第一部分《检体诊断学》理论教学大纲绪论一、目的要求1.掌握《诊断学》学习主要内容，包括常见症状与体征、问诊、体格检查、实验室检查、辅助检查及其他一些特殊检查，病史采集与书写，临床思维等。2.熟悉《诊断学》学习方法和要求。3.了解《诊断学》在临床医学中的地位与作用。二、主要内容1.《诊断学》在临床医学中地位与作用。2.学习方法和要求。3.常见症状与体征、问诊、体格检查、实验室检查、辅助检查及其他一些特殊检查，病史采集与书写，临床思维。三、学时安排共1学时，含理论课1学时。其中理论内容“绪论四、教学方法课堂授授五、重点难点1.诊断学学习的方法与要领2.掌握诊断学学习的基本内容六、授课语言汉语第一篇问诊一、目的要求掌握问诊主要内容和方法。、主要内容1.问诊重要性2.问诊方法与技巧3.问诊内容包括：一般项目、主诉、现病史、既往史、系统回顾及个人史、婚姻史、月经史、生育史、家族史。三、学时安排共1学时，含理论课1学时。其中理论内容“问诊”四、教学方法课堂授课五、重点难点问诊主要内容、方法和技巧。六、授课语言汉语第二篇常见症状The section 1FeverAim and Requirementsl.Mastercausesandclassificationoffever.2.Familiarwithaccompanied symptomsand theirrelationshipwithcauses3.Comprehend usual fever types and their clinical significance.Main Contents1.Definition of fever and physiologic variance of temperature.2.Mechanism of fever-exogenous fever-endogenous fever-non-pyrogenic fever3.Etiologyand classification-infective fever
第一部分《检体诊断学》理论教学大纲 绪论 一、目的要求 1.掌握《诊断学》学习主要内容，包括常见症状与体征、问诊、体格检查、 实验室检查、辅助检查及其他一些特殊检查，病史采集与书写，临床思维等。 2.熟悉《诊断学》学习方法和要求。 3.了解《诊断学》在临床医学中的地位与作用。 二、主要内容 1.《诊断学》在临床医学中地位与作用。 2.学习方法和要求。 3.常见症状与体征、问诊、体格检查、实验室检查、辅助检查及其他一些 特殊检查，病史采集与书写，临床思维。 三、学时安排 共1学时，含理论课1学时。其中理论内容“绪论” 四、教学方法 课堂授授 五、重点难点 1.诊断学学习的方法与要领 2.掌握诊断学学习的基本内容 六、授课语言 汉语 第一篇问诊 一、目的要求 掌握问诊主要内容和方法。 二、主要内容 1.问诊重要性 2.问诊方法与技巧 3.问诊内容包括：一般项目、主诉、现病史、既往史、系统回顾及个人史、婚姻史、月经史、生育史、家族 史。 三、学时安排 共1学时，含理论课1学时。其中理论内容“问诊” 四、教学方法 课堂授课 五、重点难点 问诊主要内容、方法和技巧。 六、授课语言 汉语 第二篇常见症状 The section 1 Fever Aim and Requirements 1.Master causes and classification of fever. 2.Familiar with accompanied symptoms and their relationship with causes. 3.Comprehend usual fever types and their clinical significance. Main Contents 1.Definition of fever and physiologic variance of temperature. 2.Mechanism of fever -exogenous fever -endogenous fever -non-pyrogenic fever 3.Etiology and classification -infective fever
-noinfectivefever:abortion fever of sterile necrosis substances, antigen-antibody reaction,endocrinemetabolism disorders,decreasedheat abstraction ofskin,disordersoftemperatureregulation center, disorders of autonomic nervers system.4.Clinical manifestations-degree of fever-clinical process and feature5.Character and significance of usual fever type: continued fever, remittent fever,intermittentfever and irregular fever.6.Simultaneous phenomenon and its potential causes: chill,conjunctivalcongestion,simplexherpslymph node enlargement, skin eruption, swollen and pain of joint, hemorrhage and coma.7.Key points of inquiry about fever.SchedulesA total of 1 class hours, theory class l class hoursTeaching MethodLecture in classesKey and difficult pointsThe causes and classification of fever.The teaching languageChinese and EnglishThe section 3EdemaAim and Requirementsl.Familiar with the mechanism of edema.2.Familiar with the cause of local edema3.Master the etiology and clinical features of systemic edemaMain contentsl.The main factors to maintain the balance of intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid and themechanism of edema.2.Etiology and clinical features of systemic edema.3. The cause of local edema.4. The clinical significance of edema accompanying symptoms in the differential diagnosis of thedisease.SchedulesA total of 1 class hours, theory class 1 class hoursTeaching methodLecture in classesKey anddifficult pointsl.Key points:The classification and degrees of edema2.difficult points:The case and clinical characteristics ofedema.The teaching languageChinese and EnglishThe section 4Cough and ExpectorationAim and Requirements1.Familiar with common causes of cough.2.Familiar with the relationship between the quantity & quality of sputum and the etiology ofcough & expectoration.3.Master the relationshipbetween clinical features of cough&itsaccompanying symptoms andtheetiology.Main Contents
