Food and Water Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Keele University, World Health Organization, United Nations Childrens Fund urity and Nutrition Agricultural sia( excl Middle Eas s2 35021。18—2902BB 32,768 51 em People's Rep 19 4043 20017 2的的6可0433 17 28163 502,372 49797083 16,273,014 10 ilium Estonia 36 103222 26 100 100100 2212833 2321男1 2082 32 3812 Federation 226038022571860 562182的 9的7的62 Ukraine 55555 10100 19190 United Kingdom N. Africa tristan Iran, Islamic Rep 55223293019 10610162 100 74.77855 Syrian Arab Rep 3057 World resources institute httpearthtrends.wri.org Page 1
Food and Water Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Keele University, World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund Total Production in 2005 (metric tons) World 4,423,482 110 .. 43 2,809 17 14 157,531,214 26 54,228 8,210 .. 95 73 Asia (excl. Middle East) 770,403 221 .. 55 2,681 15 15 102,480,487 51 14,514 3,948 .. 93 76 Armenia 1,390 19 3,464 11 2,357 19 24 1,033 (47) 11 3,511 54 99 80 Azerbaijan 4,754 8 5,825 25 2,727 14 7 9,016 (18) 30 3,547 .. 95 59 Bangladesh 9,019 187 8,999 52 2,193 3 30 2,215,957 100 1,211 8,232 54 82 72 Bhutan 585 .. 2,500 94 .. .. .. 300 (12) 95 42,035 56 86 60 Cambodia 5,350 4 1,051 69 2,074 9 33 426,000 279 476 32,526 46 64 35 China 554,851 257 c 2,871 64 2,940 22 12 60,630,984 85 2,829 2,125 51 93 67 Georgia 3,006 23 2,006 18 2,646 17 9 3,072 (17) 63 14,406 60 96 67 India 180,000 95 3,289 58 2,473 8 20 6,323,557 26 1,897 1,670 53 95 83 Indonesia 47,600 79 2,250 46 2,891 5 6 6,513,133 48 2,838 12,441 65 87 69 Japan 4,736 366 11,435 3 2,768 21 < 2.5 5,433,436 (28) 430 3,351 65 100 100 Kazakhstan 207,784 6 1,321 16 2,858 25 6 31,589 (37) 110 7,405 58 97 73 Korea, Dem People's Rep 2,950 .. 1,771 27 2,178 6 33 712,995 (33) 77 3,403 .. 100 100 Korea, Rep 1,902 367 4,651 8 3,035 16 < 2.5 2,711,667 (19) 70 1,448 62 97 71 Kyrgyzstan 10,840 10 6,799 23 3,173 18 4 27 (93) 21 3,821 64 98 66 Lao People's Dem Rep 1,939 .. 2,818 76 2,338 7 19 107,800 168 334 53,859 54 79 43 Malaysia 7,870 175 736 16 2,867 18 3 1,424,097 14 580 22,104 67 100 96 Mongolia 130,500 3 196 22 2,250 39 27 366 132 35 12,837 55 87 30 Myanmar 11,293 2 3,109 69 2,912 5 2,217,466 169 1,046 20,313 54 80 77 Nepal 4,217 15 4,043 93 2,483 7 17 42,463 101 210 7,447 54 96 89 Pakistan 27,230 150 7,407 45 2,316 20 24 515,472 (5) 223 1,353 58 96 89 Philippines 12,200 88 1,981 37 2,480 15 18 4,145,044 48 479 5,577 61 87 82 Singapore 0 .. 950 0 .. .. .. 7,837 (43) 1 135 56 100 .. Sri Lanka 2,356 130 6,283 44 2,416 6 22 164,230 (30) 50 2,372 56 98 74 Tajikistan 4,255 .. 10,359 31 1,907 10 56 210 (45) 16 2,392 59 92 48 Thailand 18,487 128 4,300 53 2,425 13 22 3,743,398 4 410 6,280 64 98 100 Turkmenistan 32,966 .. 12,554 32 2,840 21 7 15,016 32 25 4,979 70 93 54 Uzbekistan 27,259 .. 11,268 25 2,312 17 25 5,425 (61) 50 1,842 61 95 75 Viet Nam 9,537 253 5,974 66 2,617 13 16 3,397,200 130 891 10,310 52 99 80 Europe 480,665 80 .. 8 3,354 28 <2.5 16,273,014 (15) 7,793 10,686 .. 100 .. Albania 1,121 70 1,517 46 2,874 28 6 5,275 207 42 13,184 .. 99 94 Austria 3,376 221 14 4 3,732 33 < 2.5 2,790 (16) 78 9,455 75 100 100 Belarus 8,885 153 134 11 2,885 27 4 5,050 (18) 58 6,014 61 100 100 Belgium 1,394 .. .. 2 3,634 31 < 2.5 25,767 (29) 18 1,751 61 100 100 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,148 16 .. 4 2,668 13 9 9,070 505 38 9,566 .. 99 96 Bulgaria 5,326 126 521 6 2,885 24 8 8,579 (32) 21 2,797 63 100 97 Croatia 3,137 108 .. 7 2,795 20 7 48,465 139 106 23,161 68 100 100 Czech Rep 4,270 118 18 7 3,308 25 < 2.5 24,697 9 13 1,290 61 100 100 Denmark 2,658 136 236 3 3,472 36 < 2.5 949,625 (54) 6 1,099 61 100 100 Estonia 829 436 9 10 3,222 26 < 2.5 100,136 (25) 13 9,696 .. 100 99 Finland 2,246 118 30 5 3,143 37 < 2.5 146,096 (21) 110 20,857 78 100 100 France 29,690 209 200 3 3,623 37 < 2.5 909,483 (6) 204 3,343 68 100 100 Germany 17,001 226 775 2 3,484 31 < 2.5 330,353 9 154 1,862 65 100 100 Greece 8,431 115 1,622 15 3,666 23 < 2.5 198,951 8 74 6,653 66 .. .. Hungary 5,865 102 510 9 3,552 32 < 2.5 21,270 28 104 10,353 61 100 98 Iceland 2,281 .. 29 7 3,275 41 < 2.5 1,690,383 4 170 566,667 77 100 100 Ireland 4,370 452 0 9 3,717 32 < 2.5 352,082 (22) 52 12,187 73 100 .. Italy 15,074 150 1,773 4 3,675 26 < 2.5 480,921 (21) 191 3,289 61 100 .. Latvia 1,582 91 21 11 3,014 28 3 151,160 1 35 15,521 .. 100 96 Lithuania 2,541 143 7 10 3,372 27 < 2.5 141,798 140 25 7,317 .. .. .. Macedonia, FYR 1,242 22 .. 10 2,852 18 5 1,114 (26) 6 3,137 .. .. .. Moldova, Rep 2,528 7 353 20 2,729 16 11 5,001 137 12 2,783 49 97 88 Netherlands 1,923 580 2,850 3 3,495 30 < 2.5 617,383 18 91 5,539 69 100 100 Norway 1,040 186 261 4 3,511 31 < 2.5 3,203,476 7 382 81,886 77 100 100 Poland 16,169 108 94 20 3,366 26 < 2.5 192,854 (58) 62 1,601 56 100 .. Portugal 3,812 122 3,503 11 3,747 29 < 2.5 218,866 (20) 69 6,485 65 .. .. Romania 14,800 37 1,333 13 3,582 23 < 2.5 13,352 (81) 212 9,837 59 91 16 Russian Federation 216,277 10 108 9 3,118 22 3 3,356,327 (24) 4,507 31,764 63 100 88 Serbia {d} 5,595 434 .. 17 2,703 35 9 7,022 82 209 19,870 .. 99 86 Slovakia 2,236 92 .. 8 2,779 27 7 2,648 (26) 50 9,276 71 100 99 Slovenia 510 334 .. 1 2,954 31 3 2,763 (7) 32 16,219 69 .. .. Spain 29,154 119 1,324 6 3,421 28 < 2.5 1,071,178 (25) 112 2,557 64 100 100 Sweden 3,166 118 96 3 3,208 36 < 2.5 262,239 (36) 174 19,131 72 100 100 Switzerland 1,525 178 114 4 3,545 34 < 2.5 2,689 (2) 54 7,354 72 100 100 Ukraine 41,355 13 588 13 3,054 20 < 2.5 274,210 (36) 140 3,066 .. 99 91 United Kingdom 16,956 306 47 2 3,450 31 < 2.5 842,271 (17) 147 2,449 72 100 100 Middle East & N. Africa 460,345 77 .. 