12. The Trojan war Summary 就是这张脸庞让千艘战船开拔,使特洛伊无顶的塔楼化为灰烬( Was this the face that launchd a thousand ships, and burnt the topless towers of ilium? 莎士比亚同时代的诗人克里斯托弗·马洛曾发出这样的感慨。虽然经考古发现得 到证实的特洛伊战争早已烟消灰灭,但荷马史诗所咏唱的英雄们的事迹却已成为 永恒。欣赏金苹果之争、帕里斯( Paris)的判定、海伦( Helen)的私奔、阿喀琉斯 ( Achilles)的愤怒、赫克托耳( Hector)的陨灭等故事常使我们沉浸在远古的幽思之 中,思考着英雄的命运及自己当下的生存状况 Selected Reading A Secret Concerning Thetis One of the first links in the chain of events which formed the prelude to the Trojan War was forged by Prometheus, the great benefactor of mankind. Prometheus, a cousin of Zeus, had given man fire, an element whose benefits had previously bee enjoyed solely by the gods, He had also instructed men to offer to the gods only the and bones of meat sacrifices, and to keep the best bit for themselves. To punish Prometheus, Zeus chained him to a rock high in the mountains and daily sent an eagle to eat his liver, which grew again by night According to some sources, Prometheus was eventually set free by Hercules but others state that he was released by Zeus when he finally agreed to tell him an important secret. This secret concerned the sea-nymph Thetis, who was so beautiful that she counted several gods among her suitors, including Poseidon and Zeus himself; however, a prophecy known only to Prometheus foretold that the son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father. On learning this, Zeus rapidl abandoned the idea of fathering a son by thetis himself, and decided that she should marry the mortal Peleus instead their son would be achilles, the greatest of the greek heroes at Tro Thetis's Wedding and the apple of discord hetis at first resisted the advance of Peleus, changing into fire, serpents monsters and other forms, but he held tightly on to her through all her transformations and eventually she had to submit. All the gods and goddesses of Olympus save one were invited to the magnificent wedding of Peleus and Thetis; and in the middle of the feast, Eris, the only goddess who had been left out, burst in and threw among the guests the apple of discord, inscribed"for the fairest". This apple was claimed by three goddesses, Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Because they were unable to reach an agreement, and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favoring one, for fear of earning the enmity of the other two. eventually, Zeus was understandably reluctant to decide the issue himself, he sent the goddesses to have their beauty judged by the herdsman Paris on Mount Ida, outside the city of Troy on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Judgment of paris
64 12. The Trojan War Summary “就是这张脸庞让千艘战船开拔，使特洛伊无顶的塔楼化为灰烬(Was this the face that launch’d a thousand ships, and burnt the topless towers of Ilium?)”—— 莎士比亚同时代的诗人克里斯托弗·马洛曾发出这样的感慨。虽然经考古发现得 到证实的特洛伊战争早已烟消灰灭，但荷马史诗所咏唱的英雄们的事迹却已成为 永恒。欣赏金苹果之争、帕里斯(Paris)的判定、海伦(Helen)的私奔、阿喀琉斯 (Achilles)的愤怒、赫克托耳(Hector)的陨灭等故事常使我们沉浸在远古的幽思之 中，思考着英雄的命运及自己当下的生存状况。 Selected Reading A Secret Concerning Thetis One of the first links in the chain of events which formed the prelude to the Trojan War was forged by Prometheus, the great benefactor1 of mankind. Prometheus, a cousin of Zeus, had given man fire, an element whose benefits had previously been enjoyed solely by the gods, He had also instructed men to offer to the gods only the fat and bones of meat sacrifices, and to keep the best bit for themselves. To punish Prometheus, Zeus chained him to a rock high in the mountains and daily sent an eagle to eat his liver, which grew again by night. According to some sources, Prometheus was eventually set free by Hercules2 , but others state that he was released by Zeus when he finally agreed to tell him an important secret. This secret concerned the sea-nymph Thetis, who was so beautiful that she counted3 several gods among her suitors, including Poseidon and Zeus himself; however, a prophecy known only to Prometheus foretold that the son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father. On learning this, Zeus rapidly abandoned the idea of fathering a son by Thetis himself, and decided that she should marry the mortal Peleus instead; their son would be Achilles, the greatest of the Greek heroes at Troy. Thetis’s Wedding and the Apple of Discord Thetis at first resisted the advance of Peleus, changing into fire, serpents, monsters and other forms, but he held tightly on to her through all her transformations and eventually she had to submit. All the gods and goddesses of Olympus save4 one were invited to the magnificent wedding of Peleus and Thetis; and in the middle of the feast, Eris, the only goddess who had been left out, burst in and threw among the guests the apple of discord, inscribed “for the fairest”. This apple was claimed by three goddesses, Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Because they were unable to reach an agreement, and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favoring one, for fear of earning the enmity of the other two. Eventually, Zeus was understandably reluctant to decide the issue himself, he sent the goddesses to have their beauty judged by the herdsman Paris on Mount Ida, outside the city of Troy on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. Judgment of Paris
Paris was a son of Priam, king of Troy, but when Priams wife Hecuba was pregnant with him. she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents, so when the baby was born he was handed over to a servant with orders to take him out to mount Ida and kill him. The servant however instead of killing him, simply left him on the mountain to die; he was rescued by shepherds or herdsmen, and brought up to be one himself. As Paris was minding his flocks"on the mountain. hermes led the three goddesses to him for judgment. Each offered him a reward if he would choose her; Hera wealth and power Athena military prowess and wisdom, and Aphrodite the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. Awarding victory to Aphrodite, he incurred the undying wrath of the other two, who became henceforward implacable enemies of Troy. Shortly afterwards, Paris returned by chance to Troy, wess" in athletic contests and his amazingly handsome appearance aroused the interest of his parents, who soon established his identity and received him back with great joy The abduction of helen The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen, the daughter of Zeus and Leda. Many kings and nobleman had wished to marry her, and before her mortal father, Tyndareus, announced the