-noinfective fever: abortion fever of sterile necrosis substances, antigen-antibody reaction, endocrine metabolism disorders, decreased heat abstraction of skin, disorders of temperature regulation center, disorders of autonomic nervers system. 4.Clinical manifestations -degree of fever -clinical process and feature 5.Character and significance of usual fever type: continued fever, remittent fever, intermittent fever and irregular fever. 6.Simultaneous phenomenon and its potential causes: chill, conjunctivalcongestion,simplexherps , lymph node enlargement, skin eruption, swollen and pain of joint, hemorrhage and coma. 7.Key points of inquiry about fever. Schedules A total of 1 class hours, theory class 1 class hours Teaching Method Lecture in classes Key and difficult points The causes and classification of fever. The teaching language Chinese and English The section 3 Edema Aim and Requirements 1.Familiar with the mechanism of edema. 2.Familiar with the cause of local edema. 3.Master the etiology and clinical features of systemic edema Main contents 1.The main factors to maintain the balance of intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid and the mechanism of edema. 2.Etiology and clinical features of systemic edema. 3.The cause of local edema. 4. The clinical significance of edema accompanying symptoms in the differential diagnosis of the disease. Schedules A total of 1 class hours, theory class 1 class hours Teaching method Lecture in classes Key and difficult points 1.Key points：The classification and degrees of edema. 2.difficult points：The case and clinical characteristics ofedema. The teaching language Chinese and English The section 4 Cough and Expectoration Aim and Requirements 1.Familiar with common causes of cough. 2.Familiar with the relationship between the quantity & quality of sputum and the etiology of cough & expectoration. 3.Master the relationship between clinical features of cough & its accompanying symptoms and the etiology. Main Contents
1.Commoncauses of cough:respiratory diseasescardiovascular diseasescentral nervous factors2.Relationship between clinical manifestations、characters of sputum and etiology.-relationship between the time and rhythm of cough and its etiology.-relationship between the timbre of cough and its etiology.-relationship between the quality and quantity of sputum and the etiology of cough andexpectoration.3.Relationship between accompanying symptoms of cough and expectoration and the etiology.4.Main points of inquiry about cough and expectoration.SchedulesAtotalof5classhours,theoryclass1classhours,demonstrationlesson4credithours。Teaching MethodLecture in classesKey anddifficult pointsThe relationship between the features of cough and its accompanying symptoms and the correspondingetiology.The teaching languageChinese and EnglishThe section 5HemoptysisAim and Requirements1.Familiarwith common causes of hemoptysis.2.Master main points of the identification between hemoptysis andhematemesis.Main Contents1.Definition of hemoptysis.2. Common causes of hemoptysis: bronchial diseases, pulmonaryDiseases and cardiovascular diseases,et al.3.The relationship between patients'age and theamount,color andcharacteristics of hemoptysis and the etiology.Accompanying symptoms of hemoptysis and theirrelationshipwith the etiology4.Differential diagnosis between hemoptysis and hematemesis.5.Schedules6. A total of l class hours, theory class 1 class hoursTeaching MethodLecture in classesKey and difficult points1.Differential diagnosis of hemoptysis and hematemesis.2.The etiology of hemoptysis.The teaching languageChinese and English第七节呼吸困难一、目的要求1.掌握肺源性呼吸困难与心源性呼吸困难鉴别。2.熟悉呼吸困难病因。3.了解呼吸困难伴随症状对病因诊断的帮助。二、主要内容1.定义2.常见病因3.肺源性呼吸困难分类及临床特点4.心源性呼吸困难发生机制及临床特点5.引起呼吸困难常见药物及化学物质
1.Common causes of cough: respiratory diseases、cardiovascular diseases、central nervous factors. 2.Relationship between clinical manifestations、characters of sputum and etiology. -relationship between the time and rhythm of cough and its etiology. -relationship between the timbre of cough and its etiology. -relationship between the quality and quantity of sputum and the etiology of cough and expectoration. 3.Relationship between accompanying symptoms of cough and expectoration and the etiology. 4.Main points of inquiry about cough and expectoration. Schedules A total of 5 class hours, theory class 1 class hours，demonstration lesson 4 credit hours。 Teaching Method Lecture in classes Key and difficult points The relationship between the features of cough and its accompanying symptoms and the corresponding etiology. The teaching language Chinese and English The section 5 Hemoptysis Aim and Requirements 1. Familiar with common causes of hemoptysis. 2. Master main points of the identification between hemoptysis and hematemesis. Main Contents 1. Definition of hemoptysis. 