30 3,116 11 6 3,894,801 29 657 1,398 .. 94 79 Afghanistan 38,048 .. 2,839 66 .. .. .. 1,000 (23) 65 2,015 .. 63 31 Algeria 39,956 5 481 23 3,055 10 4 126,628 19 14 423 50 88 80 Egypt 3,409 535 17,928 31 3,356 8 4 889,302 118 58 759 58 99 97 Iran, Islamic Rep 63,012 60 4,057 25 3,096 9 4 527,912 43 138 1,931 60 99 84 Iraq 10,019 .. 6,791 8 .. .. .. 32,970 7 75 2,490 .. 97 50 Israel 552 2,329 3,019 2 3,554 21 < 2.5 26,555 26 2 240 54 100 100 Jordan 1,004 619 1,905 10 2,680 10 6 1,071 80 1 148 46 99 91 Kuwait 154 0 19,167 1 3,061 18 5 5,222 (40) 0 7 54 .. .. Lebanon 329 102 2,771 3 3,164 17 3 4,601 5 4 1,206 56 100 100 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 15,450 28 1,648 5 3,337 11 < 2.5 46,342 34 1 99 .. .. .. Morocco 30,376 53 1,141 33 3,098 7 6 947,777 10 29 895 46 99 56 Oman 1,080 88 15,375 34 .. .. .. 150,744 8 1 369 59 .. .. Saudi Arabia 173,798 113 4,074 7 2,840 15 4 74,778 55 2 93 53 97 .. Syrian Arab Rep 13,824 62 3,537 26 3,057 14 4 16,980 46 26 1,314 55 98 87 Tunisia 9,784 21 434 23 3,247 11 < 2.5 111,818 33 5 442 51 99 82 Turkey 40,644 77 1,056 43 3,328 12 3 545,673 (17) 229 3,051 57 98 93 United Arab Emirates 559 237 6,356 4 3,238 23 < 2.5 90,570 (14) 0 31 52 100 100 Yemen 17,734 3 3,787 46 2,020 8 38 263,000 144 4 184 44 71 65 Percent from Animal Products Change Since 1995 Production Percent Labor Water Resources {b} Intensity of Agricultural Inputs Food Security and Nutrition Fisheries (m3 per 2000 Water Urban Rural 2004 2004 2002 Total Poverty Index 2003 Fertilizer (kg/ha) 2003 (1,000 ha) Land {a} Agricultural Population workforce in (m nourished 3 /ha) agriculture) (percent of Use of an (km3 ) Actual Renewable Improved Water of population) Source (percent Per Capita person) Water Resources Total 2002–2004 That is Under- (kcal/person/day) Calorie Supply, 2003 Percent of Water World Resources Institute http:\\earthtrends.wri.org Page 1
Water Resources Production Actual renewable Fertilizer Water workford Per Capita Poverty of population (1,000 ha) (kg/ha) (m ha)agriculture Sub- Saharan afric 046854 321 42163123 7715861386 1 38316160820分 14.735 uinea-Bissau Madagascar 2056 32 7836 的3即0刀的 552,812 500581.271 3.739 erica& Caribbean 432157412510 556389 2153.470152872 ustra ia 127,153,044 from FAO in 2007, they are long-term averages originating from multiple C Data from 2002. d Data for Serbia include the country of Montenegro (these countries were a single nation from 2003 to 2006) World Resources Institute http\earthtrends.wri.org Page 2
Total Production in 2005 (metric tons) Sub-Saharan Africa 1,046,854 11 .. 61 2,272 7 30 5,925,170 31 5,463 6,957 .. 81 43 Angola 57,590 2 64 71 2,089 8 35 240,000 95 184 10,909 41 75 40 Benin 3,467 1 22 50 2,574 4 12 38,407 (13) 25 2,765 39 78 57 Botswana 25,980 .. 211 44 2,196 13 32 132 (34) 14 8,215 57 100 90 Burkina Faso 10,900 5 168 92 2,516 5 15 9,007 13 13 890 42 94 54 Burundi 2,345 0 168 90 1,647 2 66 14,200 (33) 4 442 40 92 77 Cameroon 9,160 6 102 55 2,286 6 26 142,682 51 286 16,920 54 86 44 Central African Rep 5,149 .. 1 69 1,932 12 44 15,000 7 144 34,787 44 93 61 Chad 48,630 .. 54 71 2,147 7 35 70,000 (22) 43 4,174 39 41 43 Congo 10,547 .. 7 37 2,183 7 33 58,448 27 832 196,319 57 84 27 Congo, Dem Rep 22,800 .. 14 61 1,606 2 74 222,965 40 1,283 20,973 46 82 29 Côte d'Ivoire 19,900 12 88 45 2,644 4 13 55,866 (21) 81 4,315 46 97 74 Equatorial Guinea 334 .. 4 68 .. .. .. 3,500 52 26 49,336 68 45 42 Eritrea 7,532 2 515 76 1,520 6 75 4,027 13 6 1,338 37 74 57 Ethiopia 31,769 5 487 81 1,858 5 46 9,450 48 110 1,355 35 81 11 Gabon 5,160 2 101 33 2,671 11 5 43,941 9 164 114,766 62 95 47 Gambia 779 .. 69 78 2,288 6 29 32,000 35 8 5,019 48 95 77 Ghana 14,735 3 107 56 2,680 5 11 393,428 11 53 2,314 45 88 64 Guinea 12,450 1 850 82 2,447 4 24 96,571 42 226 23,042 52 78 35 Guinea-Bissau 1,630 .. 263 82 2,051 7 39 6,200 (2) 31 18,430 48 79 49 Kenya 26,512 79 200 74 2,155 13 31 149,378 (23) 30 839 47 83 46 Lesotho 2,334 .. 30 38 2,626 4 13 46 15 3 1,693 43 92 76 Liberia 2,602 .. 101 66 1,930 3 50 10,000 13 232 67,207 .. 72 52 Madagascar 27,550 2 4,089 73 2,056 8 38 144,900 19 337 17,186 48 77 35 Malawi 4,440 20 362 81 2,125 3 35 59,595 11 17 1,285 38 98 68 Mali 39,479 .. 1,262 79 2,237 10 29 101,098 (24) 100 6,981 41 78 36 Mauritania 39,750 .. 3,000 52 2,786 18 10 247,577 366 11 3,511 50 59 44 Mozambique 48,580 8 133 80 2,082 2 44 43,751 62 216 10,531 45 72 26 Namibia 38,820 1 260 38 2,290 16 24 552,812 (3) 18 8,658 60 98 81 Niger 38,500 0 143 87 2,170 5 32 50,058 1,271 34 2,257 35 80 36 Nigeria 72,600 7 179 30 2,714 3 9 579,537 58 286 2,085 44 67 31 Rwanda 1,935 .. 89 90 2,071 3 33 8,186 142 5 551 39 92 69 Senegal 8,157 13 860 72 2,374 9 20 405,264 11 39 3,225 45 92 60 Sierra Leone 2,845 .. 636 60 1,943 4 51 145,993 125 160 27,577 42 75 46 Somalia 44,071 .. 3,074 69 .. .. .. 30,000 7 14 1,620 .. 32 27 South Africa 99,640 51 499 8 2,962 13 < 2.5 830,369 42 50 1,048 52 99 73 Sudan 134,600 4 2,166 57 2,260 20 26 63,608 41 65 1,707 49 78 64 Tanzania, United Rep 48,100 9 926 79 1,959 6 44 354,351 (4) 91 2,291 48 85 49 Togo 3,630 7 29 57 2,358 3 24 29,267 139 15 2,272 46 80 36 Uganda 12,462 1 17 78 2,360 6 19 427,575 105 66 2,133 44 87 56 Zambia 35,289 .. 250 67 1,975 5 46 70,125 (6) 105 8,726 50 90 40 Zimbabwe 20,550 33 990 60 2,004 8 47 15,452 (7) 20 1,520 53 98 72 North America 484,646 103 .. 2 3,739 28 <2.5 6,872,348 1 5,576 16,558 .. 100 100 Canada 67,505 52 104 2 3,605 26 < 2.5 1,255,821 33 2,902 88,336 78 100 99 United States 416,902 118 1,111 2 3,754 28 < 2.5 5,396,735 (6) 2,071 6,816 65 100 100 C. America & Caribbean 141,861 61 .. 