9.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 4.9 700 5 21 Cuanza 149,688 22.88 1 .. 17,126 .. Medium 2.8 16.2 79.6 2.1 0.3 5.8 0.0 5.9 .. 1 Cunene 109,832 9.95 2 .. 13,216 .. .. 2.6 3.3 90.9 2.9 0.1 15.8 0.1 9.3 .. 0 Jubba 497,626 11.75 3 1 1,076 .. .. 6.6 2.7 87.9 3.5 0.2 71.5 0.1 1.5 34 2 6 Lake Chad 2,497,738 11.49 8 2 7,922 .. Low 3.1 0.2 45.2 8.2 0.2 82.8 0.0 5.8 93 5 12 Lake Turkana 209,096 61.21 4 .. 4,450 .. .. 20.8 11.9 50.2 5.9 0.1 33.0 0.3 8.2 47 2 7 Limpopo 421,123 31.85 4 1 716 .. High 26.3 0.7 67.7 2.8 4.5 47.3 0.9 7.4 57 2 4 Mangoky 58,851 17.57 1 .. 19,059 .. Low 4.5 3.3 90.8 0.2 0.1 39.1 2.3 1.6 8 .. 1 Mania 56,118 24.73 1 .. 25,913 .. Low 2.5 5.7 89.8 0.9 0.2 0.1 2.6 .. .. 1 Niger 2,261,741 31.4 10 10 4,076 .. High 4.4 0.9 68.6 4.1 0.5 65.4 0.1 3.6 164 16 20 Nile 3,254,853 46.2 10 18 2,207 .. High 10.7 2.0 53.0 6.1 1.0 67.4 1.4 2.7 3 69 Ogooué 223,946 1.93 4 .. 289,401 .. .. 0.8 75.1 21.7 6.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 .. 2 Okavango 721,258 1.95 4 1 .. .. 5.5 1.7 91.1 4.1 0.2 75.8 0.0 12.4 80 1 7 Orange 941,351 9.95 4 5 1,050 .. High 6.0 0.2 85.0 0.8 2.2 77.0 0.5 4.7 24 1 7 Oued Draa 114,544 9.99 3 .. 2 .. .. 0.3 0.2 12.0 0.2 0.5 95.3 3.2 .. .. 2 Rufiji 204,780 20.97 1 .. 6,466 .. Low 19.7 2.1 77.4 7.8 0.2 0.0 0.1 29.6 1 4 Senegal 419,575 9.54 4 5 5,775 .. High 4.8 0.1 68.2 3.6 0.1 82.0 0.0 5.1 115 5 10 Shaballe 336,604 29.24 2 .. .. .. 7.1 1.2 87.9 1.8 0.1 80.5 0.5 0.5 27 .. 3 Volta 407,093 42.71 6 1 2,054 .. High 10.4 0.7 85.6 4.6 0.5 59.9 0.1 6.4 141 3 2 Zambezi 1,332,412 18.03 8 8 .. .. High 19.9 4.0 72.0 7.6 0.7 8.8 0.1 7.4 122 1 21 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA Alabama-Tombigbee 138,139 29.99 1 .. 15,832 .. High 9.1 73.0 0.2 4.0 17.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 122 .. .. Balsas 117,095 85.51 1 .. 1,650 .. High 4.1 37.6 46.6 0.0 11.5 12.4 3.1 2.0 37 .. .. Brazos 137,098 18.19 1 .. 1,288 .. .. 25.0 1.9 58.8 14.8 13.8 80.2 5.6 0.1 55 .. .. Colorado 703,148 9.32 2 15 2,105 .. High 0.9 17.0 74.9 2.5 6.9 89.1 2.0 7.1 121 3 .. Columbia 657,501 9.06 2 8 39,474 .. High 6.4 50.0 35.5 6.3 7.3 48.7 3.6 8.3 1 .. Fraser 248,016 4.47 2 1 60,950 .. Medium 0.4 85.7 6.2 1.7 4.1 2.5 0.0 11.3 46 .. .. Hudson 41,906 100.82 1 .. 3,335 .. Medium 0.3 76.3 0.0 15.0 22.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 84 .. .. Mackenzie 1,706,388 0.17 1 .. 408,243 .. Medium 2.6 66.0 14.7 48.9 1.9 0.0 0.0 5.0 53 3 .. Mississippi 3,202,185 21.27 2 2 8,973 .. High 35.8 22.2 28.5 20.0 12.6 35.5 3.1 1.5 375 8 .. Nelson 1,093,141 4.51 2 3 15,167 .. High 47.4 31.9 6.1 86.8 7.1 21.5 0.5 3.1 47 5 .. Rio Grande 607,965 17.76 2 14 621 .. .. 5.2 7.5 80.9 2.1 6.0 96.0 2.6 2.0 121 1 .. Rio Grande de Santiago 136,694 111.11 1 .. 655 .. High 4.2 36.3 45.0 0.0 13.9 24.9 9.0 0.3 .. .. .. Sacramento 78,757 31.71 1 .. 3,474 .. High 6.0 48.6 33.3 3.0 11.5 26.5 11.5 3.0 .. .. .. Saint Lawrence 1,049,636 58.58 2 .. 9,095 .. High 16.4 43.5 0.1 47.2 14.5 0.0 0.2 2.8 98 8 .. San Pedro & Usumacinta 78,720 28.17 3 .. 30,120 .. Medium 30.5 58.7 7.6 0.0 2.6 2.8 0.2 7.7 70 1 .. Susquehanna 78,672 56.27 1 .. 9,029 .. Medium 7.0 73.3 0.0 4.0 19.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 128 .. .. Thelon 239,245 0.01 1 .. 14,641,336 .. Low 0.0 5.6 21.1 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.4 13 .. .. Yaqui 79,162 7.2 2 2 173 .. .. 1.9 61.5 33.0 0.0 3.0 99.9 2.1 0.0 62 .. .. Yukon 847,620 0.12 2 .. 1,249,832 .. Low 0.0 64.0 27.6 27.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 17.7 33 1 .. SOUTH AMERICA Amazon 6,145,186 3.66 7 4 273,767 11 Medium 14.1 73.4 10.2 8.3 0.6 4.0 0.1 5.3 3,000 10 .. Chubut 182,622 1.13 2 .. 171,362 .. .. 0.6 24.8 67.7 0.0 0.6 61.4 0.0 2.1 .. .. .. Lakes Titicaca and Salar de Uyuni 193,090 8.19 3 6 15,980 .. .. 0.6 0.1 89.4 0.0 0.9 65.4 0.4 5.6 20 6 .. Magdalena 263,773 82.7 1 .. 10,191 .. Medium 35.8 37.2 14.8 0.2 10.3 7.2 2.4 3.2 149 .. .. Orinoco 953,675 16.93 2 .. 90,482 .. Medium 7.6 50.5 37.8 15.3 2.6 8.5 0.2 13.8 318 .. .. Paraná 2,582,704 26.27 4 .. 8,025 .. High 43.3 18.1 33.0 10.9 4.2 9.9 0.5 2.0 355 13 .. Parnaíba 322,887 9.79 1 .. 7,729 .. Medium 44.8 5.8 47.4 18.8 1.8 41.7 0.1 0.9 90 .. .. Rio Colorado 403,005 5.82 2 .. 3,196 .. .. 9.7 1.1 71.2 2.0 2.0 71.0 1.3 4.9 .. 3 .. São Francisco 617,814 18.25 1 .. 8,261 .. High 60.2 3.1 31.8 9.7 2.8 32.0 0.3 0.4 .. .. .. Tocantins 764,213 4.98 1 .. 103,383 12 Medium 61.5 9.9 26.2 19.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 .. 1 .. Uruguay 297,211 17.34 3 .. 32,731 .. High 42.7 8.2 44.4 3.9 3.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 160 1 .. OCEANIA Burdekin-Belyando 146,219 0.57 1 .. 239,338 .. .. 2.2 3.6 93.5 0.3 0.6 42.6 1.3 .. .. 1 .. Dawson 152,375 0.57 1 .. 39,587 .. .. 3.1 20.8 73.2 0.3 2.6 28.3 1.8 .. .. .. .. Fly 78,855 3.36 2 1 555,800 .. .. 2.4 75.8 18.3 41.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 105 c .. .. Kapuas 88,781 19.68 1 .. 105,159 .. .. 33.2 64.8 0.2 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 5.9 320 1 1 Mahakam 98,194 21.11 1 .. 