2. Common causes of hemoptysis: bronchial diseases, pulmonary Diseases and cardiovascular diseases,et al. 3. The relationship between patients’age and the amount ,color and characteristics of hemoptysis and the etiology. Accompanying symptoms of hemoptysis and their relationship with the etiology. 4. Differential diagnosis between hemoptysis and hematemesis. 5. Schedules 6. A total of 1 class hours, theory class 1 class hours Teaching Method Lecture in classes Key and difficult points 1.Differential diagnosis of hemoptysis and hematemesis. 2.The etiology of hemoptysis. The teaching language Chinese and English 第七节 呼吸困难 一、目的要求 1.掌握肺源性呼吸困难与心源性呼吸困难鉴别。 2.熟悉呼吸困难病因。 3.了解呼吸困难伴随症状对病因诊断的帮助。 二、主要内容 1.定义 2.常见病因 3.肺源性呼吸困难分类及临床特点 4.心源性呼吸困难发生机制及临床特点 5.引起呼吸困难常见药物及化学物质
6.神经精神性呼吸困难临床特点7.呼吸困难伴随症状及对病因诊断的帮助三、学时安排共2学时，含理论课2学时。理论内容"胸部检查”四、教学方法课堂授课五、重点、难点肺源性呼吸困难和心源性呼吸困难的鉴别。汉语六、授课语言The section 12HematemesisAim and Requirementsl.Familiar with causes of hematemasis.2.Master clinical manifestation of hematemesis.Main Contents1.The definition of hematemesis.2.The common etiopathogenisis of hematemesis.3.The clinical manifestation and etiopathogenisis of hematemesis and the relation between them4.Thesimultaneousphenomenonofhematemesis anditsrelationwith etiopathogenisis5.Main points of inquiring hematemesis.SchedulesAtotal of l classhours,theoryclassl classhoursTeaching MethodsLecture in classesKey and difficult pointsTheclinical manifestation of hematemesis.The teaching languageChinese and EnglishThe section 13HematocheziaAimandRequirements1.Familiar with causes of hematochezia.2.Master the relation between the color of bloody stools and bleeding part.Main Contentsl.The definition of hematochezia.2.The common causes of hematochezia: diseases of upper digestive tract, diseases of intestine,diseases of colon, diseases of rectum and anus and systemic diseases.3.The clinical manifestation of hematochezia:-the relation between the volume of hematochezia and general symptoms.-the relation between the color of hematochezia and bleeding parts of digestive system.-the problems of occult blood test which should be pay attention to,simultaneous phenomenon of hematochezia and the relation with etiopathogenisis.-main points of inquiry of hematochezia.SchedulesA total of l class hours, theory class l class hoursTeaching MethodLecture in classesKey and difficult pointsThe clinical manifestation of hematochezia.The teaching languageChinese and English
6.神经精神性呼吸困难临床特点 7.呼吸困难伴随症状及对病因诊断的帮助 三、学时安排 共2学时，含理论课2学时。理论内容”胸部检查” 四、教学方法 课堂授课 五、重点、难点 肺源性呼吸困难和心源性呼吸困难的鉴别。 六、授课语言 汉语 The section 12 Hematemesis Aim and Requirements 1.Familiar with causes of hematemasis. 2.Master clinical manifestation of hematemesis. Main Contents 1.The definition of hematemesis. 2.The common etiopathogenisis of hematemesis. 3.The clinical manifestation and etiopathogenisis of hematemesis and the relation between them. 4.The simultaneous phenomenon of hematemesis and its relation with etiopathogenisis. 5.Main points of inquiring hematemesis. Schedules A total of 1 class hours, theory class 1 class hours Teaching Methods Lecture in classes Key and difficult points Theclinical manifestation of hematemesis. The teaching language Chinese and English The section 13 Hematochezia Aim and Requirements 1.Familiar with causes of hematochezia. 2.Master the relation between the color of bloody stools and bleeding part. Main Contents 1.The definition of hematochezia. 2.The common causes of hematochezia: diseases of upper digestive tract, diseases of intestine, diseases of colon, diseases of rectum and anus and systemic diseases. 3.The clinical manifestation of hematochezia: -the relation between the volume of hematochezia and general symptoms. -the relation between the color of hematochezia and bleeding parts of digestive system. -the problems of occult blood test which should be pay attention to, simultaneous phenomenon of hematochezia and the relation with etiopathogenisis. -main points of inquiry of hematochezia. Schedules A total of 1 class hours, theory class 1 class hours Teaching Method Lecture in classes Key and difficult points The clinical manifestation of hematochezia. The teaching language Chinese and English