name of the successful suitor he made them all swear an oath to abide by helens choice and to come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted Helen married Menelaus, king of Sparta, and by the time that Paris came to Sparta on a diplomatic mission they had a daughter, Hermione. Menelaus welcomed Paris into his home, but while the king was in Crete for the funeral of his uncle. paris repaid his hospitality by stealing Helen and escaping with her back to Troy. Helen,s part in this was explained in different ways by various sources ither she was abducted against her will, or Aphrodite drove her mad with desire for Paris, or most elaborate of all, she never went to Troy at all, and it was for the sake of a phantom that the greeks spent ten long years at war. Anyway, common readers would like to entertain the idea that the cause of the war was helen who had a"face that launchd a thousand ships The Expedition Sets Sail Menelaus summoned all Helen's former suitors, and all the other kings and noblemen of Greece, to help him mount an expedition against Troy to recover his wife The leader of the Greek force was Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and elder brother of
65 Paris was a son of Priam, king of Troy, but when Priam’s wife Hecuba was pregnant with him, she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents, so when the baby was born, he was handed over to a servant with orders to take him out to Mount Ida and kill him. The servant, however, instead of killing him, simply left him on the mountain to die; he was rescued by shepherds or herdsmen, and brought up to be one himself. As Paris was minding his flocks5 on the mountain, Hermes led the three goddesses to him for judgment. Each offered him a reward if he would choose her; Hera wealth and power, Athena military prowess and wisdom, and Aphrodite the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. Awarding victory to Aphrodite, he incurred6 the undying wrath of the other two, who became henceforward implacable7 enemies of Troy. Shortly afterwards, Paris returned by chance to Troy, where his prowess8 in athletic contests and his amazingly handsome appearance aroused the interest of his parents, who soon established his identity and received him back with great joy. The Abduction of Helen The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen, the daughter of Zeus and Leda. Many kings and nobleman had wished to marry her, and before her mortal father, Tyndareus, announced the name of the successful suitor, he made them all swear an oath to abide by Helen’s choice and to come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted. Helen married Menelaus, king of Sparta, and by the time that Paris came to Sparta on a diplomatic mission they had a daughter, Hermione. Menelaus welcomed Paris into his home, but while the king was in Crete for the funeral of his uncle, Paris repaid his hospitality by stealing Helen and escaping with her back to Troy. Helen’s part in this was explained in different ways by various sources: either she was abducted against her will, or Aphrodite drove her mad with desire for Paris, or most elaborate9 of all, she never went to Troy at all, and it was for the sake of a phantom10 that the Greeks spent ten long years at war. Anyway, common readers would like to entertain the idea that the cause of the war was Helen who had a “face that launch’d a thousand ships”. The Expedition Sets Sail Menelaus summoned all Helen’s former suitors, and all the other kings and noblemen of Greece, to help him mount an expedition against Troy to recover his wife. The leader of the Greek force was Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and elder brother of
Menelaus. The greek heroes came from all over the mainland and the islands to the port of Aulis, the assembly point from which they planned to sail across the Aegean to Troy Some of the heroes came to Aulis more unwillingly than others. Odysseus, king of Ithaca, knew it had been prophesied that if he went to Troy he would not return for twenty years, and so he feigned madness when the herald Palamedes came to summon him, yoking two mules to a plough and driving them up and down the beach; but his ploy was revealed when Palamedes put Odysseus's infant son Telemachus in the way of the mules, and odysseus immediately reinedin his team Achilles's parents, Peleus and Thetis, were reluctant to let their young son join in the expedition, since they knew it was fated that if he went he would die at Troy. In an attempt to evade his destiny they sent him to Skyros, where, disguised as a girl, he mingled with the daughters of the king, Lykomedes. During his stay he married one of the daughters, Deidameia, who bore him a son, Neoptolemus Odysseus, however, discovered that the greeks would never capture Troy without the assistance of Achilles, and so he went to Skyros to fetch him. According to one version of the story, Odysseus disguised himself as a peddler, gained entrance to the court and spread out his wares before the women; among the jewels and textiles were weapon in which the young Achilles displayed a revealing interest. Another source describes how Odysseus arranged for the sound of a trumpet to be heard in the women's quarters: while the genuine daughters scattered in confusion, Achilles stood his ground and called for arms. His disguise dropped, Achilles was easily persuaded to accompany Odysseus back to Aulis, where the fleet was preparing to sail. The huge Greek force, whose greatest heroes were Agamemnon, Menelaus, Odysseus, Aias Diomedes and achilles, was ready to sail, but the wind held stubbornly against them Eventually the prophet Calchas revealed that the goddess Artemis demanded the sacrifice of Agamemnons daughter, Iphigeneia, before the wind could turn Agamemnon was horrified by this, but public opinion forced him to comply Iphigeneia, summoned on the pretext that she was to marry Achilles, was instead slain upon the altar. Some sources say that Artemis took pity on her and substituted a deer at the last moment; at all events the wind veered round, and the ships set sail The wrath of achilles The story of the iliad is, in fact, the story of Achilles, and of his quarrel with Agamemnon. At the opening of the liad the greeks had already been at Troy for nine years. They had sacked much of the surrounding countryside and skirmished sporadically ith any Trojans who had emerged from behind their massive fortifications. The Greeks were wearying of the campaign and irritated by their inability to score a decisive victory over Troy itself, when Achilles fell out with Agamemnon over a matter of honor. Agamemnon, as his share of the booty from a raid in which Achilles had played the leading part, had been allotted a girl named Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, priest of Apollo. Chryses offered Agamemnon a fine ransom for her release but Agamemnon refused to give her up. So Chryses prayed to Apollo, who sent plague upon the Greek camp, and the prophet Calchas revealed that it would be lifted
