Chapter 19 Efficiency vs.Equality: The Big Trade-off A.The sources of inequity B.Antipoverty policy C.Health care:the problem that won't go away 1 2023/7/16 Economics
1 2023/7/16 Economics Chapter 19 Efficiency vs. Equality: The Big Trade-off ◼ A.The sources of inequity ◼ B.Antipoverty policy ◼ C.Health care:the problem that won’t go away
Figure 19-1 Lorenz curve Percent of income OP:Curve of P absolute equality 100 OGP:Curve of 80 absolute equality 60 基尼系数=AV(A十 B) A 40 20 B Percent of G people 2040 60 80 100 2 2023/7/16 Economics
2 2023/7/16 Economics Figure 19-1 Lorenz curve O Percent of income Percent of people 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 P G F A B OP:Curve of absolute equality OGP:Curve of absolute equality 基尼系数＝A∕（A＋ B）
The source of Inequality Inequality in labor income --Abilities and skills --Intensities of work --Occupations --Other factors Inequality in property income --Saving -Enterpreneurship(企业家精神) --Inheritance 3 2023/7/16 Economics
3 2023/7/16 Economics The source of Inequality ◼ Inequality in labor income --Abilities and skills --Intensities of work --Occupations --Other factors ◼ Inequality in property income --Saving --Enterpreneurship（企业家精神） --Inheritance
Poverty(贫困) Poverty is a condition in which people have inadequate incomes.It was officially defined in the 1960s in the United States as an income insufficient to buy basic food,clothing,shelter,and other necessities. Antipoverty policy --Income-Security programs --Incentive Problems of the poor:Negative income tax(Milton Friedman) 4 2023/7/16 Economics
4 2023/7/16 Economics Poverty(贫困） ◼ Poverty is a condition in which people have inadequate incomes. It was officially defined in the 1960s in the United States as an income insufficient to buy basic food,clothing,shelter,and other necessities. ◼ Antipoverty policy --Income-Security programs --Incentive Problems of the poor:Negative income tax(Milton Friedman)
Negative income tax 负所得税=政府规定最低收入指标-（实际收入×负 所得税率) 例：政府规定的最低收入指标为1500美元，负所 得税率为50%。那么个人实际收入为0时，他得到 1500美元的负所得税，这也是他的个人可支配收 入；如果个人实际收入为1000美元，那么他可以 得到(1500-1000×50%)美元负所得税，个人可 支配收入则为2000美元。 负所得税的补助政策，既可使低收入者维持最低 的生活水平，又可以在一定程度上克服依赖政府 补助金生活的懒汉思想，从而有利于调动低收入 者的工作积极性。 5 2023/7/16 Economics
5 2023/7/16 Economics Negative income tax ◼ 负所得税=政府规定最低收入指标-(实际收入×负 所得税率) ◼ 例：政府规定的最低收入指标为1500美元，负所 得税率为50%。那么个人实际收入为0时，他得到 1500美元的负所得税，这也是他的个人可支配收 入；如果个人实际收入为1000美元，那么他可以 得到(1500-1000 ×50%)美元负所得税，个人可 支配收入则为2000美元。 ◼ 负所得税的补助政策，既可使低收入者维持最低 的生活水平，又可以在一定程度上克服依赖政府 补助金生活的懒汉思想，从而有利于调动低收入 者的工作积极性
Health Care(医疗保健 Economic features of health care:a high income elasticity,rapid technological advance,and increasing insulation of consumers from prices The role of government in health care --Efficiency(Health care is a public good and have externalities;Asymmetric information and uncertainty of insurance market.) --Equity ■ Alternative approaches to delivering medical care:pure-market or a nationalized health service? 6 2023/7/16 Economics
6 2023/7/16 Economics Health Care(医疗保健） ◼ Economic features of health care: a high income elasticity,rapid technological advance,and increasing insulation of consumers from prices. ◼ The role of government in health care --Efficiency(Health care is a public good and have externalities; Asymmetric information and uncertainty of insurance market.) --Equity ◼ Alternative approaches to delivering medical care: pure-market or a nationalized health service?