The section 14Abdominal PainAim and Requirements1.Familiar with causes of abdominal pain.2.Master the clinical manifestation of acute abdominal pain and the prompt to etiopathogenisis bysimultaneous phenomenon.Main Contents1.The common etiopathogenisis of abdominal pain(1)Acute abdominal pain-acute inflammation of organs in belly cavity-blockage or dilation of viscus-intortion or disruption of organs-peritonitis-angiemphraxis in abdominal cavity-diseases of abdominal wall-heterotopic abdominal pain by thoracic cavity-abdominal pain caused by general diseases(2)Chronicabdominalpain-chronic inflammationoforgansinabdominal cavity-tension changes of viscus-gastroduodenal ulcer-intortion or blochage of organs in abdominal cavity-stretch of organ s amicula-empoison and dysbolism-oncothlipsis and tumor infiltration-functional disorder of gastrointestinal nerves2.Clinicalmanifestationofabdominaletiopathogenisisbypainpromptto.location,character,degree,motivation,relation between episode time and location.3.Prompttoetiopathogenisisbysimultaneousphenomenon.4.Main points of inquiring abdominal pain.SchedulesAtotal of 6 class hours, theory class 2 class hours, demonstration lesson 4 credit hoursTeachingMethodLecture in classesKey and difficult pointsThe clinical manifestation of acute abdominal pain and the prompt to etiopathogenisis bysimultaneous phenomenon.The teaching languageChinese and EnglishThe section 17JaundiceAim and Requirements1.Master the etiological classification of jaundice, and mater etiopathogenisis ,mechanisms andclinical manifestation of each type ofjaundice2.Comprehend the etiologicaldiagnosisofjaundicebythesimultaneousphenomenonofjaundiceMain Contents1.Definition of jaundice.2.Normal metabolism of bilirubin.3.Classification of jaundice.4.Identify the origin ,etiopathogenisis and clinical manifestation of different jaundice.-hematogeneous jaundice
The section 14 Abdominal Pain Aim and Requirements 1.Familiar with causes of abdominal pain. 2.Master the clinical manifestation of acute abdominal pain and the prompt to etiopathogenisis by simultaneous phenomenon. Main Contents 1.The common etiopathogenisis of abdominal pain (1) Acute abdominal pain -acute inflammation of organs in belly cavity -blockage or dilation of viscus -intortion or disruption of organs -peritonitis -angiemphraxis in abdominal cavity -diseases of abdominal wall -heterotopic abdominal pain by thoracic cavity -abdominal pain caused by general diseases (2) Chronic abdominal pain -chronic inflammation of organs in abdominal cavity -tension changes of viscus -gastroduodenal ulcer -intortion or blochage of organs in abdominal cavity -stretch of organ`s amicula -empoison and dysbolism -oncothlipsis and tumor infiltration -functional disorder of gastrointestinal nerves 2.Clinical manifestation of abdominal pain ： prompt to etiopathogenisis by location,character,degree,motivation,relation between episode time and location. 3.Prompt to etiopathogenisis by simultaneous phenomenon. 4.Main points of inquiring abdominal pain. Schedules A total of 6 class hours, theory class 2 class hours，demonstration lesson 4 credit hours Teaching Method Lecture in classes Key and difficult points The clinical manifestation of acute abdominal pain and the prompt to etiopathogenisis by simultaneous phenomenon. The teaching language Chinese and English The section 17 Jaundice Aim and Requirements 1.Master the etiological classification of jaundice，and mater etiopathogenisis ,mechanisms and clinical manifestation of each type of jaundice. 2.Comprehend the etiological diagnosis of jaundice by the simultaneous phenomenon of jaundice. Main Contents 1.Definition of jaundice. 2.Normal metabolism of bilirubin. 3.Classification of jaundice. 4.Identify the origin ,etiopathogenisis and clinical manifestation of different jaundice. -hematogeneous jaundice