135,955 .. .. 17.2 79.4 0.5 7.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 .. .. 3 Murray-Darling 1,050,116 1.81 1 .. 11,549 .. .. 28.4 8.0 62.1 3.4 1.2 67.1 1.6 0.1 33 d 14 .. Sepik 80,321 9.45 2 1 143,175 .. .. 6.6 76.3 15.1 33.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 57 .. .. a. Countries with less than 1 percent area in the watershed are excluded. b. From Coates, D. “Biodiversity and Fisheries Management Opportunities in the Mekong River Basin.” Case study presented at the Blue Millennium: Managing Global Fisheries for Biodiversity, a thematic workshop held in Victoria, BC in June 2001. c. From Swales, S. 2001. “Fish and Fisheries of the Fly River, Papua New Guinea: Population Changes Associated with Natural and Anthropogenic Factors and Lessons to be Learned.” In Blue Millennium: Managing Global Fisheries for Biodiversity . Victoria: World Fisheries Trust. d. Value is from the Murray-Darling Basin Commission (please see http://www.mdbc.gov.au/). Wetland Important Modeled Average Number of Planned & Degree Available Dependent Watershed Population Area Density boundary Construc- Capita Frag- Devel- Bird Areas, Irrigated Protected Fish (km2) (per km2) (m Species 3 Treaties tion Cropland Forest land /year) Wetlands oped Arid Area Number Within the Trans- Under Per of River Percent of Watershed that is: Total Ramsar Countries Water Dams Sites, (number) number Grassmentation Area 2
Technical notes The information is this table was provided by the Water Resources eAtlas. Four organizations worked to gather and organize this data: WRL, IUCN, IWMI, and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Please refer to theWaterResourceeatlAs/atershedsoftheWorldsite(http://www.iucnorg/themes/wani/eatlas/index.htm) for more information on this ongoing effort VARIABLE DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY Modeled Watershed Area measures the area of a river basin in square kilometers by summing the number of 1 km cells within each watershed using Geographic Information Systems(GIS). Basins were modeled based on elevation data, therefore these values only reflect horizontal extent (slopes are not accounted for) and may underestimate total land surface in the drainage area. Intermittent tributaries are included in most cases; for example the northern part of the Kalahari desert in Bostwana is included in the Okavango basin, as well as many of the intermittent tributaries within the Lake Chad basin. Water surface of rivers and lakes (ic Great Lakes in St Lawrence River basin)are included in the total basin area; however the tidal portions of rivers, such as the St. Lawrence and Ob, are not included in the drainage area calculation River basin boundaries are based on two datasets: a revised version of the major Watersheds of the World dataset distributed on the GlobalARC CD-ROM by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratories(CERL)and the EROS Data Center HYDRO1k basin boundaries developed attheU.s.GeologicalSurvey(http://edcdaac.usasgov/atopo30/hydrod.Thebasedatalayerusedfor geographic definition of the watersheds was a 5-minute resolution dataset(1/20th of a degree of latitude/longitude)of major basins. There are some limitations associated with the scale of these base data watershed boundaries are coarse and some smaller basins and small tributaries are not identified basins were edited by WRI to capture some features such as deltas. Sub-basins were then aggregated to include all tributaries of the major river systems Average Population Density shows the population density by basin expressed as people pe er square ifestyles are placing greater stress on freshwater systems, with both water use and pollution driving the/ve kilometer. Population growth, industrialization, urbanization, agricultural intensification, and water-inter scarcity of useable water. The Gridded Population of the World (GPW) database was used to calculate average population density by river basin. The GPw dataset was compiled from the latest available census data for over 120,000 administrative units worldwide, at a variety of subnational district levels. The population figures were standardized to 1995. The polygon data were converted to 2.5 grid with an assumption that the population is evenly distributed within a census unit. The total number of people in each basin was calculated using the grid data, and then divided by the total area of the basin to calculate the average population density Countries within the Watershed measures the total number of countries that are located within the area of the drainage basin. In several cases, countries with less than one percent area in the watershed are excluded from the totals Number of Transboundary Treaties refers to those agreements that relate to international freshwater esources and issues such as: water rights, water allocations, water pollution, hydropower/reservoir/flood control development, environmental issues, and the rights of riverine ecosystems. Documents concerning