西安建筑科技大学：《水资源利用与保护》参考资料_Water resources in the world_Freshwater Resources 2005

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WORLD 11,357.7 40,594 10,067 43,219 55,273 8,549 .. 3,802,320 633 70 20 10 .. ASIA (EXCL. MIDDLE EAST) 2,472.0 10,985 2,136 11,192 14,582 4,079 .. 2,147,506 631 81 12 7 .. Armenia 4.2 6 1 9 11 3,450 14 2,954 949 66 4 30 10 Azerbaijan 6.5 6 4 8 30 3,585 73 17,247 2,114 68 28 5 .. Bangladesh 21.1 84 0 105 1,211 8,089 91 79,394 576 96 1 3 273 Bhutan .. 95 .. 95 95 40,860 0 420 204 95 1 4 .. Cambodia 17.6 116 13 121 476 32,876 75 4,091 311 98 1 2 .. China 828.8 2,712 728 2,812 2,830 2,206 1 630,289 494 68 26 7 7,060 Georgia 17.2 57 16 58 63 12,481 8 3,607 685 59 21 20 .. India 418.5 1,222 380 1,261 1,897 1,754 34 645,837 635 86 5 8 1,605 Indonesia 455.0 2,793 410 2,838 2,838 12,749 0 82,773 391 91 1 8 662 Japan 27.0 420 17 430 430 3,365 0 88,432 696 62 18 20 1,379 Kazakhstan 6.1 69 0 75 110 7,116 31 35,008 2,238 82 17 2 .. Korea, Dem People's Rep 13.0 66 12 67 77 3,387 13 9,024 405 55 25 20 .. Korea, Rep 13.3 62 11 65 70 1,454 7 18,590 397 48 16 36 299 Kyrgyzstan 13.6 44 11 47 21 3,952 0 10,080 2,048 94 3 3 .. Lao People's Dem Rep 37.9 190 38 190 334 57,638 43 2,993 567 90 6 4 .. Malaysia 64.0 566 50 580 580 23,316 0 9,016 392 62 21 17 154 Mongolia 6.1 33 4 35 35 13,232 0 444 178 52 28 20 .. Myanmar 156.0 875 150 881 1,046 20,870 16 33,224 699 98 1 1 4 Nepal 20.0 198 20 198 210 8,171 6 10,177 433 96 1 3 .. Pakistan 55.0 47 50 52 223 1,415 76 169,384 1,187 96 2 2 .. Philippines 180.0 444 145 479 479 5,884 0 28,520 377 74 9 17 202 Singapore .. .. .. 1 1 139 0 .. .. .. .. .. 33 Sri Lanka 7.8 49 7 50 50 2,602 0 12,604 678 95 2 2 81 Tajikistan 6.0 63 3 66 16 2,537 17 11,962 1,965 92 5 4 .. Thailand 41.9 199 31 210 410 6,459 49 87,065 1,429 95 2 2 .. Turkmenistan 0.4 1 0 1 25 5,004 97 24,645 5,308 98 1 2 .. Uzbekistan 8.8 10 2 16 50 1,904 77 58,334 2,342 93 2 5 .. Viet Nam 48.0 354 35 367 891 10,805 59 71,392 914 68 24 8 .. EUROPE 1,317.9 6,223 986 6,591 7,771 10,655 .. 400,266 581 33 52 15 .. Albania 6.2 23 2 27 42 13,056 35 1,714 551 62 11 27 7 Austria 6.0 55 6 55 78 9,569 29 2,112 261 1 64 35 82 Belarus 18.0 37 18 37 58 5,887 36 2,789 278 30 46 23 .. Belgium 0.9 12 1 12 18 1,770 34 .. .. .. .. .. 102 Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. 36 38 8,958 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. Bulgaria 6.4 20 6 21 21 2,721 1 10,498 1,296 19 78 3 106 Croatia 11.0 27 1 38 106 23,890 64 .. .. .. .. .. 48 Czech Rep 1.4 13 1 13 13 1,286 0 2,566 250 2 57 41 .. Denmark 4.3 4 2 6 6 1,116 0 1,267 238 42 26 32 84 Estonia 4.0 12 3 13 13 9,794 1 163 120 5 39 56 .. Finland 2.2 107 2 107 110 21,093 3 2,478 479 3 84 14 62 France 100.0 177 98 179 204 3,371 12 39,959 674 10 74 16 280 Germany 45.7 106 45 107 154 1,866 31 47,052 572 20 68 12 788 Greece 10.3 56 8 58 74 6,764 22 7,759 712 81 3 16 57 Hungary 6.0 6 6 6 104 10,579 94 7,641 763 32 59 9 147 Iceland 24.0 166 20 170 170 582,192 0 153 543 0 66 34 .. Ireland 10.8 48 10 49 52 13,003 6 1,129 296 0 77 23 42 Italy 43.0 171 31 183 191 3,336 5 44,372 771 45 37 18 495 Latvia 2.2 17 2 17 35 15,507 53 293 124 12 33 55 24 Lithuania 1.2 15 1 16 25 7,276 38 267 76 7 15 78 37 Macedonia, FYR .. 5 .. 5 6 .. 16 .. .. .. .. .. .. Moldova, Rep 0.4 1 0 1 12 .. 91 2,308 539 33 58 9 .. Netherlands 4.5 11 5 11 91 5,608 88 7,944 500 34 60 6 122 Norway 96.0 376 90 382 382 83,919 0 2,185 489 10 67 23 54 Poland 12.5 53 12 54 62 1,598 13 16,201 419 8 79 13 427 Portugal 4.0 38 4 38 69 6,821 45 11,263 1,125 78 12 10 124 Romania 8.3 42 8 42 212 9,512 80 23,176 1,031 57 34 9 .. Russian Federation 788.0 4,037 512 4,313 4,507 31,653 4 76,686 527 18 63 19 1,516 Serbia and Montenegro 3.0 42 1 44 209 .. 79 .. .. .. .. .. 111 Slovakia 1.7 13 2 13 50 9,266 75 .. .. .. .. .. 60 Slovenia 13.5 19 13 19 32 16,080 41 .. .. .. .. .. 38 Spain 29.9 110 28 111 112 2,711 0 35,635 874 68 19 13 357 Sweden 20.0 170 19 171 174 19,581 2 2,965 335 9 54 37 101 Switzerland 2.5 40 3 40 54 7,468 24 2,571 359 2 74 24 .. Ukraine 20.0 50 17 53 140 2,898 62 37,523 755 52 35 12 510 United Kingdom 9.8 144 9 145 147 2,474 1 9,541 163 3 75 22 583 MIDDLE EAST & N. AFRICA 148.8 374 60 518 657 1,505 .. 324,646 807 86 6 8 .. Afghanistan .. .. .. 