-hepatocellular jaundice-cholestasis jaundice-nonhemolytic jaundice5.Simultaneousphenomenontodefinitethe origin ofjaundice6.Main points of inquiry about jaundice.SchedulesA total of 4 class hours, theory class 2 class hours, online lesson 2 credit hours。Teaching MethodLecture in classesKey and difficult pointsThe etiological classification offjaundice,andetiopathogenisis、mechanisms、clinicalmanifestation of every jaundice.The teaching languageChinese and English第三篇体格检查第五章胸部一、目的要求1.掌握肺视诊、触诊、即诊、听诊方法。2.掌握正常呼吸音，异常呼吸音、罗音、胸膜摩擦音临床意义。3.熟悉胸廓自然标志和人为划线。4.熟悉胸壁、胸廓与乳房检查方法及正常状态。5.熟悉呼吸频率、呼吸节律改变临床意义，熟悉肺部正常诊音。6.了解呼吸系统常见疾病主要症状和体征。二、主要内容第一节胸部体表标志1.骨骼标志：胸骨角、剑突、肩脚下角、第7颈椎棘突等标志认识及意义2.垂直线标志：锁骨中线、胸骨旁线、腋前线、腋中线、肩脚线位置3.肺和胸膜界限：肺尖、肺上界、肺下界第二节胸壁、胸廓与乳房1.胸壁静脉、胸壁压痛、肋间隙检查方法、皮下气肿及其产生原因2.胸廓正常形态、胸廓异常常见种类及临床意义3.乳房一视诊：外观、乳头、皮肤有无回缩一触诊：乳房界限、触诊方法、乳房包块描述第三节肺和胸膜1.视诊-正常呼吸运动-呼吸频率异常及临床意义-呼吸节律异常常见种类及临床意义2.触诊语音震颤、胸膜摩擦感检查方法及临床意义3.即诊-即诊方法及叩诊音分类，正常胸部叩诊音-胸部异常叩诊音种类及临床意义4.听诊-正常呼吸音种类及分布范围一异常肺泡呼吸音、异常支气管呼吸音、异常支气管肺泡呼吸音检查及临床意义一罗音检查及临床意义
-hepatocellular jaundice -cholestasis jaundice -nonhemolytic jaundice 5.Simultaneous phenomenon to definite the origin of jaundice. 6.Main points of inquiry about jaundice. Schedules A total of 4 class hours, theory class 2 class hours，online lesson 2 credit hours。 Teaching Method Lecture in classes Key and difficult points The etiological classification of jaundice ， and etiopathogenisis 、 mechanisms 、 clinical manifestation of every jaundice. The teaching language Chinese and English 第三篇 体格检查 第五章 胸部 一、目的要求 1.掌握肺视诊、触诊、叩诊、听诊方法。 2.掌握正常呼吸音，异常呼吸音、罗音、胸膜摩擦音临床意义。 3.熟悉胸廓自然标志和人为划线。 4.熟悉胸壁、胸廓与乳房检查方法及正常状态。 5.熟悉呼吸频率、呼吸节律改变临床意义，熟悉肺部正常叩诊音。 6.了解呼吸系统常见疾病主要症状和体征。 二、主要内容 第一节 胸部体表标志 1.骨骼标志：胸骨角、剑突、肩胛下角、第7颈椎棘突等标志认识及意义 2.垂直线标志：锁骨中线、胸骨旁线、腋前线、腋中线、肩胛线位置 3.肺和胸膜界限：肺尖、肺上界、肺下界 第二节 胸壁、胸廓与乳房 1.胸壁静脉、胸壁压痛、肋间隙检查方法、皮下气肿及其产生原因 2.胸廓正常形态、胸廓异常常见种类及临床意义 3.乳房 -视诊：外观、乳头、皮肤有无回缩 -触诊：乳房界限、触诊方法、乳房包块描述 第三节 肺和胸膜 1.视诊 -正常呼吸运动 -呼吸频率异常及临床意义 -呼吸节律异常常见种类及临床意义 2.触诊 语音震颤、胸膜摩擦感检查方法及临床意义 3.叩诊 -叩诊方法及叩诊音分类，正常胸部叩诊音 -胸部异常叩诊音种类及临床意义 4.听诊 -正常呼吸音种类及分布范围 -异常肺泡呼吸音、异常支气管呼吸音、异常支气管肺泡呼吸音检查及临床意义 -罗音检查及临床意义
-语音共振检查一胸膜摩擦音检查及临床意义三、学时安排共2学时，含理论2学时、示教4学时。理论内容“呼吸系统检查”，示教内容“呼吸系统检查”四、教学方法课堂授课五、重点、难点1.肺部视诊、触诊、即诊、听诊的方法2.肺部异常呼吸音、附加音、异常呼吸节律的临床意义六、授课语言汉语The section 4Main Symptoms and Signs of Common Respiratory DiseasesAim and Requirementsl.Master the signs and the examining method of pulmonary consolidation2.Familiar with signs and examining method of pleural effusion,signs and examining method ofpulmonary emphysema and pneumothorax.Main Contents1.Examine patients with lobar pneumonia byinspection,palpation, percussion and auscultation,andsummarize signs of pulmonary consolidation.2.Chief symptoms of chronical bronchitis.3.Signs of obstructive pulmonary emphysema detectable during inspection, palpation,percussion andauscultation.4.Judgement of the state of patients through inspection, detection ofsigns through palpationand percussion,characteristics of rales throughauscultation whenpatients attackedbybronchial asthma.5.Relationship between the amount of pleural effusion and its symptoms. Signs are detectablethrough inspection,palpation,percussion and auscultationwhen thereis moderatetomassive pleuraleffusion.6.Definition, motivations and symptoms of pneumothorax, contents of inspection, signs detectablethrough palpation, percussion and auscultation and its identification from pulmonary emphysema.SchedulesA total of 2class hours, theory class 2 class hoursTeaching MethodLecture in classesKey and Difficult pointsl.Signs and examiningmethod of pleural effusion.2.Signs of pulmonary emphysema and pneumothorax.The teaching languageChinese and EnglishThe section 5Examination of the HeartAim and Requirements1.Master examination methods of the heart,including inspection,palpation, percussion andauscultation. Master the key points to judgefor character,location,degree and causes of heartdiseases by auscultation.2.Familiarwith how toidentifythesizeof theheartthrough inspection and percussion,mechanism and clinical significance of heart murmurs and characteristics of common arrhythmia.3.Understand the mechanism and significance of extra heart sounds and heart sounds split.Main Contents1.Inspection
