9. Around the clause: cohesion and discourse 9.1 The concept of text; logogenetic patterns 9.1.1 The concept of text A. Text: the product or the process? Text as an ongoing process of meaning B. Text as the process of instantiation Context of situation Institution-situation type nstance Context of culture subpotential-instance type text Potential potential repertoires-text type System(of language) System and text are related through instantiation 9. 1. 2 Logogenetic patterns A. Logogenesis is a process of selection of systemic options unfold ing through time how the selections are made clause by clause or group/phrase by group / phrase how structures realize these selections to build up patterns as the text unfolds) Text 9-1 Extract from the beginning of d inner table conversation among friends Craig, 47-year-old man Kate, 41-year-old woman, Jane's sister Jane, 47-year-old woman, Kate's sister Mother, 74-year-old woman, Jane and Kate's mother Craig Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying So.∥ Janes not happy Mine,s cold and All Igeneral laughter Mother: You re hay me on Inaudible overlap Well Jane think of smoked salmon Grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Oh Jane. Oh no no.It's…, Im sorry.∥ Cl Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational It's alright. Oh the pan s been washed has it? It hasnt has it? God mine is terrific
1 9. Around the clause: cohesion and discourse 9.1 The concept of text; logogenetic patterns 9.1.1 The concept of text A. Text: the product or the process? Text as an ongoing process of meaning B. Text as the process of instantiation Context of situation Institution-situation type instance Context of culture subpotential-instance type text Potential potential repertoires – text type System (of language) System and text are related through instantiation. 9.1.2 Logogenetic patterns A. Logogenesis is a process of selection of systemic options unfolding through time – how the selections are made clause by clause or group / phrase by group / phrase – how structures realize these selections to build up patterns as the text unfolds). Text 9-1 Extract from the beginning of dinner table conversation among friends Craig, 47-year-old man Kate, 41-year-old woman, Jane’s sister Jane, 47-year-old woman, Kate’s sister Mother, 74-year-old woman, Jane and Kate’s mother Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific
B. Logogenesis as a process involving three metafunctions in the domain of the clause see Table 9-1 on pp 526-528 C. Logogenetic patterns for higher-ranking units(see Table 9-3 on p. 532) 9. 2 The lexicogrammatical resources of cohesion 9.2. 1 The lexicogrammatical resources of COHESION There are four ways by which cohesion is created in English A. Conjunction B. Reference C. Substitution ellipsis D. Lexical cohesin A. Conjunction Conjunction includes both conjunction proper and continuity. For example Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for say ing so. / Jane's not happy Mine,s cold and All general laughter Mother: You re having me on inaudible overlap Well Jane think of smoked salmon Craig grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Oh Jane. Oh nono. It's . I' m sorry. // Mmm. mine is sensational. Sensational It's alright. Oh the pans been washed, has it? ra It hasnt. has it? God. mine is terrific Reference creates cohesion by creating links between elements(includ ing thing or facts). The referential expressions can be either exophoric or endophoric(including anaphoric and cataphoric). For example ig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It's lovely darling Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for say ing so. // Jane's not happy Mine's cold and All general laughter Mother: You re having me on inaudible overlap Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon ralg Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Oh jane. Oh no no.Its…. I'm sorry.∥ Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational It's alright. Oh the pan's been washed, has it?
2 B. Logogenesis as a process involving three metafunctions in the domain of the clause (see Table 9-1 on pp.526-528) C. Logogenetic patterns for higher-ranking units (see Table 9-3 on p. 532) 9.2 The lexicogrammatical resources of COHESION 9.2.1 The lexicogrammatical resources of COHESION There are four ways by which cohesion is created in English: A. Conjunction B. Reference C. Substitution & ellipsis D. Lexical cohesion A. Conjunction Conjunction includes both conjunction proper and continuity. For example: Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. B. Reference Reference creates cohesion by creating links between elements (including things, or facts). The referential expressions can be either exophoric or endophoric (including anaphoric and cataphoric). For example: Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it?