55 65 2,608 15 23,261 1,087 98 0 2 .. Algeria 1.7 13 1 14 14 443 3 6,074 201 65 13 22 46 Egypt 1.3 1 0 2 58 794 97 68,653 1,013 78 14 8 202 Iran, Islamic Rep 49.3 97 18 129 138 1,970 7 72,877 1,097 91 2 7 .. Iraq 1.2 34 0 35 75 2,917 53 42,702 1,839 92 5 3 .. Israel 0.5 0 0 1 2 255 55 2,041 338 63 7 31 .. Jordan 0.5 0 0 1 1 157 23 1,016 202 75 4 21 16 Kuwait 0.0 0 0 0 0 8 100 445 198 52 3 45 11 Lebanon 3.2 4 3 5 4 1,189 1 1,372 394 67 1 33 15 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.5 0 0 1 1 106 0 4,811 919 89 3 8 .. Morocco 10.0 22 3 29 29 934 0 12,758 438 90 2 8 88 Oman 1.0 1 1 1 1 337 0 1,350 518 91 2 7 5 Saudi Arabia 2.2 2 2 2 2 96 0 17,320 782 89 1 10 .. Syrian Arab Rep 4.2 5 2 7 26 1,441 80 19,947 1,205 95 2 3 15 Tunisia 1.5 3 0 4 5 459 9 2,726 286 82 2 16 46 Turkey 69.0 186 28 227 229 3,171 1 37,519 550 74 11 15 175 United Arab Emirates 0.1 0 0 0 0 49 0 2,306 818 68 9 23 .. Yemen 1.5 4 1 4 4 198 0 6,631 368 95 1 4 .. Pollution (mt/day) {e} 1997-2000 Domestic (percent), 2000 {d} Water Withdrawals Industrial Sectoral Withdrawals Water Per Capita 2000 Agriculture Industry (m3 per person) Total (million m 3 ) Water Resources (IRWR) {a} Water Resources {a} 2000 Actual Renewable Dependency Ratio{c} Total (km3 ) Per (km3 ) Surface person) Total (km3 ) {b} Capita (m3 per Internal Renewable water (km3 ) (km3 ) Overlap Ground Recharge water EarthTrends Data Tables: Freshwater Resources Freshwater Resources 2005 Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Bank. 1

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,548.5 3,812 1,468 3,901 5,463 6,322 .. 113,361 173 88 4 9 .. Angola 72.0 182 70 184 184 13,070 0 343 28 61 16 22 .. Benin 1.8 10 2 10 25 3,585 58 250 40 74 11 15 .. Botswana 1.7 2 1 3 14 8,022 80 140 81 43 19 38 5 Burkina Faso 9.5 8 5 13 13 933 0 780 66 88 0 11 3 Burundi 2.1 4 2 4 4 509 0 234 37 82 1 17 .. Cameroon 100.0 268 95 273 286 17,520 4 985 65 74 8 18 11 Central African Rep 56.0 141 56 141 144 36,912 2 22 6 4 19 77 .. Chad 11.5 14 10 15 43 4,857 65 234 30 80 1 19 .. Congo 198.0 222 198 222 832 217,915 73 39 11 10 30 59 .. Congo, Dem Rep 421.0 899 420 900 1,283 .. 30 356 7 31 16 52 .. Côte d'Ivoire 37.7 74 35 77 81 4,794 5 931 59 65 12 23 12 Equatorial Guinea 10.0 25 9 26 26 51,282 0 106 232 1 16 83 .. Eritrea .. .. .. 3 6 1,466 56 304 82 95 1 4 .. Ethiopia 40.0 110 40 110 110 1,519 0 2,648 40 93 6 1 21 Gabon 62.0 162 60 164 164 121,392 0 128 102 40 11 48 .. Gambia 0.5 3 1 3 8 5,472 63 32 24 67 11 22 .. Ghana 26.3 29 25 30 53 2,489 43 520 27 48 15 37 .. Guinea 38.0 226 38 226 226 26,218 0 1,517 187 90 2 8 .. Guinea-Bissau 14.0 12 10 16 31 20,156 48 110 81 91 1 9 .. Kenya 3.0 17 0 20 30 932 33 1,576 52 64 6 30 51 Lesotho 0.5 5 1 5 3 1,678 0 54 30 19 41 40 3 Liberia 60.0 200 60 200 232 66,533 14 107 36 56 15 28 .. Madagascar 55.0 332 50 337 337 18,826 0 14,970 937 96 2 3 .. Malawi 1.4 16 1 16 17 1,401 7 1,005 88 81 5 15 11 Mali 20.0 50 10 60 100 7,458 40 6,930 582 99 0 1 .. Mauritania 0.3 0 0 0 11 3,826 96 1,698 642 88 3 9 .. Mozambique 17.0 97 15 99 216 11,266 54 635 36 87 2 11 10 Namibia 2.1 4 0 6 18 8,921 66 268 142 63 5 33 .. Niger 2.5 1 0 4 34 2,710 90 2,187 204 95 1 4 .. Nigeria 87.0 214 80 221 286 2,252 23 8,004 70 69 10 21 .. Rwanda 3.6 5 4 5 5 613 0 76 10 39 14 48 .. Senegal 7.6 24 5 26 39 3,811 33 1,591 169 90 4 6 8 Sierra Leone 50.0 150 40 160 160 30,960 0 380 86 93 2 5 .. Somalia 3.3 6 3 6 14 1,309 56 3,298 378 100 0 0 .. South Africa 4.8 43 3 45 50 1,106 10 15,306 348 73 10 17 235 Sudan 7.0 28 5 30 65 1,879 77 37,314 1,187 97 1 3 .. Tanzania, United Rep 30.0 80 28 82 91 2,416 10 1,996 57 93 1 6 34 Togo 5.7 11 5 12 15 2,930 22 166 36 47 8 45 .. Uganda 29.0 39 29 39 66 2,472 41 295 13 39 15 45 .. Zambia 47.0 80 47 80 105 9,630 24 1,737 167 76 8 16 .. Zimbabwe 5.0 13 4 14 20 1,547 30 2,612 207 86 5 10 .. NORTH AMERICA 1,670.0 4,702 1,522 6,271 6,574 19,992 .. 525,267 1,663 38 48 14 .. Canada 370.0 2,840 360 2,850 2,902 91,419 2 45,974 1,494 12 69 20 300 United States 1,300.0 f 1,862 f 1,162 f 2,818 3,069 10,333 8 479,293 1,682 41 46 13 2,433 C. AMERICA & CARIBBEAN 359.4 1,050 231 1,190 1,259 6,924 .. 100,657 603 75 6 18 .. Belize .. .. .. 16 19 71,111 14 125 519 0 89 11 .. Costa Rica 37.3 75 0 112 112 26,447 0 2,677 681 53 17 29 34 Cuba 6.5 32 0 38 38 3,365 0 8,204 732 69 12 19 .. Dominican Rep 11.7 21 12 21 21 2,367 0 3,386 405 66 2 32 .. El Salvador 6.2 18 6 18 25 3,815 30 1,273 205 59 16 25 22 Guatemala 33.7 101 25 109 111 8,788 2 2,005 176 80 13 6 19 Haiti 2.2 11 .. 13 14 1,663 7 985 123 94 1 5 .. Honduras 39.0 87 30 96 96 13,513 0 860 133 81 11 8 .. Jamaica 3.9 6 0 9 9 3,513 0 409 159 49 17 34 .. Mexico 139.0 361 91 409 457 4,357 11 78,219 791 77 5 17 291 Nicaragua 59.0 186 55 190 197 35,142 4 1,300 256 83 3 14 .. Panama 21.0 144 18 147 148 46,579 0 824 279 28 5 66 12 Trinidad and Tobago .. .. .. 