-语音共振检查 -胸膜摩擦音检查及临床意义 三、学时安排 共2学时，含理论2学时、示教4学时。理论内容“呼吸系统检查”，示教内容“呼吸系统检 查” 四、教学方法 课堂授课 五、重点、难点 1.肺部视诊、触诊、叩诊、听诊的方法 2.肺部异常呼吸音、附加音、异常呼吸节律的临床意义 六、授课语言 汉语 The section 4 Main Symptoms and Signs of Common Respiratory Diseases Aim and Requirements 1.Master the signs and the examining method of pulmonary consolidation. 2.Familiar with signs and examining method of pleural effusion, signs and examining method of pulmonary emphysema and pneumothorax. Main Contents 1.Examine patients with lobar pneumonia by inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation, and summarize signs of pulmonary consolidation. 2.Chief symptoms of chronical bronchitis. 3.Signs of obstructive pulmonary emphysema detectable during inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. 4.Judgement of the state of patients through inspection, detection of signs through palpation and percussion, characteristics of rales through auscultation when patients attacked by bronchial asthma. 5.Relationship between the amount of pleural effusion and its symptoms. Signs are detectable through inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation when there is moderate to massive pleural effusion. 6.Definition, motivations and symptoms of pneumothorax, contents of inspection, signs detectable through palpation, percussion and auscultation and its identification from pulmonary emphysema. Schedules A total of 2class hours, theory class 2 class hours. Teaching Method Lecture in classes Key and Difficult points 1.Signs and examining method of pleural effusion. 2.Signs of pulmonary emphysema and pneumothorax. The teaching language Chinese and English The section 5 Examination of the Heart Aim and Requirements 1.Master examination methods of the heart, including inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Master the key points to judge for character, location, degree and causes of heart diseases by auscultation. 2.Familiar with how to identify the size of the heart through inspection and percussion, mechanism and clinical significance of heart murmurs and characteristics of common arrhythmia. 3.Understand the mechanism and significance of extra heart sounds and heart sounds split. Main Contents 1.Inspection
-clinicalsignificance ofpericardialbulgeandretraction.-influence to the location of apex beat byheart diseases, chest diseases and abdomendiseases.-influence to the intensity and area of apex beat by physiologic and pathologic conditions.-clinical significance ofprecordial beat.2.Palpation-methods of heart palpation,clinical significance of the abnormal palpitation in different partsof precordial area.-clinical significanceofprecardial thrill.-palpation of pericardicalfriction and itsclinical significance.3.PercussionMethods of heart percussion and identification of the border of cardiac dullness, order ofpercussion, change of the border of cardiac dullness and its significance.4.Auscultation(1)Locations of cardiac valve auscultation area, the order of auscultation.(2)Contents of auscultation-rate of heart:physiological and pathological factors of tachycardia and bradycardia-rhythm of heart:characteristics of sinus arrhythmia, premature beats and atrial fibrillationby auscultationsoundof heart,includingthefollowingcontents:@themechanismand theauscultationcharacteristics of Sl,S2,S3 and S4:②identification of S1 and S2, and the clinical significance ofthe change of S1 and S2:③change of heart sounds and their clinical significance;@extra heartdiastolic extra heart sounds(definition and clinical significance of gallopingsounds,includinghorse rhythm,auscultationcharacteristicsand their clinical significance ofearly diastolichorserhythm/latediastolichorsegallopinggallopingrhythm/openingsnap/pericardialpercussion/tumor plop);systolicextra heartsounds(auscultationcharacteristicsand their clinical significance ofearly systolic ejection/middle and late systolic click sound)andiatrogenic extra sound(artificial valve sound and artificial pacemaker sound)includingthefollowingof-cardiacmurmurs,contents:①Mechanismcardiackeypointsofmurmurs:Characteristicsofmurmuranditsauscultation(includinglocation,conduction,period,nature,intensity,shapeof murmur and theinfluences of posture,respiration andmovement to murmurs):? Clinical significance of murmurs(including systolic and diastolic murmurs ofmitral valve region/aortic valve region/tricuspid valve region/pulmonary valve region/continuousSteell murmur ),the mechanism of production of Austin Flintmurmur/Austin Flint murmur/Grahammurmur/Graham Steellmurmur.-pericardial fricative sound: characteristics and clinical significance of pericardial fricativesound.SchedulesA total of 8class hours, theory class 4 class hours, onelinelesson 4 credit hoursTeaching MethodsLecture in classesKey and Difficult points1.Key points:Theinspection、palpation、percussion and auscultation of heart.2.Difficult points:The production and clinical significance of extra heart soundsThe teaching languageChinese and EnglishThe Section 6Vascular ExaminationAim and Requirements1.The standard method to measure the blood pressure