66 Menelaus. The Greek heroes came from all over the mainland and the islands to the port of Aulis, the assembly point from which they planned to sail across the Aegean to Troy. Some of the heroes came to Aulis more unwillingly than others. Odysseus, king of Ithaca, knew it had been prophesied that if he went to Troy he would not return for twenty years, and so he feigned11 madness when the herald Palamedes came to summon him, yoking12 two mules to a plough and driving them up and down the beach; but his ploy13 was revealed when Palamedes put Odysseus’s infant son Telemachus in the way of the mules, and Odysseus immediately reined14 in his team. Achilles’s parents, Peleus and Thetis, were reluctant to let their young son join in the expedition, since they knew it was fated that if he went he would die at Troy. In an attempt to evade15 his destiny they sent him to Skyros, where, disguised as a girl, he mingled with the daughters of the king, Lykomedes. During his stay he married one of the daughters, Deidameia, who bore him a son, Neoptolemus. Odysseus, however, discovered that the Greeks would never capture Troy without the assistance of Achilles, and so he went to Skyros to fetch him. According to one version of the story, Odysseus disguised himself as a peddler, gained entrance to the court and spread out his wares before the women; among the jewels and textiles were weapon in which the young Achilles displayed a revealing16 interest. Another source describes how Odysseus arranged for the sound of a trumpet to be heard in the women’s quarters: while the genuine daughters scattered in confusion, Achilles stood his ground and called for arms. His disguise dropped, Achilles was easily persuaded to accompany Odysseus back to Aulis, where the fleet was preparing to sail. The huge Greek force, whose greatest heroes were Agamemnon, Menelaus, Odysseus, Aias, Diomedes and Achilles, was ready to sail, but the wind held stubbornly against them. Eventually the prophet Calchas17 revealed that the goddess Artemis demanded the sacrifice of Agamemnon’s daughter, Iphigeneia, before the wind could turn. Agamemnon was horrified by this, but public opinion forced him to comply: Iphigeneia, summoned on the pretext that she was to marry Achilles, was instead slain upon the altar. Some sources say that Artemis took pity on her and substituted a deer at the last moment; at all events the wind veered round, and the ships set sail. The Wrath of Achilles The story of the Iliad is, in fact, the story of Achilles, and of his quarrel with Agamemnon. At the opening of the Iliad the Greeks had already been at Troy for nine years. They had sacked much of the surrounding countryside and skirmished18 sporadically19 with any Trojans who had emerged from behind their massive fortifications. The Greeks were wearying of the campaign and irritated by their inability to score a decisive victory over Troy itself, when Achilles fell out with20 Agamemnon over a matter of honor. Agamemnon, as his share of the booty from a raid21 in which Achilles had played the leading part, had been allotted22 a girl named Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, priest of Apollo. Chryses offered Agamemnon a fine ransom for her release but Agamemnon refused to give her up. So Chryses prayed to Apollo, who sent a plague upon the Greek camp, and the prophet Calchas revealed that it would be lifted
only if Agamemnon gave Chryseis back. Achilles was all in favor of him doing this but Agamemnon was reluctant. They quarreled, and Nestor, the master of the courteous word, the clear-voiced orator", tried to reconcile them. Agamemnon eventually agreed to do as he was told but in order to reassert his authority over Achilles in the most insulting way he could, and simultaneously compensate himself for the loss of Chryseis(whom he claimed to prefer to his own wife Clytemnestra), he took away from Achilles his slave-girl, Briseis. Achilles was justifiably enraged Not only was it an insult to his honor, but it was grossly unfair, as he, Achilles, had done most of the fighting necessary to procure all the treasure and booty that Agamemnon felt he had a right to enjoy. Accordingly, Achilles withdrew to his tent, and took no more part in the fighting or the council meetings. The fighting grew fiercer, with more direct attacks made on Troy and the Trojans. But the greeks were hard pressed without their greatest fighter, and even Agamemnon was eventually forced to make overtures" to Achilles, offering him riches of all description, along with the return of Briseis. Achilles, however, rejected all appeals, declaring that even if Agamemnon's gifts were" as many as the grains of sand or the particles of dust he would never be won over A Surprise Attack upon the Trojans at night At this point, Odysseus and Diomedes went out on a night expedition to see what the Trojans were up to". Unknown to them, a Trojan named Dolon was setting out on a similar errand: the Greeks surprised him, and forced him to tell them the dispositions" of the Trojan camp. On his recommendation they ended their night excursion with an attack on the encampment of rhesus, king of Thrace, with whose beautiful horses they escaped back to the greek camp The Death of Patroclus and Achilles' revenge Despite the success of this daring raid, in the overall fighting the Greeks were being driven back to their ships by the Trojans and were in desperate straits", when Achilles's friend Patroclus came to him and begged to be allowed to lead Achilless troops, the Myrmidons, into battle. He also asked if he could borrow Achilless armor in order to strike terror into the ranks of the Trojans, who would mistake him for Achilles. Achilles agreed, and Patroclus went out and fought long and gloriously efore, predictably, he was slain by hector, son of Priam and the best fighter on the Trojan side Achilles was overcome by grief. His mother, the sea-nymph Thetis, came to him and promised him new armor to replace that which had been lost with Patroclus. The new armor, made by the smith-god Hephaestus, included a beautiful shield covered with figured scenes, cities at peace and war, scenes of rural life with flocks, herds and rustic dances and round the rim of the shield ran the river of ocean. achilles and Agamemnon were reconciled, and Achilles returned to the field of battle, where he slaughtered Trojan after Trojan with his spear, like a driving wind that whirls the flames this way and that when a conflagration rages"in the gullies on a sun-baked mountainside and the high forest is consumed". After killing many Trojans and surviving even the attack of the River Scamander, which tried to drown him in its mountainous waves, achilles was at last able to meet his chief adversary Hector