4 4 2,938 0 305 237 6 27 67 .. SOUTH AMERICA 3,693.0 12,198 3,645 12,380 17,274 47,044 .. 164,429 474 68 12 19 .. Argentina 128.0 276 128 276 814 20,941 66 29,072 784 74 9 16 .. Bolivia 130.0 277 104 304 623 69,378 51 1,387 167 83 3 13 12 Brazil 1,874.0 5,418 1,874 5,418 8,233 45,573 34 59,298 345 62 18 20 .. Chile 140.0 884 140 884 922 57,639 4 12,539 824 64 25 11 71 Colombia 510.0 2,112 510 2,112 2,132 47,469 1 10,711 254 46 4 50 101 Ecuador 134.0 432 134 432 432 32,747 0 16,980 1,367 82 5 12 33 Guyana 103.0 241 103 241 241 314,211 0 1,642 2,163 97 1 2 .. Paraguay 41.0 94 41 94 336 55,833 72 489 89 72 9 20 .. Peru 303.0 1,616 303 1,616 1,913 69,395 16 20,132 776 82 10 8 .. Suriname 80.0 88 80 88 122 277,904 28 665 1,565 93 3 4 .. Uruguay 23.0 59 23 59 139 40,419 58 3,146 941 96 1 2 21 Venezuela 227.0 700 205 723 1,233 47,122 41 8,368 345 47 7 45 90 OCEANIA .. 1,241 20 1,693 1,693 54,637 .. 26,187 900 72 10 18 .. Australia 72.0 440 20 492 492 24,708 0 23,932 1,250 75 10 15 94 Fiji .. .. .. 29 29 33,707 0 69 85 78 11 11 6 New Zealand .. .. .. 327 327 83,760 0 2,111 558 42 9 49 48 Papua New Guinea .. 801 .. 801 801 137,252 0 75 14 1 43 56 .. Solomon Islands .. .. .. 45 45 91,039 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. DEVELOPED 3,153.0 12,084 2,584 13,835 15,369 11,514 .. 1221192.0 956 46 40 14 .. DEVELOPING 8,128.5 28,500 7,483 29,938 39,962 7,762 .. 2583916.4 545 81 11 8 .. culture try estic 1997-2000 (kg/day) {e} (km3 ) (km3 ) (km3 ) (km3 ) {b} (km3 ) person) Ratio{c} 2000 2000 Total (m person) Agri- Indus- Dom- 3 per dency m 3 Recharge water Overlap Total ) (million (m3 water Surface Capita Depen- per (percent), 2000 {d} Pollution Water Resources (IRWR) {a} Per trial Ground Per Total Capita Sectoral Withdrawals Water Internal Renewable Actual Renewable Water Withdrawals Indusa. Although data were obtained from FAO in 2004, they are long-term averages originating from multiple sources and years. For more information, please consult the original source at http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/index.htm. b. At the country level, Total Internal Renewable Water Resources = Surface Water + Groundwater - Overlap. Regional and global totals represent a sum of available country-level data. c. Dependency Ratio is the percentage of total renewable water resources originating outside the country. d. Sectoral withdrawal data may not add up to 100 because of rounding. e. The average daily industrial discharge of organic water pollutatants, in metric tons, between the years 1997 and 2000 is calculated by WRI based on the available data within that timeframe. f. Data do not include Alaska and Hawaii. Water Resources {a} Freshwater Resources 2005 2

Technical Notes DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY Internal Renewable Water Resources(IRWR) include the average annual flow of rivers and the recharge of groundwater(aquifers)generated from endogenous precipitation--precipitation occurring within a country's borders IRWR are measured in cubic kilometers per year( km/year) Groundwater Recharge is the total volume of water entering aquifers within a country's borders from in arid areas where rainfall is assumed to infiltrate into aquifers Where data are available, groundwaterhfall endogenous precipitation and surface water flow. Groundwater resources are estimated by measuring rainfall esources in humid areas have been considered as equivalent to the base flow of rivers Surface Water produced internally includes the average annual flow of rivers generated from endogenous precipitation(precipitation occurring within a countrys borders). Natural incoming flow orig iqinating fro outside a country's borders are not included in the total. Surface water resources are usually computed by measuring or assessing total river flow occurring in a country on a yearly basis Overlap is the volume of water resources common to both surface and groundwater. It is subtracted when calculating IRWR to avoid double counting. Two types of exchanges create overlap: contribution of aquifers to surface flow, and recharge of aquifers by surface run-off In humid temperate or tropical regions, the (regions with porous limestone rock formations), a portion of groundwater resources are assumed to contribute to surface water flow. In arid and semi-arid countries, surface water flows recharge groundwater by infiltrating through the soil during floods. This recharge is either directly measured or inferred by characteristics of the aquifers