22 2,902 17 11 2,040,714 5 1,259 6,653 .. 96 84 Belize 152 263 303 30 2,876 22 4 14,548 37 19 66,268 66 100 82 Costa Rica 2,865 339 2,724 18 2,813 20 5 46,378 92 112 25,157 67 100 92 Cuba 6,655 13 1,409 13 3,286 11 < 2.5 52,387 (49) 38 3,368 .. 95 78 Dominican Rep 3,696 .. 1,404 14 2,281 15 29 12,086 (40) 21 2,295 59 97 91 El Salvador 1,704 56 854 27 2,556 13 11 43,317 178 25 3,546 56 94 70 Guatemala 4,652 87 819 44 2,227 9 22 16,756 40 111 8,410 59 99 92 Haiti 1,590 .. 846 60 2,109 8 46 8,310 50 14 1,599 35 52 56 Honduras 2,936 41 484 28 2,373 14 23 48,580 61 96 12,755 60 95 81 Jamaica 513 3 704 19 2,690 15 9 18,766 (34) 9 3,520 58 98 88 Mexico 107,300 68 2,210 19 3,171 19 5 1,449,535 3 457 4,172 58 100 87 Nicaragua 6,976 30 502 17 2,291 11 27 40,897 241 197 34,416 58 90 63 Panama 2,230 39 334 18 2,287 24 23 222,756 7 148 44,266 67 99 79 Trinidad and Tobago 133 502 164 8 2,788 17 10 13,414 16 4 2,925 59 92 88 South America 579,599 109 .. 16 2,886 21 9 18,316,451 (9) 17,274 44,816 .. 96 65 Argentina 128,747 42 747 9 2,959 28 3 933,902 (21) 814 20,591 61 98 80 Bolivia 37,087 4 371 43 2,219 18 23 7,090 12 623 65,358 63 95 68 Brazil 263,600 140 562 15 3,146 21 7 1,008,066 54 8,233 43,028 61 96 57 Chile 15,242 215 3,470 15 2,872 22 4 5,453,882 (31) 922 55,425 69 100 58 Colombia 42,051 196 1,083 18 2,567 16 13 181,074 8 2,132 45,408 66 99 71 Ecuador 7,249 82 4,686 23 2,641 19 6 486,023 (20) 432 31,739 67 97 89 Guyana 1,740 20 3,137 16 2,764 16 8 53,980 12 241 320,479 76 83 83 Paraguay 24,836 69 119 33 2,524 18 15 23,100 9 336 52,133 56 99 68 Peru 21,210 73 3,832 28 2,579 13 12 9,421,130 5 1,913 66,431 64 89 65 Suriname 89 93 9,254 18 2,697 12 8 40,191 209 122 268,132 75 98 73 Uruguay 14,955 99 2,141 12 2,883 27 < 2.5 125,953 (0) 139 39,612 67 100 100 Venezuela 21,640 129 1,166 7 2,272 15 18 492,210 (3) 1,233 44,545 65 85 70 Oceania 459,109 61 .. 19 .. .. .. 1,582,359 39 1,693 52,674 .. 96 83 Australia 439,500 46 356 4 3,135 33 < 2.5 307,392 23 492 23,911 62 100 100 Fiji 460 12 175 38 2,974 17 5 41,597 39 29 33,159 62 43 51 New Zealand 17,235 280 266 9 3,199 32 < 2.5 640,845 2 327 79,893 69 100 .. Papua New Guinea 1,050 101 1 72 .. .. .. 250,582 536 801 131,011 55 88 32 Solomon Islands 117 .. .. 72 2,260 7 21 28,658 (55) 45 89,044 .. 94 65 Developed 1,827,874 86 .. 6 3,328 26 <2.5 30,234,605 (13) 14,450 10,637 .. 100 93 Developing 2,604,477 131 .. 53 2,675 14 17 127,153,044 42 39,837 7,580 .. 91 71 a. Includes arable and permanent cropland and permanent pasture. b. Although water data were obtained from FAO in 2007, they are long-term averages originating from multiple sources and years. c. Data from 2002. d. Data for Serbia include the country of Montenegro (these countries were a single nation from 2003 to 2006). (km Urban Rural 3 Total 2002–2004 ) person) 2002 from Animal Calorie Supply, 2003 Percent 2003 2003 2000 2004 Index 2004 Production Percent Change Since of population) Total (m3 (1,000 ha) (kg/ha) (m per 3 /ha) agriculture) Per Capita Poverty Water Resources {b} Water Actual Renewable Water Resources Intensity of Agricultural Inputs Fisheries Land {a} Fertilizer Water workforce in Labor Agricultural (percent of Population Improved Water Products 1995 Percent of (kcal/person/day) Source (percent nourished That is UnderFood Security and Nutrition Use of an World Resources Institute http:\\earthtrends.wri.org Page 2
Food and Water: Technical notes DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY service. FAo derives caloric values by applying food composition factors to the quantities of the processed commodities. Agricultural Land, in thousand hectares, is the total area of all Percent of population that is Undernourished refers to the arable and permanent cropland and permanent pasture. Arable proportion of the population with food intake that is land includes land under annual crops, temporary meadows, continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement for kitchen gardens, and land fallow for less than 5 years. maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity Abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not Data represent country averages over a 3-year period from included. Permanent cropland is cultivated with crops that 2002 to 2004. FAO estimates the number of undernourished occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted individuals using calculations of the amount of food available in after each harvest, including land under trees grown for wood or each country and a measure of inequality in distribution derived timber.Permanent pasture is the amount of land used from household income/ expenditure surveys. The total permanently(5 years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, undernourished population is calculated as the number of either cultivated or growing wild(wild prairie or grazing land). people who fall below a minimum energy requirement, which is Data on land use are reported by country governments in estimated by sex and age group based on a reference body surveys distributed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of weight. This minimum energy requirement varies by country but the United Nations(FAO) typically averages between 1, 750 and 2,030 kilocalories per person daily. Fertilizer intensity measures the mass in kilograms of the nutrients nitrogen, potash, and phosphate consumed annually Fisheries Production data refer to both the nominal catch per hectare of arable and permanent cropland. Some countries(capture) and the harvest(aquaculture)of