Craig: It hasnt, has it? God, mine is terrific C Substitution ellipsis Ellipsis makes it possible to leave out parts of a structure when they can be presumed from what has gone before, and substitution can be interpreted as a systemic variant. For example Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. / Jane's not happy Mine,s cold and All Igeneral laughter Mother: You re having me on inaudible overlap Well jane think of smoked salmon Craig Grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Kate Dh no no. It's . i'm ∥ Mmm. mine is sensational. Sensational Jane: It's alright. Oh the pan's been washed, has it? It hasnt has it? God. mine is terrific D. Lexical cohesion Lexical cohesion operates within the lexical zone and is achieved through the choice of lexical items. For example Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. / Jane's not happy Ja Mine' s cold and all general laughter Mother: You're having me on inaudible overlap Well jane think of smoked salmon Craig Grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Kate Oh Jane. Oh nono.It's…, I'm sorry.∥ Mmm. mine is sensational. Sensational It's alright. Oh the pans been washed, has it? It hasnt has it? God. mine is terrifie A9.2.2 Logogenetic chains: chains of reference, ellipsis and lexical cohesive Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. l Jane s not happy Mines cold and All Igeneral laughter Mother: You re having me on
3 Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. C. Substitution & ellipsis Ellipsis makes it possible to leave out parts of a structure when they can be presumed from what has gone before, and substitution can be interpreted as a systemic variant. For example: Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. D. Lexical cohesion Lexical cohesion operates within the lexical zone and is achieved through the choice of lexical items. For example: Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. 9.2.2 Logogenetic chains: chains of reference, ellipsis and lexical cohesive links Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on
inaudible overlap Well Jane think of smoked salmon Grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Oh Jane. Oh no no.Its… I'm sorry.∥ CI Mmm. mine is sensational sensational It s alright. Oh the pan s been washed, has it? It hasn i, has it? God, mine is terrific 9.3 Conjunction 9.3.1 From clause complex to conjunction The clause complexing provides resources for realizing logico-semantic relations grammatically as tactic relations by specifying (i the nature of the logico-semantic relation, (ii) the degree of interdependency, and (iii)the clausal domains being related through the formation of univariate structure, whereas cohesive conjunction only specifies(i) the nature of the logico-semantic relation. For example (1)/// Someone comes along with a great idea for an exped ition / -for example, I did a book called Sand Rivers, just before the Indian books, / and it was a safari into a very remote part of Africa. I/ (2)///Taiwan's newly elected leader expressed interest Friday in considering a confederation with the mainland of China-a relationship a visiting Chinese policy expert said Beijing would surely reject. /// Meanwhile, a list of top Cabinet members in Taiwan's new government was announced, featuring prom inent numbers of women. technocrats and academics who will be key in the push to improve relations with the mainland of China and clean up corruption. l 9.3.2 The system of conjunction(see Table 9-6) A. Elaboration a) Expository: in other words, that is (to say), I mean(to say), to put it another b)Exemplifying: for example, for instance, thus, to illustrate 1i) Clarification a)Corrective or rather at least, to be more precise b)Distractive: by the way incidentally c)Dismissive: in any case, anyway, leaving that aside d)Particularizing: in particular more specifically e)Resumptive: as / was saying, to resume, to get back to the point fSummative: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly g)Verifactive: actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, indeed B. Extension 1)Addition a)Positive: and, also, moreover: in addition c)Adversative: but, yet, on the other hand, however ii) Variation
4 ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. 9.3 Conjunction 9.3.1 From clause complex to conjunction The clause complexing provides resources for realizing logico-semantic relations grammatically as tactic relations by specifying (i) the nature of the logico-semantic relation, (ii) the degree of interdependency, and (iii) the clausal domains being related through the formation of univariate structure, whereas cohesive conjunction only specifies (i) the nature of the logico-semantic relation. For example: (1) /// Someone comes along with a great idea for an expedition //– for example, I did a book called Sand Rivers, just before the Indian books, // and it was a safari into a very remote part of Africa. /// (2) ///Taiwan’s newly elected leader expressed interest Friday in considering a confederation with the mainland of China – a relationship a visiting Chinese policy expert said Beijing would surely reject. /// Meanwhile, a list of top Cabinet members in Taiwan’s new government was announced, featuring prominent numbers of women, technocrats and academics who will be key in the push to improve relations with the mainland of China and clean up corruption. /// 9.3.2 The system of conjunction (see Table 9-6) A. Elaboration i) Apposition a) Expository: in other words, that is (to say), I mean (to say), to put it another way b) Exemplifying: for example, for instance, thus, to illustrate ii) Clarification: a) Corrective: or rather, at least, to be more precise b) Distractive: by the way, incidentally c) Dismissive: in any case, anyway, leaving that aside d) Particularizing: in particular, more specifically e) Resumptive: as I was saying, to resume, to get back to the point f) Summative: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly g) Verifactive: actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, indeed B. Extension i) Addition a) Positive: and, also, moreover, in addition b) Negative: nor c) Adversative: but, yet, on the other hand, however ii) Variation