and piezometric levels Total Internal Renewable Water Resources is the sum of surface and groundwater resources minus Actual Renewable Water Resources, gives the maximum theoretical amount of water actually available for each country, although in reality a portion of this water may be inaccessible to humans. Actual renewable water resources are defined as the sum of internal renewable resources RWR) and external renewable resources(ERWR). This takes into consideration the quantity of flow reserved to upstream and downstream countries through formal or informal agreements or treaties and possible reduction of external flow due to upstream water withdrawals. External renewable water resources(ERWR)are the portion of the countrys renewable water resources which is not generated within the country. The ERWR include inflows from upstream countries(groundwater and surface water), and part of the water of border lakes or rivers Per Capita Actual Renewable Water Resources are measured in cubic meters per person per year (m /person/year). Per capita actual water resources were calculated by WRI using the United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision. For more information about the collection methodology and reliability of the UN population data, please refer to the technical notes in the Deomgraphics and Education data table Dependency Ratio is the percentage of total renewable water resources originating outside of the country This indicator can be used to compare how different countries depend on external water resources. The dependency ratio may theoretically vary between O and 100 percent. A country with a dependency ratio qual to zero does not receive any water from neighboring countries. a country with a dependency ratio qual to 100 percent receives all its water from external sources without producing any. This ratio does not consider the possible allocation of water to downstream countries Water Withdrawals(annual), measured in million cubic meters, is the gross amount of water extracted from any source, either permanently or temporarily, for a given use. It can be either diverted towards distribution networks or directly used. It includes consumptive use, conveyance losses, and return flow. Total water withdrawal is the sum of estimated water use by the agricultural, domestic, and industrial sectors

Technical Notes DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY Internal Renewable Water Resources (IRWR) include the average annual flow of rivers and the recharge of groundwater (aquifers) generated from endogenous precipitation--precipitation occurring within a country's borders. IRWR are measured in cubic kilometers per year (km3 /year). Groundwater Recharge is the total volume of water entering aquifers within a country's borders from endogenous precipitation and surface water flow. Groundwater resources are estimated by measuring rainfall in arid areas where rainfall is assumed to infiltrate into aquifers. Where data are available, groundwater resources in humid areas have been considered as equivalent to the base flow of rivers. Surface Water produced internally includes the average annual flow of rivers generated from endogenous precipitation (precipitation occurring within a country's borders). Natural incoming flow originating from outside a country's borders are not included in the total. Surface water resources are usually computed by measuring or assessing total river flow occurring in a country on a yearly basis. Overlap is the volume of water resources common to both surface and groundwater. It is subtracted when calculating IRWR to avoid double counting. Two types of exchanges create overlap: contribution of aquifers to surface flow, and recharge of aquifers by surface run-off. In humid temperate or tropical regions, the entire volume of groundwater recharge typically contributes to surface water flow. In karstic domains (regions with porous limestone rock formations), a portion of groundwater resources are assumed to contribute to surface water flow. In arid and semi-arid countries, surface water flows recharge groundwater by infiltrating through the soil during floods. This recharge is either directly measured or inferred by characteristics of the aquifers and piezometric levels. Total Internal Renewable Water Resources is the sum of surface and groundwater resources minus overlap. Actual Renewable Water Resources, gives the maximum theoretical amount of water actually available for each country, although in