fish, crustaceans, report data based on the fertilizer year; that is, 2003 data mollusks, aquatic mammals, and other aquatic animals taken actually encompassed July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2004. Data are for commercial, industrial, recreational, and subsistence collected through the FAO fertilizer questionnaire, with support purposes from marine, brackish, and inland waters. statistics from the Ad Hoc working Party on Fertilizer statistics. for aquatic plants are excluded from country totals. Data include all quantities caught and harvested for both food and Water intensity measures, in cubic meters, the annual volume feed purposes but exclude catch discarded at sea. Production of water used in the agricultural sector per hectare of arable of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks is expressed in live weight, and permanent cropland. Water use for agriculture is defined the nominal weight of the aquatic organisms at the time of as the water withdrawals that are attributed to the agricultural harvest. Most fisheries statistics are collected by FAo from sector, used primarily for irrigation. WRI calculates water questionnaires sent to national fisheries agencies. When these intensity by dividing water use data by the extent of agricultural data are missing or considered unreliable, FAO estimates land, using statistics from FAOs AQUASTAT information syster fishery production based on regional fishery organizations, in the FAOSTAT database To estimate agricultural water use, an project documents, industry magazines, or statistical assessment has to be made both of irrigation water interpolations requirements and of water withdrawals for agriculture AQUASTAT collects its information from a number of sources, Actual Renewable Water Resources gives the maximum including national water resources and irrigation master plans; theoretical amount of water annually available for each country national yearbooks, statistics, and reports: reports from FAO: in cubic kilometers. Per Capita Actual Renewable Water international surveys; and surveys made by national or Resources gives the maximum theoretical amount of water nternational research centers annually available, on a per person basis, in cubic meters Actual renewable water resources are defined as the sum of Labor intensity refers to the percentage of the total labor force internal renewable resources(RWR)and external renewable economically active in agriculture, hunting, forestry, or fishing. resources(ERWR), taking into consideration the quantity of flow The International Labor Organization(ILO) defines economically reserved to upstream and downstream countries through active as "all persons of either sex who furnish the supply formal or informal agreements or treaties and possible labour for the production of economic goods and services. "The reduction of external flow due to upstream water abstraction iLo derives the labor estimates from population censuses and sample surveys. When country data are missing, the iLo recharge of groundwater(aquifers)generated from endogenous estimates figures from similar neighboring countries or by using (internal)precipitation. ERWR are the portion of the country's special models of activity rates. FAO provided the annual figures renewable water resources that is not generated within the used for these calculations through interpolating and country, including inflows from upstream countries and a extrapolating the ILOs decennial series portion of border lakes or rivers Calorie Supply Total refers to the amount of available food per Per capita water resources data are calculated by WrI using person per day, expressed in kilocalories. Percent from Animal 2000 population estimates (or other appropriate year as Products refers to the percent of available food that is derived indicated in footnotes)from the UN Population Division. Water from animal products, including all types of meat and fish; resources data were compiled by the Fao from a number of animal fats and fish oils: edible offal; milk, butter, cheese, and sources: national water resources and irrigation master plans ream;and eggs and egg products. FAO compiles statistics on national yearbooks, statistics, and reports, reports from FAO apparent food consumption based on supply/utilization international surveys; and surveys made by national or accounts(SUAs)maintained in FAOSTAT, its on-line statistical international research centers rld Resources Institute http\earthtrends.wri.org Page 3
DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY Agricultural Land, in thousand hectares, is the total area of all arable and permanent cropland and permanent pasture. Arable land includes land under annual crops, temporary meadows, kitchen gardens, and land fallow for less than 5 years. Abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included. Permanent cropland is cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, including land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is the amount of land used permanently (5 years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (wild prairie or grazing land). Data on land use are reported by country governments, in surveys distributed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Fertilizer intensity measures the mass in kilograms of the nutrients nitrogen, potash, and phosphate consumed annually per hectare of arable and permanent cropland. Some countries report data based on the fertilizer year; that is, 2003 data actually encompassed