navigation rights and tariffs, division of fishing rights, and delineation of rivers as borders or other territorial concerns are not included, unless freshwater as a resource is also mentioned in the document, or physical changes are being made that may impact the hydrology of the river system(e. g, dredging of river bed to improve navigation, straightening of a river's course) Water Available Per Person represents the amount of total runoff available measured in cubic meters pe person per year, in each river basin. The estimates are based on a global runoff distribution database developed by the University of New Hampshire and the global Runoff Data Centre. For those regions where discharged data were available, the modeled runoff was adjusted to match the observed values; for regions with no observed data, the modeled estimates of runoff were used. Water availability petia that basin. The calculated by dividing the total runoff available in a basin by the total number of people
Technical Notes 3 The information is this table was provided by the Water Resources eAtlas. Four organizations worked to gather and organize this data: WRI, IUCN, IWMI, and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Please refer to the Water Resource eAtlas/Watersheds of the World site (http://www.iucn.org/themes/wani/eatlas/index.htm) for more information on this ongoing effort. VARIABLE DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY: Modeled Watershed Area measures the area of a river basin in square kilometers by summing the number of 1 km2 cells within each watershed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Basins were modeled based on elevation data, therefore these values only reflect horizontal extent (slopes are not accounted for) and may underestimate total land surface in the drainage area. Intermittent tributaries are included in most cases; for example the northern part of the Kalahari Desert in Bostwana is included in the Okavango basin, as well as many of the intermittent tributaries within the Lake Chad basin. Water surface of rivers and lakes (i.e., Great Lakes in St. Lawrence River basin) are included in the total basin area; however the tidal portions of rivers, such as the St. Lawrence and Ob, are not included in the drainage area calculation. River basin boundaries are based on two datasets: a revised version of the Major Watersheds of the World dataset distributed on the GlobalARC CD-ROM by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (CERL) and the EROS Data Center HYDRO1k basin boundaries developed at the U.S. Geological Survey (http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/hydro/). The base data layer used for geographic definition of the watersheds was a 5-minute resolution dataset (1/20th of a degree of latitude/longitude) of major basins. There are some limitations associated with the scale of these base data: watershed boundaries are coarse, and some smaller basins and small tributaries are not identified. Basins were edited by WRI to capture some features such as deltas. Sub-basins were then aggregated to include all tributaries of the major river systems. Average Population Density shows the population density by basin expressed as people per square kilometer. Population growth, industrialization, urbanization, agricultural intensification, and water-intensive lifestyles are placing greater stress on freshwater systems, with both water use and pollution driving the scarcity of useable water. The Gridded Population of the World (GPW) database was used to calculate average population density by river basin. The GPW dataset was compiled from the latest available census data for over 120,000 administrative units worldwide, at a variety of subnational district levels. The population figures were standardized to 1995. The polygon data were converted to 2.5’ grid with an assumption that the population is evenly distributed within a census unit. The total number of people in each basin was calculated using the grid data, and then divided by the total area of the basin to calculate the average population density. Countries within the Watershed measures the total number of countries that are located within the area of the drainage basin. In several cases, countries with less than one percent area in the watershed are excluded from the totals. Number of Transboundary Treaties refers to those agreements that relate to international freshwater resources and issues such as; water rights, water allocations, water pollution, hydropower/reservoir/flood control development, environmental issues, and the rights of riverine ecosystems. Documents concerning navigation rights and tariffs, division of fishing rights, and delineation of rivers as borders or other territorial concerns are not included, unless freshwater as a resource is also mentioned in the document, or physical changes are being made that may impact the hydrology of the river system (e.g., dredging of river bed to improve navigation, straightening of a river's course). Water Available Per Person represents the amount of total runoff available, measured in cubic meters per person per year, in each river basin. The estimates are based on a global runoff distribution database developed by the University of New Hampshire and the Global Runoff Data Centre. For those regions where discharged data were available, the modeled runoff was adjusted to match the observed values; for regions with no observed data, the modeled estimates of runoff were used. Water availability per person was calculated by dividing the total runoff available in a basin by the total number of people in that basin. The