reality a portion of this water may be inaccessible to humans. Actual renewable water resources are defined as the sum of internal renewable resources (IRWR) and external renewable resources (ERWR). This takes into consideration the quantity of flow reserved to upstream and downstream countries through formal or informal agreements or treaties and possible reduction of external flow due to upstream water withdrawals. External renewable water resources (ERWR) are the portion of the country’s renewable water resources which is not generated within the country. The ERWR include inflows from upstream countries (groundwater and surface water), and part of the water of border lakes or rivers. Per Capita Actual Renewable Water Resources are measured in cubic meters per person per year (m3 /person/year). Per capita actual water resources were calculated by WRI using the United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision. For more information about the collection methodology and reliability of the UN population data, please refer to the technical notes in the Deomgraphics and Education data table. Dependency Ratio is the percentage of total renewable water resources originating outside of the country. This indicator can be used to compare how different countries depend on external water resources. The dependency ratio may theoretically vary between 0 and 100 percent. A country with a dependency ratio equal to zero does not receive any water from neighboring countries. A country with a dependency ratio equal to 100 percent receives all its water from external sources without producing any. This ratio does not consider the possible allocation of water to downstream countries. Water Withdrawals (annual), measured in million cubic meters, is the gross amount of water extracted from any source, either permanently or temporarily, for a given use. It can be either diverted towards distribution networks or directly used. It includes consumptive use, conveyance losses, and return flow. Total water withdrawal is the sum of estimated water use by the agricultural, domestic, and industrial sectors. 3

Per Capita Annual Withdrawals were calculated using national population data from the United Nations Population Division for the year 2000 Sectoral Withdrawals, expressed as a percentage, refers to the proportion of water used for one of three purposes: agriculture, industry, and domestic uses. All water withdrawals are allocated to one of these three categories. Agriculture uses of water primarily include irrigation and, to a lesser extent, livestock maintenance Industry uses include cooling machinery and equipment, producing energy, cleaning and washing goods produced as ingredients in manufactured items, and as a solvent Domestic uses include drinking water plus water withdrawn for homes, municipalities, commercial establishments, and public services(e. g. hospitals) Most Freshwater resources data were provided by AQUASTAT, a global database of water statistics maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations( FAO). AQUASTAT collects its information from a number of sources--national water resources and irrigation master plans; national yearbooks, statistics and reports; reports from FAO: international surveys; and, results from surveys made by national or international research centres. In most cases, the information was analyzed to ensure consistency between the different data collected for a given country When possible, cross-checking of information between countries was used to improve assessment in countries where information was limited. When several sources give different or contradictory figures, preference was always given to information collected at national or sub-national level. This preference is based on the assumption that no regional information can be more accurate than studies carried out at the country level. In general, official rather than unofficial sources were used. In the case of shared water resources, a comparison between countries was made to ensure consistency at river-basin leve Industrial Water Pollution, shown here in average metric tons per day is measured by biochemical oxygen will consume in breaking down waste. For example, an overload of sewage in natural waters exhausts the the final dissolved oxygen concentration and the initial dissolved oxygen concentration. This differenc o.o water's dissolved oxygen content. Low levels of dissolved oxygen in water can impact the health of aquatic resources and ecosystems. BOD