67 only if Agamemnon gave Chryseis back. Achilles was all in favor of him doing this, but Agamemnon was reluctant. They quarreled, and Nestor, “the master of the courteous word, the clear-voiced orator”, tried to reconcile them. Agamemnon eventually agreed to do as he was told, but in order to reassert his authority over Achilles in the most insulting way he could, and simultaneously compensate himself for the loss of Chryseis (whom he claimed to prefer to his own wife Clytemnestra), he took away from Achilles his slave-girl, Briseis. Achilles was justifiably23 enraged. Not only was it an insult to his honor, but it was grossly unfair, as he, Achilles, had done most of the fighting necessary to procure all the treasure and booty that Agamemnon felt he had a right to enjoy. Accordingly, Achilles withdrew to his tent, and took no more part in the fighting or the council meetings. The fighting grew fiercer, with more direct attacks made on Troy and the Trojans. But the Greeks were hard pressed without their greatest fighter, and even Agamemnon was eventually forced to make overtures24 to Achilles, offering him riches of all description, along with the return of Briseis. Achilles, however, rejected all appeals, declaring that even if Agamemnon’s gifts were “as many as the grains of sand or the particles of dust” he would never be won over. A Surprise Attack upon the Trojans at Night At this point, Odysseus and Diomedes went out on a night expedition to see what the Trojans were up to25. Unknown to them, a Trojan named Dolon was setting out on a similar errand: the Greeks surprised him, and forced him to tell them the dispositions26 of the Trojan camp. On his recommendation they ended their night excursion with an attack on the encampment of Rhesus, king of Thrace, with whose beautiful horses they escaped back to the Greek camp. The Death of Patroclus and Achilles’ Revenge Despite the success of this daring raid, in the overall fighting the Greeks were being driven back to their ships by the Trojans and were in desperate straits27, when Achilles’s friend Patroclus came to him and begged to be allowed to lead Achilles’s troops, the Myrmidons, into battle. He also asked if he could borrow Achilles’s armor in order to strike terror into the ranks of the Trojans, who would mistake him for Achilles. Achilles agreed, and Patroclus went out and fought long and gloriously, before, predictably, he was slain by hector, son of Priam and the best fighter on the Trojan side. Achilles was overcome by grief. His mother, the sea-nymph Thetis, came to him, and promised him new armor to replace that which had been lost with Patroclus. The new armor, made by the smith-god Hephaestus, included a beautiful shield covered with figured scenes, cities at peace and war, scenes of rural life with flocks, herds and rustic dances, and round the rim of the shield ran the River of Ocean. Achilles and Agamemnon were reconciled, and Achilles returned to the field of battle, where he slaughtered Trojan after Trojan with his spear, “like a driving wind that whirls28 the flames this way and that when a conflagration29 rages30 in the gullies on a sun-baked mountainside and the high forest is consumed”. After killing many Trojans and surviving even the attack of the River Scamander, which tried to drown him in its mountainous waves, Achilles was at last able to meet his chief adversary, Hector
The rest of Trojan had fled from the onslaught of Achilles and taken refuge within their wall, but Hector remained outside the gates, deliberatelyawaiting the duel which he knew he must fight. Yet when Achilles finally appeared, Hector was overcome by understandable terror and turned to flee. Three times they ran the circuit of the walls of Troy before Hector stopped and bravely faced his great opponent Achilles's spear lodged in Hector's throat and he fell to the ground Barely able to speak, hector begged that Achilles should allow his body to be ransomed after his death, but Achilles, furious with the man who had killed Patroclus, spurnedhis appeal and proceeded to subject the body togreat indignities. First he dragged it by the heels behind his chariot round the walls of the city, for all of Troy to see. Then he took the body back to the greek camp, where it lay untended in his huts The return of Hectors Body Achilles then arranged an elaborate funeral for Patroclus. a huge pyre was built over it many sheep and cattle were slaughtered and their carcasses" piled around the body of the dead hero. Jars of honey and oil were added to the pyre, and then four horses and two of Patroclus's dogs. Twelve Trojan prisoners were slaughtered over the pyre, which was then set alight. It burned all night, and all night Achilles poured libations of wine and mourned aloud for Patroclus. The next day the bones of Patroclus were collected and laid in a golden urn, and a great mound was raised where the pyre had been. Funeral games with magnificent prizes were held, with competitions for chariot racing. Boxing, wrestling, running, armed fighting, throwing the discus and archery. And every day at dawn, for twelve days, Achilles dragged the body of Hector three times round the mound, until even the gods, who had foreseen and arranged all this, were shocked, and Zeus sent Iris, messenger of the gods, into Troy to visit Priam and instruct him to go secretly to the Greek camp with a fine ransom, which Achilles would accept in return for relinquishing the body of Priams son So Priam, escorted by a single herald, set out for the Greek camp, and was met in the dusk as he drew near to the greek ships by Herms, disguised as a follower of Achilles. Hermes guided Priam through the greek