-clinical significance of pericardial bulge and retraction. -influence to the location of apex beat by heart diseases, chest diseases and abdomen diseases. -influence to the intensity and area of apex beat by physiologic and pathologic conditions. -clinical significance of precordial beat. 2.Palpation -methods of heart palpation,clinical significance of the abnormal palpitation in different parts of precordial area. -clinical significance of precardial thrill. -palpation of pericardical friction and its clinical significance. 3.Percussion Methods of heart percussion and identification of the border of cardiac dullness, order of percussion, change of the border of cardiac dullness and its significance. 4.Auscultation (1)Locations of cardiac valve auscultation area, the order of auscultation. (2)Contents of auscultation -rate of heart: physiological and pathological factors of tachycardia and bradycardia -rhythm of heart： characteristics of sinus arrhythmia, premature beats and atrial fibrillation by auscultation -sound of heart, including the following contents: ① the mechanism and the auscultation characteristics of S1,S2,S3 and S4;②identification of S1 and S2, and the clinical significance of the change of S1 and S2; ③ change of heart sounds and their clinical significance; ④ extra heart sounds, including diastolic extra heart sounds(definition and clinical significance of galloping horse rhythm, auscultation characteristics and their clinical significance of early diastolic galloping horse rhythm /late diastolic galloping horse rhythm/opening snap/pericardialpercussion/tumor plop);systolic extra heart sounds(auscultation characteristics and their clinical significance ofearly systolic ejection/middle and late systolic click sound) and iatrogenic extra sound(artificial valve sound and artificial pacemaker sound) -cardiac murmurs, including the following contents: ① Mechanism of cardiac murmurs; ② Characteristics of murmur and key points of its auscultation(including location, conduction,period,nature,intensity , shape of murmur and the influences of posture ,respiration and movement to murmurs);③ Clinical significance of murmurs(including systolic and diastolic murmurs of mitral valve region/aortic valve region/tricuspid valve region/pulmonary valve region/continuous murmur/Austin Flint murmur /Graham Steell murmur ), the mechanism of production of Austin Flint murmur /Graham Steell murmur. -pericardial fricative sound: characteristics and clinical significance of pericardial fricative sound. Schedules A total of 8class hours, theory class 4 class hours，onelinelesson 4 credit hours。 Teaching Methods Lecture in classes Key and Difficult points 1.Key points：The inspection、palpation、percussion and auscultation of heart. 2.Difficult points：The production and clinical significance of extra heart sounds. The teaching language Chinese and English The Section 6 Vascular Examination Aim and Requirements 1.The standard method to measure the blood pressure
2.The clinical meaning of the bloodpressure changes3.Familiar with the pulse test.Main Contents1.Thekeypoints of theblood pressure test.2.The pulse test skills.3.The peripheral vascular blood signs.SchedulesA total of 5classhours,theoryclass lclass hours,demonstrationlesson 4credithours.Teaching MethodLecture in classesKey and Difficult pointsl.Key points:Method ofblood pressure measurement and standard of blood pressure;the clinicalsignificance of bloodpressure changes.2.Difficult points: The examination and significance of peripheral vascular.The teaching languageChinese and EnglishThe section 7Main Symptoms and Signs of theCommonDiseases ofCirculatory SystemAim and RequirementsMaster the signs of mitral stenosis and mitral insufficiency,the signs of aortic stenosis andaortic insufficiency,the signs of pericardial effusion, the signs of heart failure.Main contents1.Inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of mitral stenosis and mitral