is a standard water-treatment test that determines the difference betwe represents the oxygen consumed (or BOD)in breaking down the organic materials in the sample A 1998 World Bank study carried out by Hettige, Mani, and Wheeler used plant and sector-level information on organic discharge(measured by BOD) and employment from 13 national environmental protection agencies and sector-level information on output and employment from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO). Their economic analysis found that the ratio of bOd to employment in each industrial sector is about the same across countries. This finding allowed the authors to estimate BOD intensities per unit of employment across countries and over time. Multiplying these estimates by sectoral employment numbers from UNIDOs industry database for 1980 to 1998 provides sectoral emissions, which were then used to calculate daily emissions of organic water pollutants(BOD) per day. These data were later pdated through 2000 using the same methodology. For further information, please refer to the hettige Mani, and Wheeler print publication, which is availabile online at htt LtD//ww.wonaDank org/nior/work paper/kuzneykuznets DoL. FREQUENCY OF UPDATE BY DATA PROVIDERS AQUASTAT was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1993; data have been available on-line since 2001. Most freshwater data are not available in a time series, and the globa data set contains data collected over a time span of up to 30 years. AQUASTAT updates their website as new data become available, or when FAO conducts special regional studies. Most data updates include revisions of of past data. World Development indicators is updated and published annually by The World Bank

Per Capita Annual Withdrawals were calculated using national population data from the United Nations Population Division for the year 2000. Sectoral Withdrawals, expressed as a percentage, refers to the proportion of water used for one of three purposes: agriculture, industry, and domestic uses. All water withdrawals are allocated to one of these three categories. Agriculture uses of water primarily include irrigation and, to a lesser extent, livestock maintenance. Industry uses include cooling machinery and equipment, producing energy, cleaning and washing goods produced as ingredients in manufactured items, and as a solvent. Domestic uses include drinking water plus water withdrawn for homes, municipalities, commercial establishments, and public services (e.g. hospitals). Most Freshwater resources data were provided by AQUASTAT, a global database of water statistics maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). AQUASTAT collects its information from a number of sources--national water resources and irrigation master plans; national yearbooks, statistics and reports; reports from FAO; international surveys; and, results from surveys made by national or international research centres. In most cases, the information was analyzed to ensure consistency between the different data collected for a given country. When possible, cross-checking of information between countries was used to improve assessment in countries where information was limited. When several sources give different or contradictory figures, preference was always given to information collected at national or sub-national level. This preference is based on the assumption that no regional information can be more accurate than studies carried out at the country level. In general, official rather than unofficial sources were used. In the case of shared water resources, a comparison between countries was made to ensure consistency at river-basin level. Industrial Water Pollution, shown here in average metric tons per day is measured by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which refers to the amount of oxygen, in kilograms per day (kg/day), that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. For example, an overload of sewage in natural waters exhausts the water's dissolved oxygen content. Low levels of dissolved oxygen in water can impact the health of aquatic resources and ecosystems. BOD is a standard water-treatment test that determines the difference between the final dissolved oxygen concentration and the initial dissolved oxygen concentration. This difference represents the oxygen consumed (or BOD) in breaking down the organic materials in the sample. A 1998 World Bank study carried out by Hettige, Mani, and Wheeler used plant and sector-level