unoff distribution database has a spatial resolution of 0.5 and was calculated based on basin boundaries defined by the University of New Hampshire. The population database used was a 2. 5-minute resolution population map from CIESIN and WRI for the years 1990 and 1995 Dams Planned or Under Construction includes dams at least 60 meters high that were under construction in 1998 and reported in the"1998 World Atlas and Industry Guide"of the International Journal of Hydropower and Dams; WRI updated these estimates in 2004. The approximate location of the dams referenced based on continental-scale maps. The number of dams was later aggregated by river basin Degree of River Fragmentation indicates the level of modification of a river system due to dams, evaporated as a result of irrigation, but excludes the amount of water returned to the river after irrigaton(g reservoirs, interbasin transfers, and irrigation consumption. Irrigation consumption refers to the water that based on the number of dams in the main river channel and tributaries, the level of flow regulation, and f oo River systems were classified into three levels of fragmentation: high, medium, and low. These categories al length of the main-channel segment without dams in relation to the entire length of the river. Generally rivers with low fragmentation do not have dams in the main channel, and, if present, dams on tributaries do not change the river's discharge by more than 2 percent. Rivers with high fragmentation may have more than three-quarters of their main channels dammed or may have dams that substantially change the annual Percent Cropland, Forest, and Grassland within each basin was identified using the USGS Global Land Cover Characterization database(GLCCD) with the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme(IGBP) classification. The land cover database is derived from 1-kilometer resolution satellite data spanning April 1992 through March 1993. Because these data are most useful for analyzing general land cover patterns at a continental or large scale, these data are less reliable for smaller watersheds Percent Cropland indicates the percentage of the basin defined as cropland or a crop/natural vegetation mosaIc Percent Forest indicates the percentage of the basin defined as evergreen needleleaf forest, evergreen broadleaf forest. deciduous needleleaf forest deciduous broadleaf forest or mixed forest. percent grassland includes IGBP classes defined as open shrublands, closed shrublands, woody savannas, savannas, and grasslands Percent Wetlands indicates the percentage of the basin comprised of bogs, marshes, lakes, seasonal permanent, freshwater, tidal, mangroves, and lagoons. Wetland data were obtained from UNEP-WCMC's Biodiversity Map Library and follow UNEP-WCMC's definitions UNEP-WCMC's dataset was derived from Operational Navigation Charts, existing maps and expert opinion. This dataset includes wetland types that are not easily captured by remote sensing-derived data However, because of its scale, it underestimates wetlands extent, particularly seasonal wetlands, flooded forests, and wetlands in valley bottoms In North America the area occupied by the Great Lakes, the Great Bear Lake, the Great Slave Lake, and Lake Winnipeg are not included in the calculation of wetland area For North America wetland polygons were not differentiated by type of wetlands, instead the class field identified the proportion of the polygon represented by a range--occupied by wetlands. To calculate wetland area, polygons were converted to a 1 square kilometer grid using the minimum of the range. Because this method assumes that wetlands are evenly distributed across each polygon, wetland extent may be overestimated in the North American basins Percent Developed was estimated from a 1-kilometer by 1-kilometer resolution map derived from nighttime The dataset contains the locations of stable lights, including frequently observed light sources such as gar imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System of the United Sta flares at oil drilling sites. Time-series analysis is used to exclude transient light sources such as fires and lightning. The extent of"lit"area may be slightly overestimated due to the sensors resolution and factors such as reflection from water and other surface features. It is a good indicator of the spatial distribution of settlements and infrastructure, but should not be interpreted as a measure of population density. (The mean settlement size required to produce enough light to be detected is much greater in developing countries than