July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2004. Data are collected through the FAO fertilizer questionnaire, with support from the Ad Hoc Working Party on Fertilizer Statistics. Water intensity measures, in cubic meters, the annual volume of water used in the agricultural sector per hectare of arable and permanent cropland. Water use for agriculture is defined as the water withdrawals that are attributed to the agricultural sector, used primarily for irrigation. WRI calculates water intensity by dividing water use data by the extent of agricultural land, using statistics from FAO’s AQUASTAT information system in the FAOSTAT database. To estimate agricultural water use, an assessment has to be made both of irrigation water requirements and of water withdrawals for agriculture. AQUASTAT collects its information from a number of sources, including national water resources and irrigation master plans; national yearbooks, statistics, and reports; reports from FAO; international surveys; and surveys made by national or international research centers. Labor intensity refers to the percentage of the total labor force economically active in agriculture, hunting, forestry, or fishing. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines economically active as "all persons of either sex who furnish the supply of labour for the production of economic goods and services." The ILO derives the labor estimates from population censuses and sample surveys. When country data are missing, the ILO estimates figures from similar neighboring countries or by using special models of activity rates. FAO provided the annual figures used for these calculations through interpolating and extrapolating the ILO's decennial series. Calorie Supply, Total refers to the amount of available food per person per day, expressed in kilocalories. Percent from Animal Products refers to the percent of available food that is derived from animal products, including all types of meat and fish; animal fats and fish oils; edible offal; milk, butter, cheese, and cream; and eggs and egg products. FAO compiles statistics on apparent food consumption based on supply/utilization accounts (SUAs) maintained in FAOSTAT, its on-line statistical service. FAO derives caloric values by applying food composition factors to the quantities of the processed commodities. Percent of Population That is Undernourished refers to the proportion of the population with food intake that is continuously below a minimum dietary energy requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity. Data represent country averages over a 3-year period from 2002 to 2004. FAO estimates the number of undernourished individuals using calculations of the amount of food available in each country and a measure of inequality in distribution derived from household income/ expenditure surveys. The total undernourished population is calculated as the number of people who fall below a minimum energy requirement, which is estimated by sex and age group based on a reference body weight. This minimum energy requirement varies by country but typically averages between 1,750 and 2,030 kilocalories per person daily. Fisheries Production data refer to both the nominal catch (capture) and the harvest (aquaculture) of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic mammals, and other aquatic animals taken for commercial, industrial, recreational, and subsistence purposes from marine, brackish, and inland waters. Statistics for aquatic plants are excluded from country totals. Data include all quantities caught and harvested for both food and feed purposes but exclude catch discarded at sea. Production of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks is expressed in live weight, the nominal weight of the aquatic organisms at the time of harvest. Most fisheries statistics are collected by FAO from questionnaires sent to national fisheries agencies. When these data are missing or considered unreliable, FAO estimates fishery production based on regional fishery organizations, project documents, industry magazines, or statistical interpolations. Actual Renewable Water Resources gives the maximum theoretical amount of water annually available for each country in cubic kilometers. Per Capita Actual Renewable Water Resources gives the maximum theoretical amount of water annually available, on a per person basis, in cubic meters. Actual renewable water resources are defined as the sum of internal renewable resources (IRWR) and external renewable resources (ERWR), taking into consideration the quantity of flow reserved to upstream and downstream countries through formal or informal agreements or treaties and possible reduction of external flow due to upstream water abstraction. IRWR are composed of the average annual flow of rivers and recharge of groundwater (aquifers) generated from endogenous (internal) precipitation. ERWR are the portion of the country’s renewable water resources that is not generated within the country, including inflows from upstream countries and a portion of border lakes or rivers. Per capita water resources data are calculated by WRI using 2000 population estimates (or other appropriate year as indicated in footnotes) from the UN Population Division. Water resources data were compiled by the FAO from a number of sources: national water resources and irrigation master plans; national yearbooks, statistics, and reports; reports from FAO; international surveys; and surveys made by national or international research centers. World Resources Institute http:\\earthtrends.wri.org Page 3 Food and Water: Technical Notes