information on organic discharge (measured by BOD) and employment from 13 national environmental protection agencies and sector-level information on output and employment from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Their economic analysis found that the ratio of BOD to employment in each industrial sector is about the same across countries. This finding allowed the authors to estimate BOD intensities per unit of employment across countries and over time. Multiplying these estimates by sectoral employment numbers from UNIDO's industry database for 1980 to 1998 provides sectoral emissions, which were then used to calculate daily emissions of organic water pollutants (BOD) per day. These data were later updated through 2000 using the same methodology. For further information, please refer to the Hettige, Mani, and Wheeler print publication, which is availabile online at: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/kuznet/kuznets.pdf. FREQUENCY OF UPDATE BY DATA PROVIDERS AQUASTAT was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1993; data have been available on-line since 2001. Most freshwater data are not available in a time series, and the global data set contains data collected over a time span of up to 30 years. AQUASTAT updates their website as new data become available, or when FAO conducts special regional studies. Most data updates include revisions of of past data. World Development Indicators is updated and published annually by The World Bank. 4

DATA RELIABILITY AND CAUTIONARY NOTES While AQUASTAT represents the most complete and careful compilation of country-level water resources statistics to date, the primary information on which it relies is of variable quality Information sources are various but rarely complete. Some governments will keep internal water resources information confidential because they are competing for water resources with bordering countries. Many instances of water scarcity are highly localized and are not reflected in national statistics. In addition, the accuracy and reliability of information vary greatly among regions, countries, and categories of information, as does the year in which the information was gathered. As a result, no consistency can be ensured among countries on the duration and dates of the period of reference. All data should be considered order-of-magnitude estimates Groundwater Recharge is sometimes overestimated in arid areas and underestimated in humid areas Actual Renewable Water Resources vary with time. Exchanges between countries are complicated when a river crosses the same border several times. Part of the incoming water flow may thus originate from the same country in which it enters, making it necessary to calculate a"net"inflow to avoid double counting of resources. In addition, the water that is actually accessible to humans for consumption is often much smaller than the total renewable water resources indicated in the data table Actual Renewable Water Resources Per Capita contains water resources data from a different set of years than the population data used in the calculation. While the water resources data are usually long-term averages, inconsistencies may arise when combining it with 2002 population data. For more information about the collection methodology and reliability of the UN population data, please refer to the Demographics and Education table Industrial Water Pollution focuses on organic water pollution resulting from industrial activities only Organic matter can also come from sources that are not as easily identifiable as those associated with industrial activities. Such sources are known as non-point sources and some examples include agricultural runoff and livestock operations. These non-point sources can contribute significantly to the oxygen demand in water and are not represented by the data displayed here. Water pollution tends to be sensitive to local conditions. As such, the national level data may not reflect the quality of water in specific locations. BOD typically measured in a laboratory environment, where it is difficult to reproduce ambient conditions like nt: therefore the mea nt should be considered an estimate Renewable Water Resources, Dependency Ratio, and Water Withdrawals: Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO), Water Resources, Development and Management Service. 