camp, so that he arrived unseen at the hut of Achilles. Priam went straight in and threw himself at Achilles's feet: he asked the hero to think of his own father Peleus, and to show mercy on the father who had lost so many of his own sons at the hands of the greek he asked to be allowed to take the body of his greatest son back to Troy with him in order that he should be properly mourned and buried by his kinsmen. Achilles was moved by his appeal; they wept together, and Priams request was granted. So Hectors body was returned to Troy, where he was mourned and buried with appropriate rites Here the iliad ends but it is by no means the end of the story of Troy. The rest of the story is recounted partly in the Odyssey and partly by the tragedians, but also by later Roman authors, principally Virgil in the Aeneid and a miscellany" of later poets such as Quintus of Smyrna. After the death of Hector, a series of allies came to the assistance of the Trojans, including the amazons under their queen, Penthesileia, and the Ethiopians led by Memnon, a son of Eos, goddess of the dawn. Both Penthesileia and Memnon were killed by Achilles. But Achilles had al ways known that he himself 68
68 The rest of Trojan had fled from the onslaught31 of Achilles and taken refuge within their wall, but Hector remained outside the gates, deliberately32 awaiting the duel which he knew he must fight. Yet when Achilles finally appeared, Hector was overcome by understandable terror and turned to flee. Three times they ran the circuit of the walls of Troy before Hector stopped and bravely faced his great opponent. Achilles’s spear lodged33 in Hector’s throat and he fell to the ground. Barely able to speak, hector begged that Achilles should allow his body to be ransomed after his death, but Achilles, furious with the man who had killed Patroclus, spurned34 his appeal and proceeded to subject the body to35 great indignities. First he dragged it by the heels behind his chariot round the walls of the city, for all of Troy to see. Then he took the body back to the Greek camp, where it lay untended36 in his huts. The Return of Hector’s Body Achilles then arranged an elaborate funeral for Patroclus. A huge pyre was built; over it many sheep and cattle were slaughtered and their carcasses37 piled around the body of the dead hero. Jars of honey and oil were added to the pyre, and then four horses and two of Patroclus’s dogs. Twelve Trojan prisoners were slaughtered over the pyre, which was then set alight. It burned all night, and all night Achilles poured libations38 of wine and mourned aloud for Patroclus. The next day the bones of Patroclus were collected and laid in a golden urn, and a great mound was raised where the pyre had been. Funeral games with magnificent prizes were held, with competitions for chariot racing. Boxing, wrestling, running, armed fighting, throwing the discus and archery. And every day at dawn, for twelve days, Achilles dragged the body of Hector three times round the mound, until even the gods, who had foreseen and arranged all this, were shocked, and Zeus sent Iris, messenger of the gods, into Troy to visit Priam and instruct him to go secretly to the Greek camp with a fine ransom, which Achilles would accept in return for relinquishing39 the body of Priam’s son. So Priam, escorted by a single herald, set out for the Greek camp, and was met in the dusk as he drew near to the Greek ships by Herms, disguised as a follower of Achilles. Hermes guided Priam through the Greek camp, so that he arrived unseen at the hut of Achilles. Priam went straight in and threw himself at Achilles’s feet: he asked the hero to think of his own father Peleus, and to show mercy on the father who had lost so many of his own sons at the hands of the Greek; he asked to be allowed to take the body of his greatest son back to Troy with him in order that he should be properly mourned and buried by his kinsmen. Achilles was moved by his appeal; they wept together, and Priam’s request was granted. So Hector’s body was returned to Troy, where he was mourned and buried with appropriate rites. Here the Iliad ends, but it is by no means the end of the story of Troy. The rest of the story is recounted partly in the Odyssey and partly by the tragedians, but also by later Roman authors, principally Virgil in the Aeneid and a miscellany40 of later poets such as Quintus of Smyrna. After the death of Hector, a series of allies came to the assistance of the Trojans, including the Amazons under their queen, Penthesileia, and the Ethiopians led by Memnon, a son of Eos, goddess of the dawn. Both Penthesileia and Memnon were killed by Achilles. But Achilles had always known that he himself
was fated to die in Troy, far from his native land, and eventually he was killed after Paris shot a poison arrow guided by apollo, the ancient version of guided missiles if you like. Achilles's mother, Thetis, had wanted to make her son immortal, and when e was a baby she had taken him down into the Underworld and dipped him into the waters of the River Styx; this made his body impervious* to injury, except for the heel by which she held him, and it was here that the arrow struck The judgment of Achilles' Armor and the suicide of ajax With the hero fallen, a great battle ensued* between both parties to secure his body. Among the chaos, Ajax the great held back the Trojans, while Odysseus carried the body away. When Achilles armor was offered to the smartest warrior, the two that d his body becam undertake the invidious duty of deciding between the two competitors, referred the dispute to the decision of the Trojan prisoners, inquiring of them which of the two heroes had done most harm to the Trojan prisoners. alternatively, following Nestors advice, spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said. a girl said that ajax was braver. Anyway, the arms were awarded to Odysseus. Driven mad with grief, Ajax desired to kill his comrades, but under the influence of a spell- from Athena he stumbled upon"a flock of sheep and slaughtered them, believing them to be Agamemnon and Menelaus. In the morning. he came to his senses and with diminished honor decided that he preferred to kill himself rather than to live in shame Neoptolemus, Philoctetes, and the Trojan Palladium The war protracted for some more time with losses on both sides. Then it was revealed to the greeks that there were three conditions for the capture of Troy: the presence of Achilles's son Neoptolemus, the acquisition of