The Water Poverty Index (WPD)measures, for a given country, decennial population series. As a result, fluctuations in the the impact of water scarcity and water provision on human labor force may not be captured in annual figures. Labor populations. The WPl is a number between 0 and 100, where a intensity may be overestimated in countries with substantial low score indicates water poverty and a high score indicates fishing or forestry industries, since the total agricultural labor good water provision. The WPI is the culmination of an force includes some workers engaged in these activities. interdisciplinary approach that combines both the physical quantities relating to water availability and the socioeconomic Calorie Supply Figures shown here represent only the average factors relating to poverty to produce an indicator that calorie supply available for the population as a whole and do addresses the diverse factors that affect water resource not necessarily indicate what is actually consumed by management. The index is composed of five component individuals. Even if data are used as approximations of per indices: resources, access, capacity, use, and environment. capita consumption, it is important to note that there is of the population with access to an improved drinking water trade and utilization dato Ccurate is n among individuals. Food se of an Improved Water Source measures the total proportion supply data are only as ac source. An improved water source includes any of the following: household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected Percent of Population That is Undernourished: Food balance dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collection. Improved sheets provide data for the available food supply, not specific water sources are more likely to provide safe drinking water consumption, so waste and other losses are not accounted for than unimproved sources but are not a direct measure of"safe Also, since production statistics are typically available only fo drinking water. Examples of unimproved water sources include major food crops, non-commercial or subsistence-level unprotected wells and springs, surface water, vendor-provided production is not always included. Crops that are either water, tanker-provided water, and bottled water if it is not continuously or selectively harvested, such as cassava and consistently available in sufficient quantities. Both urban and plantains, may not be accurately accounted for, and rural access are shown here. Any person not inhabiting an area subsistence hunting of wild game and insects is typically classified as urban is counted in the rural population. The ignored. Data for 2002-2004 are preliminary. In all likelihood. definition of an urban area varies slightly from country to these numbers will change in future revisions as estimates are country; the smallest urban agglomerations typically have a refined population between 2,000 and 10,000 people. Data are collected by the World Health Organization(WHO)and the Total Fisheries Production: FISHSTAT provides the most United Nations Childrens Fund(UNICEF)using a variety of extensive global time series of fishery statistics since 1950 household survey instruments, including the Demographic However, country-level data are often submitted with a 1-2 Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, Living year delay. Statistics from smaller artisanal and subsistence Standards Measurement Studies, and World Health Surveys fisheries are sparse. While these figures provide a good overview of regional trends, data should be used with caution FREQUENCY OF UPDATE BY DATA PROVIDERS and supplemented with estimates from regional organizations academic literature, expert consultations, and trade data. For Land, fertilizer, labor, nutrition, and fisheries data are updated more information, consult Fishery Statistics Reliability and annually by FAO. Water resources data are updated Policy Implications, published by the FAO Fisheries Department. intermittently as new values become available. The Water Poverty Index was created by the Center for Ecology and Water Resources: While AQUASTAT represents the most Hydrology in 2002 and has not been updated. The Use of complete and careful compilation of water resources statistics Improved Water Source data set is a Millennium Development to date, freshwater data are generally of poor quality Sources Indicator and is updated every 1-3 years to measure a of information vary but are rarely complete. Access to country s progress toward the Millennium Development Goals information on water resources is still sometimes restricted for reasons related to political sensitivity at the regional level. Many DATA RELIABILITY AND CAUTIONARY NOTES instances of water scarcity are highly localized and are not reflected in national statistics. In addition, the accuracy and Agricultural Land: Data are compiled from various sources, reliability of information vary greatly among regions, countries, definitions and coverage do not always conform to and categories of information, as does the year in which the recommendations and may not always be completely consistent information was gathered. As a result, no consistency can be across countries ensured among countries on the duration and dates of the period of reference. All data should be considered order-of- Fertilizer: Data are excluded for some countries with a relatively magnitude estimates cases, the calculation of fertilizer consumed per hectare of Water Poverty Index: The WPl focuses public attention on the cropland yields an unreliable number. quickly understand the degree of water stress in a country. abor: Values vary widely among and within countries according However, the freshwater data used to build this index are labor scarcity, production technologies, and of energy incomplete and frequently incomparable across countries and machinery. The annual figures for total number of rs of this index should always treat these numbers as order agricultural workers were obtained by interpolating and of-magnitude estimates extrapolating past trends (1950-2000), taken from ILO World Resources Institute http\earthtrends.wri.org Page 4