4 runoff distribution database has a spatial resolution of 0.5º and was calculated based on basin boundaries defined by the University of New Hampshire. The population database used was a 2.5-minute resolution population map from CIESIN and WRI for the years 1990 and 1995. Dams Planned or Under Construction includes dams at least 60 meters high that were under construction in 1998 and reported in the “1998 World Atlas and Industry Guide” of the International Journal of Hydropower and Dams; WRI updated these estimates in 2004. The approximate location of the dams was referenced based on continental-scale maps. The number of dams was later aggregated by river basin. Degree of River Fragmentation indicates the level of modification of a river system due to dams, reservoirs, interbasin transfers, and irrigation consumption. Irrigation consumption refers to the water that is evaporated as a result of irrigation, but excludes the amount of water returned to the river after irrigation. River systems were classified into three levels of fragmentation: high, medium, and low. These categories are based on the number of dams in the main river channel and tributaries, the level of flow regulation, and the length of the main-channel segment without dams in relation to the entire length of the river. Generally, rivers with low fragmentation do not have dams in the main channel, and, if present, dams on tributaries do not change the river’s discharge by more than 2 percent. Rivers with high fragmentation may have more than three-quarters of their main channels dammed or may have dams that substantially change the annual discharge. Percent Cropland, Forest, and Grassland within each basin was identified using the USGS Global Land Cover Characterization database (GLCCD) with the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) classification. The land cover database is derived from 1-kilometer resolution satellite data spanning April 1992 through March 1993. Because these data are most useful for analyzing general land cover patterns at a continental or large scale, these data are less reliable for smaller watersheds. Percent Cropland indicates the percentage of the basin defined as cropland or a crop/natural vegetation mosaic. Percent Forest indicates the percentage of the basin defined as evergreen needleleaf forest, evergreen broadleaf forest, deciduous needleleaf forest, deciduous broadleaf forest, or mixed forest. Percent Grassland includes IGBP classes defined as open shrublands, closed shrublands, woody savannas, savannas, and grasslands. Percent Wetlands indicates the percentage of the basin comprised of bogs, marshes, lakes, seasonal, permanent, freshwater, tidal, mangroves, and lagoons. Wetland data were obtained from UNEP-WCMC’s Biodiversity Map Library and follow UNEP-WCMC's definitions. UNEP-WCMC’s dataset was derived from Operational Navigation Charts, existing maps and expert opinion. This dataset includes wetland types that are not easily captured by remote sensing-derived data. However, because of its scale, it underestimates wetlands extent, particularly seasonal wetlands, flooded forests, and wetlands in valley bottoms. In North America the area occupied by the Great Lakes, the Great Bear Lake, the Great Slave Lake, and Lake Winnipeg are not included in the calculation of wetland area. For North America wetland polygons were not differentiated by type of wetlands, instead the class field identified the proportion of the polygon-- represented by a range--occupied by wetlands. To calculate wetland area, polygons were converted to a 1 square kilometer grid using the minimum of the range. Because this method assumes that wetlands are evenly distributed across each polygon, wetland extent may be overestimated in the North American basins. Percent Developed was estimated from a 1-kilometer by 1-kilometer resolution map derived from nighttime imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System of the United States. The dataset contains the locations of stable lights, including frequently observed light sources such as gas flares at oil drilling sites. Time-series analysis is used to exclude transient light sources such as fires and lightning. The extent of “lit” area may be slightly overestimated due to the sensor’s resolution and factors such as reflection from water and other surface features. It is a good indicator of the spatial distribution of settlements and infrastructure, but should not be interpreted as a measure of population density. (The mean settlement size required to produce enough light to be detected is much greater in developing countries than