Heracles's bow, and that of the Trojan Palladium". The first condition was easily met when the guileful and eloquent Odysseus went to seek out Neoptolemus hiding out pal father. Heracles's bow was now in the possession of Philoctetes, son of Poias, who lit the pyre for Heracles when the hero promised him his bow and poison arrows Philoctetes had also answered the call of Agamemnon to join the Trojan expedition, but en route he was bitten by a snake. His wound would not heal and the stench# was such that the greeks decided to leave him behind on the island of lemnos In due time Odysseus and Neoptolemus came back and succeeded in inviting him to Troy. It was a poisoned arrow shot by Philoctetes that killed Paris. The Trojan Palladium was a sacre d image of Pallas Athena, which Zeus shot down from heaven to Dardanus, the founder of Troy. Diomedes and Odysseus disguised themselves as beggars and stole it out of Troy The Trojan Horse Trojan life went on as usual behind their impregnable" walls despite all the fuss made by the greeks. Then there came the day when the ruse of the Wooden Horse was suggested. It said to be the brainchild of Odysseus, while the craftsman responsible for its manufacture was Epeios. When it was built, a party of the boldest Greeks climbed into it, including Odysseus himself and Neoptolemus, son of achilles The rest of the Greek force burnt their huts and set sail, but they went only as far as the island if Tenedos, where they beached their ships and waited. The Trojans
69 was fated to die in Troy, far from his native land, and eventually he was killed after Paris shot a poison arrow guided by Apollo, the ancient version of guided missiles if you like. Achilles’s mother, Thetis, had wanted to make her son immortal, and when he was a baby she had taken him down into the Underworld and dipped him into the waters of the River Styx; this made his body impervious41 to injury, except for the heel by which she held him, and it was here that the arrow struck. The Judgment of Achilles’ Armor and the Suicide of Ajax With the hero fallen, a great battle ensued42 between both parties to secure his body. Among the chaos, Ajax the Great held back the Trojans, while Odysseus carried the body away. When Achilles’ armor was offered to the smartest warrior, the two that had saved his body became competing candidates. Agamemnon, unwilling to undertake the invidious43 duty of deciding between the two competitors, referred the dispute to the decision of the Trojan prisoners, inquiring of them which of the two heroes had done most harm to the Trojan prisoners. Alternatively, following Nestor’s advice, spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said. A girl said that Ajax was braver. Anyway, the arms were awarded to Odysseus. Driven mad with grief, Ajax desired to kill his comrades, but under the influence of a spell44 from Athena he stumbled upon45 a flock of sheep and slaughtered them, believing them to be Agamemnon and Menelaus. In the morning, he came to his senses and with diminished honor decided that he preferred to kill himself rather than to live in shame. Neoptolemus, Philoctetes, and the Trojan Palladium The war protracted46 for some more time with losses on both sides. Then it was revealed to the Greeks that there were three conditions for the capture of Troy: the presence of Achilles’s son Neoptolemus, the acquisition of Heracles’s bow, and that of the Trojan Palladium47. The first condition was easily met when the guileful and eloquent Odysseus went to seek out Neoptolemus hiding out in the same palace as his father. Heracles’s bow was now in the possession of Philoctetes, son of Poias, who lit the pyre for Heracles when the hero promised him his bow and poison arrows. Philoctetes had also answered the call of Agamemnon to join the Trojan expedition, but en route he was bitten by a snake. His wound would not heal and the stench48 was such that the Greeks decided to leave him behind on the island of Lemnos. In due time, Odysseus and Neoptolemus came back and succeeded in inviting him to Troy. It was a poisoned arrow shot by Philoctetes that killed Paris. The Trojan Palladium was a sacred image of Pallas Athena, which Zeus shot down from heaven to Dardanus, the founder of Troy. Diomedes and Odysseus disguised themselves as beggars and stole it out of Troy. The Trojan Horse Trojan life went on as usual behind their impregnable49 walls despite all the fuss made by the Greeks. Then there came the day when the ruse50 of the Wooden Horse was suggested. It said to be the brainchild of Odysseus, while the craftsman responsible for its manufacture was Epeios. When it was built, a party of the boldest Greeks climbed into it, including Odysseus himself and Neoptolemus, son of Achilles. The rest of the Greek force burnt their huts and set sail, but they went only as far as the island if Tenedos, where they beached their ships and waited. The Trojans
scarcely daring to believe that the greeks had sailed for home, scattered over the plain, marveling at the Horse and reminding each other of where the Greek camp had been Soon some shepherds came across a single Greek who had been left behind, Sinon who told them that his compatriots" had wanted to sacrifice him in order to acquire a favorable breeze for their journey; he had with difficulty escaped his chains. This story aroused the compassion of the Trojans, so that they were well disposed to believe the rest of his account He said that the that Athena had turned against them had decided to sail home and attempt to regain the divine their expedition ed. The had made the horse to I propitiateAthena, and they had deliberately made it large in order that the trojans would not be able to take it within their walls. If the horse did enter Troy, the city could never be taken; if it stayed outside, the greeks would definitely return and raze the city to the ground a few of the Trojans mistrusted the horse and were reluctant to bring it within heir walls. Priam's prophetic daughter Cassandra, whose fate it was never to have her prophecies believed, warned of the death and destruction its entry into Troy would bring. And Laocoon, the priest of Poseidon, cast his spear against the flanks of the Horse, which resounded with the clang of armed men, and declared that he feared the Greeks, even when they brought gifts. But as he was pre a sacrifice to the god he served, two great serpents came up from the sea and strangled first his two young sons and then Laocoon himself, before