The Water Poverty Index (WPI) measures, for a given country, the impact of water scarcity and water provision on human populations. The WPI is a number between 0 and 100, where a low score indicates water poverty and a high score indicates good water provision. The WPI is the culmination of an interdisciplinary approach that combines both the physical quantities relating to water availability and the socioeconomic factors relating to poverty to produce an indicator that addresses the diverse factors that affect water resource management. The index is composed of five component indices: resources, access, capacity, use, and environment. Use of an Improved Water Source measures the total proportion of the population with access to an improved drinking water source. An improved water source includes any of the following: household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collection. Improved water sources are more likely to provide safe drinking water than unimproved sources but are not a direct measure of “safe” drinking water. Examples of unimproved water sources include unprotected wells and springs, surface water, vendor-provided water, tanker-provided water, and bottled water if it is not consistently available in sufficient quantities. Both urban and rural access are shown here. Any person not inhabiting an area classified as urban is counted in the rural population. The definition of an urban area varies slightly from country to country; the smallest urban agglomerations typically have a population between 2,000 and 10,000 people. Data are collected by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) using a variety of household survey instruments, including the Demographic Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, Living Standards Measurement Studies, and World Health Surveys. FREQUENCY OF UPDATE BY DATA PROVIDERS Land, fertilizer, labor, nutrition, and fisheries data are updated annually by FAO. Water resources data are updated intermittently as new values become available. The Water Poverty Index was created by the Center for Ecology and Hydrology in 2002 and has not been updated. The Use of Improved Water Source data set is a Millennium Development Indicator and is updated every 1–3 years to measure a country’s progress toward the Millennium Development Goals. DATA RELIABILITY AND CAUTIONARY NOTES Agricultural Land: Data are compiled from various sources, so definitions and coverage do not always conform to FAO recommendations and may not always be completely consistent across countries. Fertilizer: Data are excluded for some countries with a relatively small area of cropland, such as Iceland and Singapore. In these cases, the calculation of fertilizer consumed per hectare of cropland yields an unreliable number. Labor: Values vary widely among and within countries according to labor scarcity, production technologies, and costs of energy and machinery. The annual figures for total number of agricultural workers were obtained by interpolating and extrapolating past trends (1950–2000), taken from ILO decennial population series. As a result, fluctuations in the labor force may not be captured in annual figures. Labor intensity may be overestimated in countries with substantial fishing or forestry industries, since the total agricultural labor force includes some workers engaged in these activities. Calorie Supply: Figures shown here represent only the average calorie supply available for the population as a whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actually consumed by individuals. Even if data are used as approximations of per capita consumption, it is important to note that there is considerable variation in consumption among individuals. Food supply data are only as accurate as the underlying production, trade, and utilization data. Percent of Population That is Undernourished: Food balance sheets provide data for the available food supply, not specific consumption, so waste and other losses are not accounted for. Also, since production statistics are typically available only for major food crops, non-commercial or subsistence-level production is not always included. Crops that are either continuously or selectively harvested, such as cassava and plantains, may not be accurately accounted for, and subsistence hunting of wild game and insects is typically ignored. Data for 2002–2004 are preliminary. In all likelihood, these numbers will change in future revisions as estimates are refined. Total Fisheries Production: FISHSTAT provides the most extensive global time series of fishery statistics since 1950. However, country-level data are often submitted with a 1–2 year delay. Statistics from smaller artisanal and subsistence fisheries are sparse. While these figures provide a good overview of regional trends, data should be used with caution and supplemented with