a) Replacive: on the contrary instead b)Subtractive apart from that, except for that c)Alternative: alternatively C. Enhancement (1)following: then, next, afterwards (2)simultaneous: just then, at the same time ()proceeding: before that, hitherto, previous/y (4)conclusive: in the end, finally b)Comple (1)immediate: at once, thereupon, straightaway (2)interrupted: soon, afier a while (3)repetitive: next time, on another occasion (4)specific: next day, an hour later; that morning (5)durative: meanwhile, all that time (6)terminal: until then, up to that moment (7) punctiliar: at this moment C)Simple internal (1) following: next, secondly (2)simultaneous: at this point, here, now (3)proceeding: hitherto, up to now (4)conclusive: lastly last ofall, finally 1i)Manner (1)Positive: likewise, similarly (2)Negative: in a different way b)Means: thus, thereby, by such means 111) Causal-conditional a)General: so, then, therefore, consequently, hence, because of that, for b)Specific ()result: in consequence, as a result (2)reason: on account of this, for that reason ()purpose: for that purpose, with this in view (4)conditional: positive: then, in that case, in that event, under the circumstances (5)cond itional negative: otherwise, if not (6) concessive: yet, still, though, despite this, however; even so, all the same nevertheless D Matter a) positive: here, there, as to that, in that respect b)negative: in other respects, elsewhere 93.3 The system of conjunction instantiated in text A. Explicit conjunction Heat is only the motion of the atoms i told you about
5 a) Replacive: on the contrary, instead b) Subtractive: apart from that, except for that c) Alternative: alternatively C. Enhancement i) Spatio-temporal a) Simple (1) following: then, next, afterwards (2) simultaneous: just then, at the same time (3) proceeding: before that, hitherto, previously (4) conclusive: in the end, finally b) Complex (1) immediate: at once, thereupon, straightaway (2) interrupted: soon, after a while (3) repetitive: next time, on another occasion (4) specific: next day, an hour later, that morning (5) durative: meanwhile, all that time (6) terminal: until then, up to that moment (7) punctiliar: at this moment C) Simple internal (1) following: next, secondly (2) simultaneous: at this point, here, now (3) proceeding: hitherto, up to now (4) conclusive: lastly, last of all, finally ii) Manner a) Comparison (1) Positive: likewise, similarly (2) Negative: in a different way b) Means: thus, thereby, by such means iii) Causal-conditional a) General: so, then, therefore, consequently, hence, because of that, for b) Specific: (1) result: in consequence, as a result (2) reason: on account of this, for that reason (3) purpose: for that purpose, with this in view (4) conditional: positive: then, in that case, in that event, under the circumstances (5) conditional: negative: otherwise, if not (6) concessive: yet, still, though, despite this, however, even so, all the same, nevertheless iv) Matter a) positive: here, there, as to that, in that respect b) negative: in other respects, elsewhere 9.3.3 The system of conjunction instantiated in text A. Explicit conjunction “Heat is only the motion of the atoms I told you about
Then what is cold? Cold is only absence of hea B Implicit conjunction George Stephenson died on 12 August 1848... He was buried at Holy Trin ity, 9. 4 Reference 9.4.1 The nature of reference; types of reference A. The nature of reference The system of reference is that of identifiability de the speaker judge that a given element can be recovered or identified by the listener at the relevant point in the discourse or not. For example There was once a velveteen rabbit. He was fat and bunchy, his coat was spotted brown and white, and his ears were lined with pink sateen B. Types of reference(see Table 9-9 on p.553) Exophe Reference 3 Anaphor Endophor Cataphe For example (1)One day I was sitting in the Dome, a street cafe in Montparnasse quite close to where we were living, and this guy walked up and said, " I met you in 1948 or 1949. My name is Harold Humes. He said he was starting a new magazine The Paris News-Post and would i become its fiction ed itor A. Personal reference In personal reference, the category of person is used to refer.(see Table 9-10 on 556) i: Determinative Possessive a) Masculine his hi she/ her c) Neuter: 1i) Plural their theirs B Demonstrative reference(see Table 9-11 on p. 556) S Determiner a) Near: this/these this/these here(now) b)Remote that/tho that/those there(then) C Comparative reference(see Table 9-12 on p. 561) a)Identity: same, equal, identical; identically, just)as, etc b)Similarity: similar: additional, etc, such; so, likewise, similarly, etc c)Difference: other, different, etc, othenwise, else, differently, etc 11) Particular: more, fewer, less, bigger; better further: So, as, etc