in industrialized countries because of differences in energy consumption. )The Nighttime Lights of the World data are more highly correlated with measures of economic activity and energy consumption and are, therefore, considered a measure of relative development within the watershed The percent developed calculated by dividing the area within a watershed indicated as"lit"by the total area of the watershed Percent Arid area indicates the percentage of the basin that falls in an area defined as semiarid, arid, or hyperarid on the World Atlas of Desertification Global Aridity Zone Map. This map is based on an aridity index derived from the ratio of mean annual precipitation to the mean annual potential evapotranspiration Percent Irrigated Area indicates the percentage of the basin that has irrigated agriculture. This percentage was calculated by overlaying the boundaries of the major watersheds on an irrigated area map developed by the University of Kassel. The map is a 0.5 by 0.5 grid depicting the percentage of the area equipped for rrigation in 1995. The map was derived by combining information from large-scale irrigation maps, and national, subnational, and drainage basin level data on irrigated area Percent Protected Area indicates the portion of the watershed area designated as a protected area by the World Conservation Union(IUCN). The percentages shown here were derived from a spatial data set produced by the World Conservation Monitoring Center, now UNEP-WCMC. Most of the protected areas are represented by polygons, but some are represented by single points. For the latter, circular buffers around the point locations were generated corresponding to the reported size of the protected area. The World Protected Areas Database is currently being revised and updated by the world Database and Protected Areas onsortium, a group of environmental organizations that hold geospatial databases on protected areas Total Fish Species refers to the total number of freshwater and marine fish identified, documented, and recorded in major rivers or basins. Total numbers include both endemic and non-endemic species(a species that is found in a particular region and nowhere else is said to be endemic to that region). The total number of known species may include diadromous and introduced species Possible sources of error include the amount of research done in a particular basin; species extinctions; and introductions of non-native species. Some rivers, for example, have been highly sampled and most of their species identified, while others, particularly in the tropics, have not been thoroughly studied and may contain many not-yet-identified species. Due to several potential sources of error in the species richness values, these numbers should be taken as general indicators of fish diversity and not actual measures Number of Ramsar Sites measures the number of wetlands of international importance classified under the Ramsar Convention in each basin. the information on each site is included in the ramsar Database maintained by Wetlands International under contract with the Ramsar Convention. Wetlands International compiles the database using the official information submitted by each country about its Ramsar sites. Spatial accuracy of the coordinates varies from one site to another. Wetlands International provided WRI with the point location for each Ramsar site, as well as the presence or absence of invasive species reported for each site. Sites were mapped using the coordinates provided in the database and areas were later aggregated by river basin using a geographic information system Number of Wetland Dependent Important Bird Areas(IBAs)are globally important sites for the conservation of wild bird populations at the global, continental, and sub-continental level. The IBas displayed here are solely those sites that are inland wetlands and that are internationally significant for waterbirds. At the time of the preparation of this table aggregated data were not available for Oceania and the Americas SOURCES Modeled Watershed Area: Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis(CRSSA)of Cook College, Rutgers University and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, " Major Watershed Basins of the world "World Resources Institute(wRi), ed. GlobalARC GIS CD-ROM Database (CRSSA, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1996)
5 in industrialized countries because of differences in energy consumption.) The Nighttime Lights of the World data are more highly correlated with measures of economic activity and energy consumption and are, therefore, considered a measure of relative development within the watershed. The percent developed was calculated by dividing the area within a watershed indicated as “lit” by the total area of the watershed. Percent Arid area indicates the percentage of the basin that falls in an area defined as semiarid, arid, or hyperarid on the World Atlas of Desertification Global Aridity Zone Map. This map is based on an aridity index derived from the ratio of mean annual precipitation to the mean annual potential evapotranspiration. Percent Irrigated Area indicates the percentage of the basin that