gliding on to take refuge under the altar of Athena. Upon this omen the Trojans hesitated no more, but proceeded to drag the great Horse within their walls, pulling down their fortifications in order to do so. Even then, the hiding place of the greek heroes might have been discovered, for Helen took it into her head to come down to the horse. and walking round it to call out the names of the Greek heroes, mimicking the voice of each man's wife. Some were tempted to reply, and only Odysseus had the presence of mind to stifle" their voices The Sack of Troy When darkness fell, the treacherous Sinon signaled to the fleet at Tenedos, which returned silently to its old anchorage, Sinon also released the heroes from theil confinement in the Horse, and the scene was set for the sack of Troy. As the greeks from the Horse were joined by their comrades from the ships, the Trojans awoke from sleep to find their city going up in flames. The men fought desperately, resolved at least to sell their lives dear, appalled by the sight of their wives and children being dragged from their places of refuge to be either slaughtered or taken prisoner. Most pitiable was the death of Priam, murdered at the altar in his courtyard by Neoptolemus 70
70 scarcely daring to believe that the Greeks had sailed for home, scattered over the plain, marveling at the Horse and reminding each other of where the Greek camp had been. Soon some shepherds came across a single Greek who had been left behind, Sinon, who told them that his compatriots51 had wanted to sacrifice him in order to acquire a favorable breeze for their journey; he had with difficulty escaped his chains. This story aroused the compassion of the Trojans, so that they were well disposed to believe the rest of his account. He said that the Greeks, believing that Athena had turned against them, had decided to sail home and attempt to regain the divine favor that their expedition had originally enjoyed. They had made the Horse to propitiate52 Athena, and they had deliberately made it large in order that the Trojans would not be able to take it within their walls. If the Horse did enter Troy, the city could never be taken; if it stayed outside, the Greeks would definitely return and raze53 the city to the ground. A few of the Trojans mistrusted the Horse and were reluctant to bring it within their walls. Priam’s prophetic daughter Cassandra, whose fate it was never to have her prophecies believed, warned of the death and destruction its entry into Troy would bring. And Laocoon, the priest of Poseidon, cast his spear against the flanks of the Horse, which resounded with the clang of armed men, and declared that he feared the Greeks, even when they brought gifts. But as he was preparing a sacrifice to the god he served, two great serpents came up from the sea and strangled54 first his two young sons and then Laocoon himself, before gliding on to take refuge under the altar of Athena. Upon this omen the Trojans hesitated no more, but proceeded to drag the great Horse within their walls, pulling down their fortifications in order to do so. Even then, the hiding place of the Greek heroes might have been discovered, for Helen took it into her head to come down to the Horse, and, walking round it, to call out the names of the Greek heroes, mimicking the voice of each man’s wife. Some were tempted to reply, and only Odysseus had the presence of mind55 to stifle56 their voices. The Sack of Troy When darkness fell, the treacherous Sinon signaled to the fleet at Tenedos, which returned silently to its old anchorage; Sinon also released the heroes from their confinement in the Horse, and the scene was set for the sack of Troy. As the Greeks from the Horse were joined by their comrades from the ships, the Trojans awoke from sleep to find their city going up in flames. The men fought desperately, resolved at least to sell their lives dear, appalled57 by the sight of their wives and children being dragged from their places of refuge to be either slaughtered or taken prisoner. Most pitiable was the death of Priam, murdered at the altar in his courtyard by Neoptolemus
son of the man who had killed his son Hector. Among the few to escape from Troy was Aeneas, son of Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite. Warned by his mother, he left the city with his little son Ascanius and his elderly father, carrying with him the ods of Troy; his wife followed behind them, but was lost in the confusion. Aeneas himself was fated after much wandering to reach Italy, where he founded a new and greater Troy, the forerunner of rome The adventures of the Greek heroes on their way home from Troy, and the various homecomings they enjoyed, were enshrined in a number of epic poems known as Nostoi(returns). Of these poems the Odyssey, which describes the return of Odysseus to his homeland of Ithaca, is the only one to survive; the returns of the other heroes must be pieced together from a variety of later sources. We shall come to odysseus shortly NOTES 1恩人;捐助者;赠送者 2.赫拉克勒斯希腊神话中的大力神,名字引申自“赫 拉”和“荣耀ˆ,即赫拉克勒斯被称为ˆ赫拉的荣耀”,英 文名: Heracles。赫拉克勒斯是希腊神话中最伟大的 英雄,又名海格力斯,罗马神话名为的赫丘利 ( Hercules),他神勇无比,力大无穷,生前完成了十 二项英雄伟绩,他还参加了阿尔果斯远征帮助伊阿宋 觅取金羊毛,解救了普罗米修斯等等,赫拉克勒斯英 明一世,却最终遭小人迫害,难耐痛苦而自焚身亡, 死后升入奥利匹斯圣山,成为大力神,有关他惩恶扬 善,敢于斗争的神话故事,历来都是文艺家们乐于表现的主题。在今天的西方世界,赫拉克 勒斯一词已经成为了大力士和壮汉的同义词 赫拉克勒斯的十二项艰巨任务 ①涅墨亚森林的猛狮 国王交给赫拉克勒斯的第一件任务是:赫拉克勒 斯必须为他剥下尼密阿巨狮的兽皮。这头巨兽生活在 阿耳戈利斯地区的伯罗奔尼撒,尼密阿和克雷渥纳之 间的大森林里。狮子凶悍无比,人间的武器根本不能 伤害它。有人说,狮子本是巨人堤丰和半人半蛇的女 怪厄喀德那所生的儿子,还有人说,它是从月亮上掉 到地上来的。赫拉克勒斯出发去捕杀狮子。并且最终 杀死了它。用它的利爪划破了皮,终于把狮皮剥了下 来。后来,他用这张奇异的狮皮缝制了一件盔甲,还 做了一只新头盔。现在,他把带来的狮皮和武器收拾 好,把尼密阿巨狮的狮皮披在肩上,出发回泰林斯去。 ②九头蛇许德拉 许德拉是生有九个头的大毒蛇,它在草丛里神出 鬼没,为害四方。更可怕的是,它的头中最大的那个 是杀不死的,砍掉了,又会生出两个新的头。赫拉克 勒斯同朋友伊俄拉俄斯前来杀它,许德拉比狮子聪明
71 son of the man who had killed his son Hector. Among the few to escape from Troy was Aeneas, son of Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite. Warned by his mother, he left the city with his little son Ascanius and his elderly father, carrying with him the gods of Troy; his wife followed behind them, but was lost in the confusion. Aeneas himself was fated after much wandering to reach Italy, where he founded a new and greater Troy, the forerunner of Rome. The adventures of the Greek heroes on their way home from Troy, and the various homecomings they enjoyed, were enshrined58 in a number of epic poems known as Nostoi (Returns). Of these poems the Odyssey, which describes the return of Odysseus to his homeland of Ithaca, is the only one to survive; the returns of the other heroes must be pieced together from a variety of later sources. We shall come to Odysseus shortly. NOTES 1.恩人；捐助者；赠送者 2. 赫拉克勒斯,希腊神话中的大力神，名字引申自“赫 拉”和“荣耀”，即赫拉克勒斯被称为“赫拉的荣耀”，英 文名：Heracles。赫拉克勒斯是希腊神话中最伟大的 英雄，又名海格力斯，罗马神话名为的赫丘利 （Hercules），他神勇无比，力大无穷，生前完成了十 二项英雄伟绩，他还参加了阿尔果斯远征帮助伊阿宋 觅取金羊毛，解救了普罗米修斯等等，赫拉克勒斯英 明一世，却最终遭小人迫害，难耐痛苦而自焚身亡， 死后升入奥利匹斯圣山，成为大力神，有关他惩恶扬 善，敢于斗争的神话故事，历来都是文艺家们乐于表现的主题。在今天的西方世界，赫拉克 勒斯一词已经成为了大力士和壮汉的同义词。 赫拉克勒斯的十二项艰巨任务 ①涅墨亚森林的猛狮 国王交给赫拉克勒斯的第一件任务是：赫拉克勒 斯必须为他剥下尼密阿巨狮的兽皮。这头巨兽生活在 阿耳戈利斯地区的伯罗奔尼撒，尼密阿和克雷渥纳之 间的大森林里。狮子凶悍无比，人间的武器根本不能 伤害它。有人说，狮子本是巨人堤丰和半人半蛇的女 怪厄喀德那所生的儿子，还有人说，它是从月亮上掉 到地上来的。赫拉克勒斯出发去捕杀狮子。并且最终 杀死了它。用它的利爪划破了皮，终于把狮皮剥了下 来。后来，他用这张奇异的狮皮缝制了一件盔甲，还 做了一只新头盔。现在，他把带来的狮皮和武器收拾 好，把尼密阿巨狮的狮皮披在肩上，出发回泰林斯去。 ②九头蛇许德拉 许德拉是生有九个头的大毒蛇，它在草丛里神出 鬼没，为害四方。更可怕的是，它的头中最大的那个 是杀不死的，砍掉了，又会生出两个新的头。赫拉克 勒斯同朋友伊俄拉俄斯前来杀它，许德拉比狮子聪明