6 “Then what is cold?” “Cold is only absence of heat.’ B. Implicit conjunction George Stephenson died on 12 August 1848 … He was buried at Holy Trinity, Chesterfield. 9.4 Reference 9.4.1 The nature of reference; types of reference A. The nature of reference: The system of reference is that of identifiability: does the speaker judge that a given element can be recovered or identified by the listener at the relevant point in the discourse or not. For example: There was once a velveteen rabbit. He was fat and bunchy, his coat was spotted brown and white, and his ears were lined with pink sateen. B. Types of reference (see Table 9-9 on p.553) Exophoric Reference Anaphora Endophoric Cataphora For example: (1) One day I was sitting in the Dome, a street café in Montparnasse quite close to where we were living, and this guy walked up and said, “I met you in 1948 or 1949. My name is Harold Humes.” He said he was starting a new magazine, The Paris News-Post, and would I become its fiction editor. A. Personal reference In personal reference, the category of person is used to refer. (see Table 9-10 on p.556) i) Singular Determinative Possessive a) Masculine: he / him his his b) Feminine: she / her her hers c) Neuter: it its its ii) Plural: they / them their theirs B. Demonstrative reference (see Table 9-11 on p. 556) i) Specific Pronoun Determiner Adverb a) Near: this/these this/these here (now) b) Remote: that/those that/those there (then) B. Non-specific it the C. Comparative reference (see Table 9-12 on p.561) i) General a) Identity: same, equal, identical; identically, (just) as, etc. b) Similarity: similar, additional, etc.; such; so, likewise, similarly, etc. c) Difference: other, different, etc.; otherwise, else, differently, etc. ii) Particular: more, fewer, less, bigger, better, further, so, as, etc
C Comparative reference(see Table 9-12 on p. 561) 1 General a)Identity: same, equal, identical: identically, ( just)as, etc b)Similarity: similar: additional, etc; such; so, likewise, similarly, etc c)Difference: other: diferent, etc. othenwise, else, differently, etc 1i)Particular: more, fewer; less, bigger, better further; so, as, etc 9.5 Elipsis and substitution 9.5.1 The nature of ellipsis and substitution In ellipsis, we presuppose something by means of what is left out In substitution, we presuppose something by means of what is substituted by a lbst itute form 9.5.2 Grammatical domains of ellipsis and substitution There are three main contexts for ellipsis and substitution in English A. In the clause: yes-no ellipsis Wh-ellipsis B In the verbal group C. In the nominal group 9.5.3 Ellipsis and reference Ellipsis is a relationship at the lexicogrammatical level the meaning is"go back and retrieve the missing words", whereas reference is a semantic relationship and there is no grammatical constraint For this reason, reference can reach back a long way in the text and extend over a long passage, whereas ellipsis is largely limited to the immediately preceding clause 9. 6 Lexical cohesion A. Elaborating relations: repetition, synonymy and hyponymy B Extending relations: meronymy C. Collocation 9. 7 The creation of texture The following features can be identified as those which combine to make up the textual resources of the lexicogrammar of english A. Structural (1)Thematic structure: Theme and rheme (2)Information structure and focus: Given and New B. Cohesive (2)Reference (3)Elipsis substitution (4)Lexical cohesion A. Textual statuses: Theme, Information, Reference and Ellipsis B. Textual transitions: conjunction and taxis(rhetorical structure analysis, see Fig 9-7onp.584) assignment Identify the cohesive devices in the Gettysburg Address by President Abraham Lincoln(1809-1865)and then explain how they contribute to the cohesion within the
7 C. Comparative reference (see Table 9-12 on p.561) i) General a) Identity: same, equal, identical; identically, (just) as, etc. b) Similarity: similar, additional, etc.; such; so, likewise, similarly, etc. c) Difference: other, different, etc.; otherwise, else, differently, etc. ii) Particular: more, fewer, less, bigger, better, further, so, as, etc. 9.5 Ellipsis and substitution 9.5.1 The nature of ellipsis and substitution In ellipsis, we presuppose something by means of what is left out. In substitution, we presuppose something by means of what is substituted by a substitute form. 9.5.2 Grammatical domains of ellipsis and substitution There are three main contexts for ellipsis and substitution in English: A. In the clause: yes-no ellipsis & Wh-ellipsis B. In the verbal group C. In the nominal group 9.5.3 Ellipsis and reference Ellipsis is a relationship at the lexicogrammatical level: the meaning is “go back and retrieve the missing words”, whereas reference is a semantic relationship and there is no grammatical constraint. For this reason, reference can reach back a long way in the text and extend over a long passage, whereas ellipsis is largely limited to the immediately preceding clause. 9.6 Lexical cohesion A. Elaborating relations: repetition, synonymy and hyponymy B. Extending relations: meronymy C. Collocation 9.7 The creation of texture The following features can be identified as those which combine to make up the textual resources of the lexicogrammar of English: A. Structural (1) Thematic structure: Theme and Rheme (2) Information structure and focus: Given and New B. Cohesive (1) Conjunction (2) Reference (3) Ellipsis & substitution (4) Lexical cohesion A. Textual statuses: Theme, Information, Reference and Ellipsis B. Textual transitions: conjunction and taxis (rhetorical structure analysis, see Fig. 9-7 on p.584) Assignment Identify the cohesive devices in the Gettysburg Address by President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) and then explain how they contribute to the cohesion within the text
The gettysburg address by abraham Lincoln Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that"all men are created equa Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But in larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have hallowed it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; while it can never forget what they did here It is rather for us the living, we here be ded icated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth November 19, 1863)
8 The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that "all men are created equal." Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have hallowed it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; while it can never forget what they did here. It is rather for us the living, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. (November 19, 1863)