has irrigated agriculture. This percentage was calculated by overlaying the boundaries of the major watersheds on an irrigated area map developed by the University of Kassel. The map is a 0.5° by 0.5° grid depicting the percentage of the area equipped for irrigation in 1995. The map was derived by combining information from large-scale irrigation maps, and national, subnational, and drainage basin level data on irrigated area. Percent Protected Area indicates the portion of the watershed area designated as a protected area by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). The percentages shown here were derived from a spatial data set produced by the World Conservation Monitoring Center, now UNEP-WCMC. Most of the protected areas are represented by polygons, but some are represented by single points. For the latter, circular buffers around the point locations were generated corresponding to the reported size of the protected area. The World Protected Areas Database is currently being revised and updated by the World Database and Protected Areas Consortium, a group of environmental organizations that hold geospatial databases on protected areas. Total Fish Species refers to the total number of freshwater and marine fish identified, documented, and recorded in major rivers or basins. Total numbers include both endemic and non-endemic species (a species that is found in a particular region and nowhere else is said to be endemic to that region). The total number of known species may include diadromous and introduced species. Possible sources of error include the amount of research done in a particular basin; species extinctions; and introductions of non-native species. Some rivers, for example, have been highly sampled and most of their species identified, while others, particularly in the tropics, have not been thoroughly studied and may contain many not-yet-identified species. Due to several potential sources of error in the species richness values, these numbers should be taken as general indicators of fish diversity and not actual measures. Number of Ramsar Sites measures the number of wetlands of international importance classified under the Ramsar Convention in each basin. The information on each site is included in the Ramsar Database, maintained by Wetlands International under contract with the Ramsar Convention. Wetlands International compiles the database using the official information submitted by each country about its Ramsar sites. Spatial accuracy of the coordinates varies from one site to another. Wetlands International provided WRI with the point location for each Ramsar site, as well as the presence or absence of invasive species reported for each site. Sites were mapped using the coordinates provided in the database and areas were later aggregated by river basin using a geographic information system. Number of Wetland Dependent Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are globally important sites for the conservation of wild bird populations at the global, continental, and sub-continental level. The IBAs displayed here are solely those sites that are inland wetlands and that are internationally significant for waterbirds. At the time of the preparation of this table, aggregated data were not available for Oceania and the Americas. SOURCES: Modeled Watershed Area: Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis (CRSSA) of Cook College, Rutgers University and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, “Major Watershed Basins of the World,” World Resources Institute (WRI), ed. GlobalARC GIS CD-ROM Database (CRSSA, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1996)
Average Population Density: Center for International Earth Science Information Network(CIESIN), WRI and International Food Policy Research Institute, Gridded Population of the World, Version 2 alpha( Columbia UniversityPalisadesNewYork,2000)availableonlineat:http://sedac.ciesin.org/plue/gwp Number of Transboundary Treaties: Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University. 2004 International Freshwater Dispute Database". Available on-line at: http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/internationaldb.htmlCorvallisOr:OregonState Water Availability per Person B M. Fekete, C.J. Vorosmarty, and W. Grabs. 1999. "Global Composite Runoff Fields Based on Observed River Discharge and Simulated Water Balance, Version 1.0"University of New Hampshire, Durham, and Global Runoff Data Centre, Koblenz, Germany Dams Planned and Under Construction"1998 World Atlas and Industry Guide, "International Journal on Hydropower and dia International, Surrey U.K., 1998) Degree of Fragmentation: Unpublished data, Landscape Ecology Group, Umea University, (Umea, Sweden, 2000)and M. Dynesius and C Nilsson. 