华东理工大学：物理化学（中英文） 4. The Second Law: the concepts

This chapter will explain the origin of the spontaneity of physical and chemical change. Two simple processes are examined. It shows that a property, the entropy can be defined, measured, and used to discuss spontaneous changes quantitatively. This chapter also introduces a major subsidiary thermodynamic property, the Gibbs energy.

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4. The Second Law: the concepts This chapter will explain the origin of the spontaneity of physical and chemical change. Two simple processes are examined. It shows that a property, the entropy can be defined, measured, and used to discuss spontaneous changes quantitatively. This chapter also introduces a major subsidiary thermodynamic property, the gibbs energy 版权所有:华东理工大学物理化学教研

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 3 This chapter will explain the origin of the spontaneity of physical and chemical change. Two simple processes are examined. It shows that a property, the entropy can be defined, measured, and used to discuss spontaneous changes quantitatively. This chapter also i n t r o d u c e s a m a j o r s u b s i d i a r y thermodynamic property, the Gibbs energy. 4. The Second Law: the concepts

4. The Second Law: the concepts The direction of spontaneous change I 4.1 The dispersal of energy 4.2 Entropy 4.3 Entropy changes accompanying specific processes 4.4 The Third law of thermodynamics 4.5 Reaching very low temperatures Concentrating on the system 4.6 The helmholtz and gibbs energies 4.7 Standard molar Gibbs energies 版权所有:华东理工大学物理化学教研

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 4 The direction of spontaneous change 4.1 The dispersal of energy 4.2 Entropy 4.3 Entropy changes accompanying specific processes 4.4 The Third Law of thermodynamics 4.5 Reaching very low temperatures Concentrating on the system 4.6 The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies 4.7 Standard molar Gibbs energies 4. The Second Law: the concepts

The direction of spontaneous change Some things happen naturally. a gas expands to fill the available volume, a hot body cools to the temperature of its surroundings, and a chemical reaction runs in one direction rather than another But some things dont. We can confine a gas to a smaller volume, we can cool an object with a refrigerator, and we can force some reactions to go in reverse. However, none of these processes happens spontaneously. 版权所有:华东理工大学物理化学教研

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 5 The direction of spontaneous change Some things happen naturally. A gas expands to fill the available volume, a hot body cools to the temperature of its surroundings, and a chemical reaction runs in one direction rather than another. But some things don't. We can confine a gas to a smaller volume, we can cool an object with a refrigerator, and we can force some reactions to go in reverse. However, none of these processes happens spontaneously

The direction of spontaneous change 4.1 The dispersal of energy The spontaneous changes are always accompanied by a dispersal of energy into a more disordered form Sketch for the distribution of energy 版权所有:华东理工大学物理化学教研

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 8 Sketch for the distribution of energy 4.1 The dispersal of energy The spontaneous changes are always accompanied by a dispersal of energy into a more disordered form. The direction of spontaneous change

The direction of spontaneous change 4.1 The dispersal of energy (aa ball resting on a warm surface the atoms are under going thermal motion; 83 (b) For the ball to fly upwards, some of the random vibra tional motion would have to a (b) change into coordinated Sketch for the distribution of energy directed motion. 版权所有:华东理工大学物理化学教研

版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 9 (a) A ball resting on a warm surface; the atoms are undergoing thermal motion; (b) For the ball to fly upwards, some of the random vibrational motion would have to change into coordinated, directed motion. 4.1 The dispersal of energy Sketch for the distribution of energy (a) (b) The direction of spontaneous change

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