estimates from regional organizations, academic literature, expert consultations, and trade data. For more information, consult Fishery Statistics Reliability and Policy Implications, published by the FAO Fisheries Department. Water Resources: While AQUASTAT represents the most complete and careful compilation of water resources statistics to date, freshwater data are generally of poor quality. Sources of information vary but are rarely complete. Access to information on water resources is still sometimes restricted for reasons related to political sensitivity at the regional level. Many instances of water scarcity are highly localized and are not reflected in national statistics. In addition, the accuracy and reliability of information vary greatly among regions, countries, and categories of information, as does the year in which the information was gathered. As a result, no consistency can be ensured among countries on the duration and dates of the period of reference. All data should be considered order-ofmagnitude estimates. Water Poverty Index: The WPI focuses public attention on the important issue of water scarcity and allows individuals to quickly understand the degree of water stress in a country. However, the freshwater data used to build this index are incomplete and frequently incomparable across countries; users of this index should always treat these numbers as orderof-magnitude estimates. World Resources Institute http:\\earthtrends.wri.org Page 4
Use of an Improved Water Source: These data have become more reliable as who and unicef shift from provider-based information(national census estimates) to consumer-based information(survey data) Nonetheless, comparisons among countries should be made with care. Definitions of urban and rural are not consistent across countries. The assessment does not account for intermittent or poor quality of water SOURCES Total Agricultural Land, Fertilizer, Labor, and calorie Supply Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) 2007 FAOSTAT online statistical service. Rome: FAo. Online at http://faostat.fao.org. Percent of Population that is Undernourished: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations( FAO), Statistics Division. 2006. Food Security Statistics, 2006. Rome: FAO Online at http://www.fao.org/es/ess/faostat/foodsecurity/index_en.htm Fisheries Production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO), Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. 2007. FISHSTAT Plus: Universal Software for Fishery Statistical Time Series, Version 2. 3. Rome: FAO. Online at http://www.fao.org/fi/statistfisoft/fishplus.asp Renewable Water Resources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO), Water Resources, Development and Management Service. 2007. AQUASTAT Information System on Water and Agriculture: Review of World Water Resources by Country. Rome: FAO. Online at http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat /water_res/index. htm Water Poverty Index Lawrence, P, J Meigh, and C. Sullivan 2003. The Water Poverty Index: an International Comparison Staffordshire, UK: Keele University. Online at http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/ec/wpapers/kerpo219.pdf Use of Improved water Source: World Health Organization (WHO)and United Nations Childrens Fund(UNICEF). 2006 Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. Geneva and New York: WHo and UNICEF. Online at http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/jmp_06.pdf World resources Institute http\earthtrends.wri.org
Use of an Improved Water Source: These data have become more reliable as WHO and UNICEF shift from provider-based information (national census estimates) to consumer-based information (survey data). Nonetheless, comparisons among countries should be made with care. Definitions of urban and rural are not consistent across countries. The assessment does not account for intermittent or poor quality of water supplies. SOURCES Total Agricultural Land, Fertilizer, Labor, and Calorie Supply: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2007. FAOSTAT online statistical service. Rome: FAO. Online at http://faostat.fao.org. Percent of Population that is Undernourished: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Statistics Division. 2006. Food Security Statistics, 2006. Rome: FAO. Online at http://www.fao.org/es/ess/faostat/foodsecurity/index_en.htm. Fisheries Production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. 2007. FISHSTAT Plus: Universal Software for Fishery Statistical Time Series, Version 2.3. Rome: FAO. Online at http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp. Renewable Water Resources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Water Resources, Development and Management Service. 2007. AQUASTAT Information System on Water and Agriculture: Review of World Water Resources by Country. Rome: FAO. Online at http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat /water_res/index.htm. Water Poverty Index: Lawrence, P., J. Meigh, and C. Sullivan. 2003. The Water Poverty Index: an International Comparison. Staffordshire, UK: Keele University. Online at http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/ec/wpapers/kerp0219.pdf. Use of Improved Water Source: World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2006. Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. Geneva and New York: WHO and UNICEF. Online at http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/JMP_06.pdf. World Resources Institute http:\\earthtrends.wri.org Page 5