insufficiency.2.Inspection, palpation, percussion andauscultation of aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency.3.Inspection,palpation,percussion and auscultation of pericardial effusion.4.Signs of heart failure(left heartfailure and rightheart failure)SchedulesAtotalof 3classhours,theoryclass3class hoursTeaching MethodLecture in classesKey and Difficult pointsl.Key points: The sign of mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency,auscultation of aortic stenosisand aortic insufficiency.2.Difficult points: The auscultation of mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency, auscultation ofaortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency.The teaching languageChinese and English第六章腹部一、目的要求1.了解腹部分区与腹腔内脏对应关系2.熟悉腹部视诊、听诊内容3.掌握腹部触诊与叩诊方法和内容4.掌握正常和异常肝、脾触诊及临床意义5.掌握腹部包块触诊注意事项二、主要内容第一节腹部体表标志及分区1.腹部九分法及与腹腔内脏对应关系2.腹部四分法与腹腔内脏对应关系
2.The clinical meaning of the blood pressure changes. 3.Familiar with the pulse test. Main Contents 1.The key points of the blood pressure test. 2.The pulse test skills. 3.The peripheral vascular blood signs. Schedules A total of 5class hours, theory class 1 class hours，demonstrationlesson 4 credit hours。 Teaching Method Lecture in classes Key and Difficult points 1.Key points：Method of blood pressure measurement and standard of blood pressure; the clinical significance of blood pressure changes. 2.Difficult points：The examination and significance of peripheral vascular. The teaching language Chinese and English The section 7 Main Symptoms and Signs of the Common Diseases of Circulatory System Aim and Requirements Master the signs of mitral stenosis and mitral insufficiency, the signs of aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency, the signs of pericardial effusion, the signs of heart failure. Main contents 1.Inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of mitral stenosis and mitral insufficiency. 2.Inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency. 3.Inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of pericardial effusion. 4.Signs of heart failure（left heart failure and right heart failure）. Schedules A total of 3class hours, theory class 3 class hours Teaching Method Lecture in classes Key and Difficult points 1.Key points：The sign of mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency, auscultation of aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency. 2.Difficult points ： The auscultation of mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency, auscultation of aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency. The teaching language Chinese and English 第六章 腹部 一、目的要求 1.了解腹部分区与腹腔内脏对应关系 2.熟悉腹部视诊、听诊内容 3.掌握腹部触诊与叩诊方法和内容 4.掌握正常和异常肝、脾触诊及临床意义 5.掌握腹部包块触诊注意事项 二、主要内容 第一节 腹部体表标志及分区 1.腹部九分法及与腹腔内脏对应关系 2.腹部四分法与腹腔内脏对应关系
第二节视诊1.全腹膨隆病理原因，局部膨隆视诊时注意事项2.舟状腹常见原因3.腹式呼吸减弱常见原因4.腹部静脉曲张视诊5.胃肠型和蠕动波视诊及产生原理6.正常腹部体毛分布及分布异常原因第三节触诊1.腹部触诊时被检查者体位及检查者注意事项2.腹壁张力、压痛、反跳痛检查及临床意义3.肝脏触诊手法、触及肝脏时应描述的内容和相应临床意义4.脾脏触诊方法、脾肿大测量、临床意义，左肋缘下需与脾鉴别的包块5.胆囊触诊方法、Murphy征检查、courvoisier征定义6.肾疾病压痛点检查及意义7.胰腺触诊方法及意义8.正常腹部可触及包块种类、触及到异常腹部包块应注意问题及临床意义9.腹部液波震颤与振水音检查方法和临床意义第四节即诊1.诊检测腹水和气腹方法2.肝浊音界检查、肝浊音界改变临床意义3.胃泡鼓音区明显缩小或消失原庆4.卵巢囊肿与腹水即诊鉴别5.脊肋角叩痛临床意义第五节听诊1.肠鸣音的检查，肠鸣音增强和减弱的临床意义2.腹部常可听诊到血管杂音的部位及其临床意义第六节腹部常见症状和体征1.急性腹膜炎常见病状和体征2.肝硬化常见体征3.腹部包块常见病因-上腹部常见包块：左上腹部常见包块，右上腹部常见包块一脐部常见包块一下腹部常见包块：左下腹部常见包块，右下腹部常见的包块。三、学时安排共2学时，含理论课2学时、示教4学时。理论内容“腹部检查”，示教“腹部检查和腹部异常体征”四、教学方法课堂授课五、重点、难点1.重点（1）熟悉腹部视诊、听诊内容（2）掌握腹部触诊与诊内容（3）掌握正常和异常肝、脾触诊及临床意义（4）掌握腹部包块触诊注意事项2.难点：腹部触诊的方法六、授课语言汉语第四篇辅助检查第一章心电图一、目的要求
第二节 视诊 1.全腹膨隆病理原因,局部膨隆视诊时注意事项 2.舟状腹常见原因 3.腹式呼吸减弱常见原因 4.腹部静脉曲张视诊 5.胃肠型和蠕动波视诊及产生原理 6.正常腹部体毛分布及分布异常原因 第三节 触诊 1.腹部触诊时被检查者体位及检查者注意事项 2.腹壁张力、压痛、反跳痛检查及临床意义 3.肝脏触诊手法、触及肝脏时应描述的内容和相应临床意义 4.脾脏触诊方法、脾肿大测量、临床意义，左肋缘下需与脾鉴别的包块 5.胆囊触诊方法、Murphy征检查、courvoisier征定义 6.肾疾病压痛点检查及意义 7.胰腺触诊方法及意义 8.正常腹部可触及包块种类、触及到异常腹部包块应注意问题及临床意义 9.腹部液波震颤与振水音检查方法和临床意义 第四节 叩诊 1.叩诊检测腹水和气腹方法 2.肝浊音界检查、肝浊音界改变临床意义 3.胃泡鼓音区明显缩小或消失原因 4.卵巢囊肿与腹水叩诊鉴别 5.脊肋角叩痛临床意义 第五节 听诊 1.肠鸣音的检查，肠鸣音增强和减弱的临床意义 2.腹部常可听诊到血管杂音的部位及其临床意义 第六节 腹部常见症状和体征 1.急性腹膜炎常见病状和体征 2.肝硬化常见体征 3.腹部包块常见病因 -上腹部常见包块：左上腹部常见包块，右上腹部常见包块 -脐部常见包块 -下腹部常见包块：左下腹部常见包块，右下腹部常见的包块。 三、学时安排 共2学时，含理论课2学时、示教4学时。理论内容“腹部检查”，示教“腹部检查和腹部异 常体征” 四、教学方法 课堂授课 五、重点、难点 1.重点 （1）熟悉腹部视诊、听诊内容 （2）掌握腹部触诊与叩诊内容 （3）掌握正常和异常肝、脾触诊及临床意义 （4）掌握腹部包块触诊注意事项 2.难点：腹部触诊的方法 六、授课语言 汉语 第四篇 辅助检查 第一章 心电图 一、目的要求