2003 AQUASTAT Information System on Water and Agriculture: Review of World Water Resources by Country Availableon-lineathttp://www.faoorg/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agvaglw/aquastat/waterres/index.htm Rome: FAo Population Data(for per capita calculations) Population Division of the Department of Economic and socia World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision. United Nations. Data set on CD-hOMz oulation D; New York Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. 2003. World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision Per capita actual water resources were calculated by WRI using the United Nations Pop Industrial Water Pollution: The World Bank, Development Data Group. 2004. World Development IndicatorsAvailableon-lineathttp://www.worldbankora/datal.WashingtonTheWorldBank

DATA RELIABILITY AND CAUTIONARY NOTES While AQUASTAT represents the most complete and careful compilation of country-level water resources statistics to date, the primary information on which it relies is of variable quality. Information sources are various but rarely complete. Some governments will keep internal water resources information confidential because they are competing for water resources with bordering countries. Many instances of water scarcity are highly localized and are not reflected in national statistics. In addition, the accuracy and reliability of information vary greatly among regions, countries, and categories of information, as does the year in which the information was gathered. As a result, no consistency can be ensured among countries on the duration and dates of the period of reference. All data should be considered order-of-magnitude estimates. Groundwater Recharge is sometimes overestimated in arid areas and underestimated in humid areas. Actual Renewable Water Resources vary with time. Exchanges between countries are complicated when a river crosses the same border several times. Part of the incoming water flow may thus originate from the same country in which it enters, making it necessary to calculate a "net" inflow to avoid double counting of resources. In addition, the water that is actually accessible to humans for consumption is often much smaller than the total renewable water resources indicated in the data table. Actual Renewable Water Resources Per Capita contains water resources data from a different set of years than the population data used in the calculation. While the water resources data are usually long-term averages, inconsistencies may arise when combining it with 2002 population data. For more information about the collection methodology and reliability of the UN population data, please refer to the Demographics and Education table. Industrial Water Pollution focuses on organic water pollution resulting from industrial activities only. Organic matter can also come from sources that are not as easily identifiable as those associated with industrial activities. Such sources are known as non-point sources and some examples include agricultural runoff and livestock operations. These non-point sources can contribute significantly to the oxygen demand in water and are not represented by the data displayed here. Water pollution tends to be sensitive to local conditions. As such, the national level data may not reflect the quality of water in specific locations. BOD is typically measured in a laboratory environment, where it is difficult to reproduce ambient conditions like temperature, sunlight, and water movement; therefore the measurement should be considered an estimate. SOURCES Renewable Water Resources, Dependency Ratio, and Water Withdrawals: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Water Resources, Development and Management Service. 2003. AQUASTAT Information System on Water and Agriculture: Review of World Water Resources by Country. Available on-line at http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/index.htm. Rome: FAO. Population Data (for per capita calculations): Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. 2003. World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision. New York: Per capita actual water resources were calculated by WRI using the United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision. United Nations. Data set on CD-ROM. Industrial Water Pollution: The World Bank, Development Data Group. 2004. World Development Indicators. Available on-line at http://www.worldbank.org/data/. Washington: The World Bank. 5

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西安建筑科技大学：《水资源利用与保护》参考资料_Water resources in the world_Freshwater Resources 2005