许多,它昂着头,等着赫拉克勒斯的进攻。赫拉克勒斯走上前去,一刀砍下了最大的蛇头。 令他大吃一惊的是,毒蛇的脖子上立刻又长出了两颗新头,十个头摇摇摆摆,令人毛骨悚然 就在赫拉克勒斯苦苦思考对策的时候,和许德拉狼狈为奷的一只大螃蟹悄悄爬了过来,用两 只大螯紧紧地咬住了赫拉克勒斯的脚。赫拉克勒斯回过身,用一棵大树猛地一击,把巨蟹打 得粉碎。杀死了巨蟹,他呼喊同行的伊俄拉俄斯来援助他,伊俄拉俄斯执着火把,把附近的 树林点着,然后用熊熊燃烧的树枝灼烧刚长出来的蛇 头,不让它长大。这时,赫拉克勒斯乘机砍下许德拉 的那颗不死的头,将它埋在路旁,上面压着一块沉重 的石头。接着,他又把蛇身劈作两段,并把箭浸泡在 有毒的蛇血里。从此以后,中了他箭的敌人再也无药 可医。 ③克律涅亚山的赤牡鹿 第三个任务是要他生擒刻律涅亚山上的牝鹿。这 是一头漂亮的动物,金角铜蹄,自由自在地住在亚加 狄亚的山坡上,这是女神阿耳忒弥斯在首次打猎时捉到的五头牝鹿之一,只是她被放回了树 林,因为命运女神规定有一天让赫拉克勒斯为追捕她而累得疲惫不堪。赫拉克勒斯追捕她追 了整整一年,一直追到北极净土族人居住的地方和伊斯忒河的发源地。据说,这里的太阳一 年只出来一次。赫拉克勒斯终于在安诺埃城附近,邻近阿耳忒弥斯山的拉同河岸上,追上了 牝鹿。为了迫使她停下来,他迫不得已射了一箭,射中她的腿。然后把受伤不能奔跑的牝鹿 逮住,扛在肩膀上,往回走。途中,他遇到女神阿耳忒弥斯和她的哥哥阿波罗。她责问他为 什么伤害她放生的牝鹿,甚至想夺走她的猎物。赫拉克勒斯解释说:“伟大的女神,这不是 我在闹着玩,”赫拉克勒斯辩解说,“我也是迫于无奈,否则我怎么能完成欧律斯透斯交给我 的任务呢 ④埃里曼托斯山密林的野猪 活捉厄律曼托斯野猪,把它完好地带回迈肯尼,交给国王欧律斯透斯。这头野猪是用来 献祭给女神阿耳忒弥斯的圣物,可是它在厄律曼托斯一带糟蹋庄稼,危害甚大。 赫拉克勒斯在前往厄律曼托斯的途中,来到西勒诺斯的儿子福罗斯的家中,半人半马的 福罗斯是肯陶洛斯人,他热情地端岀一盆烤肉招待客人,自己则吃生的。赫拉克勒斯希望用 美酒伴佳肴,福罗斯听后笑着说:“尊贵的客人,在我的地下室里有一桶酒,它属于我们全 体肯陶洛斯人。我不敢把它打开,因为我知道我们半人半马的肯陶洛斯人并不慷慨。”“打 开吧,”赫拉克勒斯说,“我答应你,保护你不受他们的攻击。我现在真是口渴难忍! 原来,这桶酒是酒神巴克科斯亲自送给一个马人, 即肯陶洛斯人的,并吩咐他不能提前打开,直到第四 代马人后,赫拉克勒斯到来时才能打开。于是,福罗 斯走到地下室。他刚把酒桶打开,马人们闻到一股扑 鼻的酒香,都蜂拥而来,手拿石块或木棒,把福罗斯 的地下室团团围住。赫拉克勒斯拿起火棒把第一批肯 陶洛斯人打回去,又射箭追击余下的人,一直追到伯 罗奔尼撒半岛东南角的玛勒河,那是赫拉克勒斯的老 朋友喀戎居住的地方。肯陶洛斯人纷纷投奔喀戎。赫 拉克勒斯朝他们射去一箭,箭头擦过一个肯陶洛斯人的手臂,射中喀戎的膝盖,这时他才发 现他射中了幼时的好朋友。他从朋友的膝盖上拔下箭,然后又用精通医道的喀戎自己调制的 药膏敷在伤口上。但因为箭已浸过许德拉的毒血,伤口是无法医治的。喀戎吩咐他的弟兄把 他抬回洞穴,希望能够死在朋友的怀里。可惜这个愿望也是空妄的,因为他忘掉自己是不死
72 许多，它昂着头，等着赫拉克勒斯的进攻。赫拉克勒斯走上前去，一刀砍下了最大的蛇头。 令他大吃一惊的是，毒蛇的脖子上立刻又长出了两颗新头，十个头摇摇摆摆，令人毛骨悚然。 就在赫拉克勒斯苦苦思考对策的时候，和许德拉狼狈为奸的一只大螃蟹悄悄爬了过来，用两 只大螯紧紧地咬住了赫拉克勒斯的脚。赫拉克勒斯回过身，用一棵大树猛地一击，把巨蟹打 得粉碎。杀死了巨蟹，他呼喊同行的伊俄拉俄斯来援助他，伊俄拉俄斯执着火把，把附近的 树林点着，然后用熊熊燃烧的树枝灼烧刚长出来的蛇 头，不让它长大。这时，赫拉克勒斯乘机砍下许德拉 的那颗不死的头，将它埋在路旁，上面压着一块沉重 的石头。接着，他又把蛇身劈作两段，并把箭浸泡在 有毒的蛇血里。从此以后，中了他箭的敌人再也无药 可医。 ③克律涅亚山的赤牡鹿 第三个任务是要他生擒刻律涅亚山上的牝鹿。这 是一头漂亮的动物，金角铜蹄，自由自在地住在亚加 狄亚的山坡上，这是女神阿耳忒弥斯在首次打猎时捉到的五头牝鹿之一，只是她被放回了树 林，因为命运女神规定有一天让赫拉克勒斯为追捕她而累得疲惫不堪。赫拉克勒斯追捕她追 了整整一年，一直追到北极净土族人居住的地方和伊斯忒河的发源地。据说，这里的太阳一 年只出来一次。赫拉克勒斯终于在安诺埃城附近，邻近阿耳忒弥斯山的拉同河岸上，追上了 牝鹿。为了迫使她停下来，他迫不得已射了一箭，射中她的腿。然后把受伤不能奔跑的牝鹿 逮住，扛在肩膀上，往回走。途中，他遇到女神阿耳忒弥斯和她的哥哥阿波罗。她责问他为 什么伤害她放生的牝鹿，甚至想夺走她的猎物。赫拉克勒斯解释说：“伟大的女神，这不是 我在闹着玩，”赫拉克勒斯辩解说，“我也是迫于无奈，否则我怎么能完成欧律斯透斯交给我 的任务呢？” ④埃里曼托斯山密林的野猪 活捉厄律曼托斯野猪，把它完好地带回迈肯尼，交给国王欧律斯透斯。这头野猪是用来 献祭给女神阿耳忒弥斯的圣物，可是它在厄律曼托斯一带糟蹋庄稼，危害甚大。 赫拉克勒斯在前往厄律曼托斯的途中，来到西勒诺斯的儿子福罗斯的家中，半人半马的 福罗斯是肯陶洛斯人，他热情地端出一盆烤肉招待客人，自己则吃生的。赫拉克勒斯希望用 美酒伴佳肴，福罗斯听后笑着说：“尊贵的客人，在我的地下室里有一桶酒，它属于我们全 体肯陶洛斯人。我不敢把它打开，因为我知道我们半人半马的肯陶 洛斯人并不慷慨。”“打 开吧，”赫拉克勒斯说，“我答应你，保护你不受他们的攻击。我现在真是口渴难忍！” 原来，这桶酒是酒神巴克科斯亲自送给一个马人， 即肯陶洛斯人的，并吩咐他不能提前打开，直到第四 代马人后，赫拉克勒斯到来时才能打开。于是，福罗 斯走到地下室。他刚把酒桶打开，马人们闻到一股扑 鼻的酒香，都蜂拥而来，手拿石块或木棒，把福罗斯 的地下室团团围住。赫拉克勒斯拿起火棒把第一批肯 陶洛斯人打回去，又射箭追击余下的人，一直追到伯 罗奔尼撒半岛东南角的玛勒河，那是赫拉克勒斯的老 朋友喀戎居住的地方。肯陶洛斯人纷纷投奔喀戎。赫 拉克勒斯朝他们射去一箭，箭头擦过一个肯陶洛斯人的手臂，射中喀戎的膝盖，这时他才发 现他射中了幼时的好朋友。他从朋友的膝盖上拔下箭，然后又用精通医道的喀戎自己调制的 药膏敷在伤口上。但因为箭已浸过许德拉的毒血，伤口是无法医治的。喀戎吩咐他的弟兄把 他抬回洞穴，希望能够死在朋友的怀里。可惜这个愿望也是空妄的，因为他忘掉自己是不死
的,他的伤痛也将永远忍受。赫拉克勒斯含泪告别了喀戎,答应不管花多大的代价,也要请 死神满足老朋友的愿望,让他解脱痛苦。我们知道,他实现了自己的诺言。 赫拉克勒斯重新回到福罗斯那里,他看到这位朋友已经死了。原来他从一个肯陶洛斯死者的 身上拔出一支箭,不禁惊叹这支短箭竟有如此大的力量,能杀死一条生命。他顺手把箭丢到 地上,不料箭划破了自己的脚,他即刻毙命。赫拉克勒斯十分悲伤,将朋友葬在一座山下, 这座山从此就叫做福罗山。 赫拉克勒斯继续上路去寻找野猪。他大声吼叫,把野猪赶出丛林,又在后面追赶,一直 把它赶到雪地里,终于用活结把精疲力尽的野猪套住。他遵照国王欧律斯透斯的命令活捉了 厄律曼托斯山上的野猪,将它活生生地送到迈肯尼。 ⑤清扫奥革阿斯的牛圈 派他做的这件事似乎是一位英雄不屑干的,即要他在一天之内把奥革阿斯的牛棚打扫干 净。奥革阿斯是伊利斯的国王,养有大量的牛。他的牛群全都按古代的习惯,关在宫殿前面 的牛棚里,里面共有三千多头牛。多年来里面堆满了牛粪。赫拉克勒斯不知道该如何行事, 才能在短短的一天内把牛粪清除干净。 赫拉克勒斯来到国王奥革阿斯面前,愿意给他淸扫牛棚,但他没有说这是欧律斯透斯交 给他的任务。奥革阿斯打量着眼前这位身披狮皮的魁梧的男子,想到这样一位高贵的武士愿 意干一件仆人干的活,禁不住笑了起来。但他又想,私欲诱人,说不定这位武士贪图厚利, 要我给他重赏吧。假如他真能在一天之内把牛棚打扫干净,我给他重赏也无妨,可是,这么 多牛粪怎能在一天内打扫干净呢?这件事无论什么人都不可能做到。国王想到这儿,自信地 说:“听着,外乡人,假如你真能在一天之内,把宫殿前面的牛棚打扫干净,我将把牛群的 十分之一送给你 赫拉克勒斯接受了这个条件。国王以为他马上就要动手清扫,但赫拉克勒斯却叫来奥革 阿斯的儿子菲洛宇斯,叫他作证人,然后才在牛棚的一边挖了一条沟,把阿尔弗俄斯和佩纳 俄斯河的河水引进来,流经牛棚,把里面大堆牛粪冲刷干净 结果,他连手都没有弄脏,就完成了任务。 奥革阿斯这时听说赫拉克勒斯是奉欧律斯透斯之命来做这件事的,便想赖帐,否认他作 过诺言,不给赫拉克勒斯任何报酬,还说,赫拉克勒斯如不服,他们可以对簿公堂。当法官 审理时,奥革阿斯的儿子菲洛宇斯出庭作证,宣称那是真的,他的父亲答应给赫拉克勒斯重 赏。奥革阿斯大怒,没等作出判决,便命令他的儿子和外乡人立即离开他的王国 赫拉克勒斯完成了任务,高高兴兴地回到欧律斯透斯的王国,可是国王宣布这次任务因 赫拉克勒斯要求报酬,所以不能算数。他又派赫拉克勒斯去完成第六件任务 ⑥斯廷法罗斯湖畔怪鸟 这是一种巨大的猛禽,铁翼,铁嘴,铁爪,十分厉害。它们栖息在阿耳卡狄亚的斯廷法 罗斯湖畔。它们抖落的羽毛犹如射出的飞箭,它们的铁嘴甚至能够啄破青铜盾,在那儿它们 伤害了无数的人畜。 赫拉克勒斯动身前往斯廷法罗斯湖,不久,来到四周是密林的湖畔。一群怪鸟在林中惊 恐地飞来飞去,好像害怕被狼吃了似的。赫拉克勒斯眼睁睁地看着鸟在空中飞,却无法制服 它们。突然,他感到有人在他的肩膀上轻轻地拍了一下,回头一看,原来是雅典娜,她交给 他两面大铜钹,那是赫淮斯托斯为她制造的。她教赫拉克勒斯怎样使用铜钹驱赶怪鸟。说完 话,她突然不见了。于是,赫拉克勒斯在湖旁爬上一座小山,使劲敲起铜钹恐吓怪鸟,它们 经受不了这刺耳的声音,都仓皇地飞出树林。赫拉克勒斯乘此机会,弯弓搭箭,连射几箭, 几只怪鸟应声落地,其余的也急忙飞走。它们飞越大海,一直飞到阿瑞蒂亚岛,从此再也没 有回来。 ⑦克里特岛发疯的公牛
73 的，他的伤痛也将永远忍受。赫拉克勒斯含泪告别了喀戎，答应不管花多大的代价，也要请 死神满足老朋友的愿望，让他解脱痛苦。我们知道，他实现了自己的诺言。 赫拉克勒斯重新回到福罗斯那里，他看到这位朋友已经死了。原来他从一个肯陶洛斯死者的 身上拔出一支箭，不禁惊叹这支短箭竟有如此大的力量，能杀死一条生命。他顺手把箭丢到 地上，不料箭划破了自己的脚，他即刻毙命。赫拉克勒斯十分悲伤，将朋友葬在一座山下， 这座山从此就叫做福罗山。 赫拉克勒斯继续上路去寻找野猪。他大声吼叫，把野猪赶出丛林，又在后面追赶，一直 把它赶到雪地里，终于用活结把精疲力尽的野猪套住。他遵照国王欧律斯透斯的命令活捉了 厄律曼托斯山上的野猪，将它活生生地送到迈肯尼。 ⑤清扫奥革阿斯的牛圈 派他做的这件事似乎是一位英雄不屑干的，即要他在一天之内把奥革阿斯的牛棚打扫干 净。奥革阿斯是伊利斯的国王，养有大量的牛。他的牛群全都按古代的习惯，关在宫殿前面 的牛棚里，里面共有三千多头牛。多年来里面堆满了牛粪。赫拉克勒斯不知道该如何行事， 才能在短短的一天内把牛粪清除干净。 赫拉克勒斯来到国王奥革阿斯面前，愿意给他清扫牛棚，但他没有说这是欧律斯透斯交 给他的任务。奥革阿斯打量着眼前这位身披狮皮的魁梧的男子，想到这样一位高贵的武士愿 意干一件仆人干的活，禁不住笑了起来。但他又想，私欲诱人，说不定这位武士贪图厚利， 要我给他重赏吧。假如他真能在一天之内把牛棚打扫干净，我给他重赏也无妨，可是，这么 多牛粪怎能在一天内打扫干净呢？这件事无论什么人都不可能做到。国王想到这儿，自信地 说：“听着，外乡人，假如你真能在一天之内，把宫殿前面的牛棚打扫干净，我将把牛群的 十分之一送给你。” 赫拉克勒斯接受了这个条件。国王以为他马上就要动手清扫，但赫拉克勒斯却叫来奥革 阿斯的儿子菲洛宇斯，叫他作证人，然后才在牛棚的一边挖了一条沟，把阿尔弗俄斯和佩纳 俄斯河的河水引进来，流经牛棚，把里面大堆牛粪冲刷干净。 结果，他连手都没有弄脏，就完成了任务。 奥革阿斯这时听说赫拉克勒斯是奉欧律斯透斯之命来做这件事的，便想赖帐，否认他作 过诺言，不给赫拉克勒斯任何报酬，还说，赫拉克勒斯如不服，他们可以对簿公堂。当法官 审理时，奥革阿斯的儿子菲洛宇斯出庭作证，宣称那是真的，他的父亲答应给赫拉克勒斯重 赏。奥革阿斯大怒，没等作出判决，便命令他的儿子和外乡人立即离开他的王国。 赫拉克勒斯完成了任务，高高兴兴地回到欧律斯透斯的王国，可是国王宣布这次任务因 赫拉克勒斯要求报酬，所以不能算数。他又派赫拉克勒斯去完成第六件任务 ⑥斯廷法罗斯湖畔怪鸟 这是一种巨大的猛禽，铁翼，铁嘴，铁爪，十分厉害。它们栖息在阿耳卡狄亚的斯廷法 罗斯湖畔。它们抖落的羽毛犹如射出的飞箭，它们的铁嘴甚至能够啄破青铜盾，在那儿它们 伤害了无数的人畜。 赫拉克勒斯动身前往斯廷法罗斯湖，不久，来到四周是密林的湖畔。一群怪鸟在林中惊 恐地飞来飞去，好像害怕被狼吃了似的。赫拉克勒斯眼睁睁地看着鸟在空中飞，却无法制服 它们。突然，他感到有人在他的肩膀上轻轻地拍了一下，回头一看，原来是雅典娜，她交给 他两面大铜钹，那是赫淮斯托斯为她制造的。她教赫拉克勒斯怎样使用铜钹驱赶怪鸟。说完 话，她突然不见了。于是，赫拉克勒斯在湖旁爬上一座小山，使劲敲起铜钹恐吓怪鸟，它们 经受不了这刺耳的声音，都仓皇地飞出树林。赫拉克勒斯乘此机会，弯弓搭箭，连射几箭， 几只怪鸟应声落地，其余的也急忙飞走。它们飞越大海，一直飞到阿瑞蒂亚岛，从此再也没 有回来。 ⑦克里特岛发疯的公牛