1994. "Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of River Systems in the Northern third of the world science 266 753-762 Percent Cropland Forest, and Grassland: U.S. Geological Survey(USGS) and University of Nebraska-Joint Research Center for the European Commission, Global Land Cover Characterization Database, Version 1.2, distributed by USGS Earth Resources Observation System Data Center(USGS, 1997), available online at Percent Developed: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA-NGDC), Nighttime Lights of the World Database(NOAA-NGDC, Boulder, Colorado, 1997) Percent Irrigated: Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Global Map of Irrigated Areas (University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany, 1999) Percent Arid: United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP), World Atlas of Desertification Global Aridity Zone Map(UNEP, Nairobi, 1992) Percent Wetlands: UNEP-WCMC. 1998. Biodiversity Map Library. Cambridge, U.K. Total Fish Species: Data on fish species were compiled from multiple sources by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP-WCMC). Additional data were added by WRI from technical papers and expert opinion Ramsar sites: Ramsar Convention Bureau, List of Wetlands of International Importance( Ramsar Convention Bureau, gland, Switzerland, 2003) Number of Wetland Dependent Important Bird Areas: These data were originally published in Evans, M.L. Ed. 1994. Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International Heath, M.F. and M L. Evans. Eds. 2000. Important Bird Areas in Europe: priority sites for conservation. 2 vols Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International Fishpool, L F. and Evans, M.L. Eds. 2001. Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands Cambridge/Newbury, UK: BirdLife International/Pisces Publications Seethe'dataZoneatwww.birdlife.orgfordetailedinformationonindividualIbAsandthewaterbirdspecies that they support
6 Average Population Density: Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), WRI, and International Food Policy Research Institute, Gridded Population of the World, Version 2 alpha (Columbia University, Palisades, New York, 2000) available online at: http://sedac.ciesin.org/plue/gwp. Number of Transboundary Treaties: Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University.2004. "International Freshwater Dispute Database". Available on-line at: http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/internationalDB.html. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. Water Availability per Person: B.M. Fekete, C.J. Vörösmarty, and W. Grabs. 1999. "Global Composite Runoff Fields Based on Observed River Discharge and Simulated Water Balance, Version 1.0" University of New Hampshire, Durham, and Global Runoff Data Centre, Koblenz, Germany. Dams Planned and Under Construction“1998 World Atlas and Industry Guide,” International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (Aqua-Media International, Surrey, U.K., 1998). Degree of Fragmentation: Unpublished data, Landscape Ecology Group, Umeå University, (Umeå, Sweden, 2000) and M. Dynesius and C. Nilsson. 1994. “Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of River Systems in the Northern Third of the World,” Science 266:753–762. Percent Cropland, Forest, and Grassland: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and University of Nebraska-Joint Research Center for the European Commission, Global Land Cover Characterization Database, Version 1.2, distributed by USGS Earth Resources Observation System Data Center (USGS, 1997), available online at: http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/ glcc/globe_ int.html. Percent Developed: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA-NGDC), Nighttime Lights of the World Database (NOAA-NGDC, Boulder, Colorado, 1997). Percent Irrigated: Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Global Map of Irrigated Areas (University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany, 1999). Percent Arid: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), World Atlas of Desertification Global Aridity Zone Map (UNEP, Nairobi, 1992). Percent Wetlands: UNEP-WCMC. 1998. Biodiversity Map Library. Cambridge, U.K. Total Fish Species: Data on fish species were compiled from multiple sources by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP-WCMC). Additional data were added by WRI from technical papers and expert opinion. Ramsar sites: Ramsar Convention Bureau, List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention Bureau, Gland, Switzerland, 2003). Number of Wetland Dependent Important Bird Areas: These data were originally published in: Evans, M.I. Ed. 1994. Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International, Heath, M.F. and M.I. Evans. Eds. 2000. Important Bird Areas in Europe: priority sites for conservation. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International Fishpool, L.F. and Evans, M.I. Eds. 2001. Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands. Cambridge/Newbury, UK: BirdLife International/Pisces Publications. See the 'Data Zone' at www.birdlife.org for detailed information on individual IBAs and the waterbird species that they support